AP Euro Ch. 14 Exploration Study Guide
How did the Spanish respond to the trap set by the Incan king Atahualpa?
The Spanish ambushed and captured Atahualpa, holding him for ransom and then executing him
How did justifications for slavery change from the 15th to 18th century?
arguments for slavery focused more on science and nature and less on religion
What were the motivations of European explorers?
gold, glory, and God
When Vasco da Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?
he hired an Indian pilot as his guide
How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa?
they traded for slaves with local leaders
At the time of his death, what did Columbus believe about the islands he found?
they were off the coast of Asia
How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?
English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves
After the Genoese lost access for slaves from the Black Sea, where did they turn to obtain slaves?
Genoese sought slaves in the W. (indigenous peoples from the Canary Islands, Muslim prisoners, Jewish refugees from Spain, and black and Berber Africans)
Who was Prester John?
He was the supposed Christian African nation ruler and a descendent of one of the wise men
Who resisted the efforts of the Portuguese to establish themselves in the Indian Ocean trade?
Muslim (controlled port cities)
What two rival Islamic empires dominated the Middle East?
Persian Safavids and Turkish Ottomans
Portugal's participation in European expansion was given critical support by whom?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Why did Genoa become involved in Atlantic colonization?
When its rival Venice was more successful in trading, Genoa turned from trade to finance; Genoese merchants, navigators, and financiers provided their skills to the Iberian monarchs when Spanish and Portuguese voyages began to explore the Atlantic
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the 16th century?
a population increase and sharp rise in demand for food and goods in addition to the decline of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing
How did French colonies respond to the problem of the low migration levels from France?
colonial officials encouraged French traders to form ties with and marry native women
What became Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?
he could exploit internal dissension within the empire to his own advantage; he forged an alliance with the Tlaxcalas and other subject kingdoms
How did Michel de Montaigne offer a counterpoint to Europe's growing imperial activities?
he rejected the notion that one culture was superior to another
How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?
he thought the world was a lot smaller than it actually was, indicating that Asia wasn't actually that far from Europe
According to his agreement with the Spanish Crown, what rewards would Columbus receive if he found a water route to Asia?
he would be viceroy of any territory he discovered and he would receive 1/10 of the material rewards on the journey
How did the Spanish monarchy seek to maintain its control over its colonies?
it established intendants with broad administrative and financial authority who were responsible directly to the monarch
What did Columbus believe he had found when he arrived in the Caribbean?
off the coast of Japan (Indies)
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
proved the world was round and bigger than they believed
Why did settlers from the Massachusetts colony disperse into new communities such as CT and RI?
religious disputes among the colonies
What was the result of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
the Atlantic was divided and Spain got everything west of the imaginary line of demarcation and Portugal got everything east of the line
How did the encomienda system function?
the crown granted conquerors the right to employ groups of Natives for labor or demand tribute from them in exchange for food and shelter
How did the English and French seek a route to East Asia?
using a Northwest Passage