AP Euro Ch. 16, 17, 18

Rakoczy

Led a rebellion against the Habsburgs after 30 years war but eventually was defeated and the Habsburgs had to accept a compromise

d'Holbach

wrote the system of nature and believed that religion, G-d, and immortality of the soul were myths and he was an atheist, people thought that he was extreme

Prussia

a former kingdom in north-central Europe including present-day northern Germany and northern Poland

Charles II

"Honeymoon phase" Test Act of 1673: Only Anglicans can serve in government: military, postmaster, professors, etc. He had five advisors called the "cabal". (Cabinet ministers) Louis XIV tries to give him money to convert England back to Catholicism.

Madame du Chatelet

(1706-1749) was an intellectually gifted woman from a high aristocracy with a passion for science. She became Voltaire's longtime companion, she studied physics and mathematics and published science articles and translations. She was the finest example of an elite French woman, she suffered because of her gender. She was excluded from the Royal Academy of Sciences. She later became uncertain of her ability to make important scientific discoveries.

Roundheads

A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war

Treaty of Utrecht

1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire

Jean Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Time of Troubles

A time marked by civil war and the lack of an heir to Ivan the Terrible. A period of turmoil, famine. Power struggles, and the invasions from Poland after the death of Ivan IV. This era is epitomized in the story of Tsar Boris Godunov, immortalized in the drama by Alexander Pushkin and the opera by Modest Mussorgsky.

Fredrick William

Also known as the great elector. He ruled Prussia and established absolutism there.

Aristotelian-Ptolmaic Cosmology

Aristotle and Ptolemy believed in the geocentric theory even though it was wrong this was what was proved during their time

Geocentric Theory

Arrangment of the solar system that places the earth at the center with the sun and planets orbiting the earth

English Civil War

Charles I tried to advocate the divine right of kings and bring more absolutist policies to England. He was also seen as bringing too much Catholic influence to the Church of England. War broke out between Parliament's supporters(Roundheads)and the kings's supporters(Cavaliers). Later Charles I was tried and executed in 1649 as a"tyrant,traitor,murderer,and public enemy". Oliver Cromwell,leader of military,ruled England as "Lord Protector" until 1658.

Brahe

Compiled the first detailed observational data on planetary motion (mars), without a telescope. Danish astronomer and he set up an observatory and found a lot of info about Copernicus' theories to help prove them

Pride's Purge

Cromwell felt king should be executed to prevent counterrevolution. Parliament hesitated so Cromwaell used army to break up Parliament which had started at 500 in 1640 and already sunk to 150. Used Colonel Pride to remove dissenters(100 of them) and left only about 50 - The Rump.

Anne

Devout Anglican. She had 16 children, none survived. Her reign was during the War of the Spanish Succession. This ushered in the Augustan Age in arts and letters, also called the Silber Age. The Augustan Age was characterized by an elegant style of gentlemen writers and poets on and off stage.Her most important achievement was the Act of Union which united Scotland and England into one kingdom. The Scots gave up parliament and sent 45 embers to the English House of Commons and 16 to the House of Lords. However, they retained Presbyterianism as the national church.

Leeuwenhoek

Dutch pioneer microscopist who was among the first to recognize cells in animals and who gave the first accurate descriptions of microbes and spermatozoa and blood corpuscles (1632-1723)

I Kant

East Prussian Philosopher who argued that if serious thinkers could express their ideas in print then enlightenment would for sure follow

Age of Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science.

Ricardo

English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market (1772-1823)

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Francis Bacon

English politician and writer, advocated that new knowledge was acquired through an inductive reasoning process (using specific examples to prove or draw conclusion from a general point) called empiricism; rejected Medieval view of knowledge based on tradition, believed it's necessary to collect data, observe, and draw conclusions. This was the foundation of the scientific method

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

Heliocentric Theory

Every thing revolves around the sun studied by Galileo and Copernicus

French Academy of Sciences

Founded in 1665 during Louis XIV reign suggested by Jean Colbert. One of the earliest academies of science.

Inductive Reasoning

Francis Bacon takes a specific statement and makes it general

Bayle

French Huguenot skeptic. He critically examined the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past in his Historical and Critical Dictionary. Demonstrating that human beliefs had been extremely varied and very often mistaken, he concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt. His skepticism was very influential.

d'Alembert

French philosopher and mathematician, co-edited encylcopedia

Rene Descartes

French philosopher. He used DEDUCTIVE reasoning. His reasoning ultimately reduced all substances to "matter" and "mind". (Physical and spiritual) His view of the world as consisting of two fundamental entities is known as Cartesian dualism.

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Leibnitz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton (1646-1716)

Hohenzollern

German royal family who ruled Brandenburg from 1415 and later extended their control to Prussia (1525). Under Frederick I (ruled 1701-1713) the family's possessions were unified as the kingdom of Prussia.

Deism

God is a kind of cosmic clockmaker who created a perfect universe that he does not have to intervene in. Grew out of Newton's natural law theories.

Golden Age of the Dutch

Golden Age of artists and thinkers. It was a political model. There was a radical attitude towards religion in the country. Stable and thriving economy. Religion and everyday life were recurring themes in art. Higher salaries than in any other parts of W. Europe. (Even for women) The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule but in 1581 they declared independence.

