AP Euro Ch. 13
Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war.
Ignatius Loyola
(1491-1556) Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.
Charles V
(1519-1556) - Hapsburg dynastic ruler of the Holy Roman Empire and of extensive territories in Spain and the Netherlands.
Society of Jesus
(The Jesuits) was founded to spread catholic doctrine around the world during the Counter Reformation.
Francis Xavier
This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity
Peasants' War
This was the revolt that occurred in Germany where the peasants rebelled alongside the new Protestant thought. They were viciously quashed and the public appeal to the Reformation went substantially down
Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Written by John Calvin that defines organization of the church and the relations between the political and religious powers in Geneva
index of forbidden books
Written by Pope Paul IV as part of the Counter-Reformation. It forbade Catholics from reading books considered "harmful" to faith and morals. This indicates the significance of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas.
The Marburg Colloquy
was a meeting at Marburg Castle in Germany which attempted to solve a dispute between Martin Luther and Zwingli over the symbolic or spiritual presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper
Imitation of Christ
written by Thomas a Kempis; encouraged Christians to remember Christ's suffering and practice private devotion
simoney
people with money could buy their way into power with the church
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Sack of rome
1527, marked closing years of Italian Renaissance; dissatisfied mercenaries of German Holy Roman emperor Charles V pillaging Rome, they hadn't been paid
Book of Common Prayer
1549; Archbishop Thomas Cranmer simplified the liturgy and wrote this book. "In stately and dignified English... included the order for all services of Church of England"
Gustavus Adolphus
1630-1633 leads a protestant army into the Holy Roman Empire, because of Edict of Restitution, beats the Catholic armies and saves protestanism
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
pluralism
A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing.
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.
Habsburg-Valois War
France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.
absenteeism
Frequent absence from work or another place without a good explanation
Thomas a Kempis
Germany, d. 1471. Another mystic. Wrote Imitation of Christ. Not openly rebelling against Church but in reality the mystics offered deeper religious experience and therefore might be considered a threat to the established Church.
Act of Supremacy 1534
Henry VIII called on the people to take an oath to recognize the annulment/divorce and accept Henry, NOT the Pope, as the official head of the English Church. (Parliament's role was instrumental)
Cardinal Wolesy
Henry's best advisor; Henry fires him because he can't get Henry a divorce
Philip Melancthon
Luther's friend who helped with the codification of the Augsburg Confession, big supporter of education and literacy, Arrived in Wittenberg in 1518 at the age of 21 to teach greek and Hebrew.
Northern Humanism
This humanism philosophy interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity, individualism, and humanism in terms of their own traditions
Justification by faith
Martin Luther's concept that faith alone is enough to bring salvation
Mary Tudor
Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants.
Brothers of the Common Life
The followers of Gerard Groote that believed and taught that people should imitate Christ and serve others
Johann Tetzel
The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.