Charles VI

He had no male heir and only a daughter (Maria Theresa) and he made the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure that she would be able to be the legitimate ruler of Austria

Parliament of Paris

Highest court in France. Makes decisions. Francis I sells these positions and the Paulette renews the spots. (More money)

Newton

His definition of physics defined what scientists knew. He synthesized Kepler's and Galileo's ideas together in his Laws of Motion. He developed calculus to measure and predict curves and trajectories. He also explained the laws of universal gravitation

Condorcet

Hypothesized and tracked nine stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted that the tenth would bring perfection in his book Progress of the Human Mind.

Mikhail Romanov

In 1613 the nobles elected Ivan the Terrible's 16-year-old grandnephew. His election was a real restoration and his reign saw the gradual re-establishment of tsarist autocracy. Ivan's heavy military obligations on the nobility were relaxed considerably.

Cavaliers

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

William and Mary

King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Fredrick William I

Likes the tall handsome soldiers, standing army is really important to him, built a first rate army out of nothing, lived like a soldier because he always wore his uniform and he got up early and inspected the soldiers personally, even the smallest infraction was punished severely

Junkers

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Madame Geoffrin

One of the most famous salons was that of this woman, the unofficial godmother of the Encyclopedia. She gave generous financial aid and helped save their enterprise from collapse. she remained her own woman. The salons seemed to have functioned as informal schools where establish hostesses bonded with younger women and passed on skills to them. (p.613)

scientific method

One of the three important Enlightenment concepts. this was capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as those of nature. This led to the birth of social science. The birth of social science led to the third concept, progress.

Physiocrats

Opponents of mercantilism and Colbertism in particular. Led by Francois Quesnay. Felt the need for a strong independent republic.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Skepticism

Questioning attitude.

Deductive Reasoning

Rene Descartes takes reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

Commonwealth

Republican government. Established by Oliver Cromwell. Legislative power- Existing members of Parliament after civil war. Executive power- An elected council of the state.

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ruled the most powerful empire in the world. Power extended from Western Persia across North Africa up to the heart of central Europe. In the beginning of rule, he was kind and freed hundreds of slaves in return for complete loyalty of his subjects. His army took conquered Hungary and took control for 150 years. Developments occurred in every section of the arts such us calligraphy, ceramics, textiles, architecture, and music. Every year he kidnapped one to three thousand male children on the conquered Christian populations in the Balkans. These and other slaves were raised in Turkey as Muslims and trained to fight and administer. Some who were talented were bumped to the top of the bureaucracy and the rest became the brave and skillful core of the sultan's army. Many problems fostered his empire's decline such as the overextension of the military, court intrigues, the resort to the brutal janissary system of forced impressments of kidnapped Christian boys into the army.

Boyars

Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts. Because Ivan IV was only three when he ascended the throne he suffered insults by the haughty boyars after his mother died. In 1557 Ivan IV began Quarreling with the boyars over the war and he blamed them for the death of his beloved Anastasia and he turned cruel and demented and struck down all who stood in his way.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Asiento

Spanish term "British will now have access to the west African slave trade". One of the conditions of War of Spanish Succession that they had to give up. Spain has to give up African Slave trade.

Cervantes

Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form (1547-1616)

Fredrick I

The Great Elector's son. First Hohenzollern to call himself king. By the treaty of Utrecht, his duchy of east Prussia was recognized as a kingdom. There after, all Hohenzollern territories were grouped under the name Prussia.

Royal Society of London

The close tie between practical men and scientists led to the establishment of the this. Published scientific papers and sponsored scientific meetings.

Ivan III

The prince that made Moscow the new capital of Russia, and he overthrew the Mongols that were dominating Russia.

Cartesian Dualism

The teaching of René Descartes that the mind or spirit constitutes one reality while the body is something completely different, separate and apart from mind.

Philosophes

Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas.

Kepler

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun

War of Austrian Succession

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state. Prussia attacked Maria Theresa of Austria, and a bunch of other European armies and she is defeated and is forced to cede all of Silesia to Prussia

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Pragmatic Sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Pantheism

Universe and G-d are identical.

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers. If a government did not protect these rights or exceeded its authority, he believed the people have the right to revolt. The ideas of consent of the governed, social contract, and right of revolution influenced the United States Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. He also laid the foundations for criticism of absolute monarchy in France.

Vesalius

a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

Empiricism

all knowledge is derived from sense experience

Malthus

an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)

Baroque

elaborate an extensive ornamentation in decorative art and architecture that flourished in Europe in the 17th century

Mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Age of Religion

another name for the Middle Ages

Fredrick the Great

he invaded Austria in the war of Austrian Succession and now Prussia is not a sandbox because he has really good soil, his reasoning was that he wanted to test the legitimacy of the throne, by the time of his death he had doubled his country

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

Progress

not remaining the same anymore, now everything builds on other things and it is progressing

Ivan IV

set up secret police, the most powerful of the early czars. Learned, religious, and cruel. Saw treason everywhere and arrested, exiled, or excecuted many advisors, reduced boyars power, increased Russia's trade with western Europe and worked to expand borders, conquered Mongol lands to the east and south of Moscow

Bill of Rights

the cornerstone of the modern British constitution; law had to be made in parliament and once it was made it couldn't be suspended by the crown, parliament had to be called at least every three years...

James I

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)

Leopold I

the head of Habsburg elected in 1657 and in return keeping two promises: give no help to his cousins, the rulers of Spain, and the empire would be a state of princes, in which each ruler would be free from imperial interference

Thomas Hobbes

wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society