ap euro ch 16

in his Essay concerning the human understanding - this philosopher claimed that human development is determined by education and society

john locke

who canceled his brother joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s in an attempt to restore order in austria

leopold ii

which woman published the first translation of newton's "Principia" into french?

madame chatellete

what was the core concept of the E?

methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

what did empress maria theresa do to improve the rural economy and the lives of the peasants?

reduced noble's power over the serfs in order to improve rural economy

what artistic style was known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits?

rococo

which country spearheaded the trend in scientific expeditions?

spain

as a deist, what was voltaire's idea of the role of God?

God is a clock master who set the world in motion, then ceased to intervene in human affairs

how did euro gov. respond to the new science? what sort of institutions did they establish?

academies of science to support and direct scientific research

what was sensationalism

all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions (at first you are a blank slate until society changes you)

what was the idea of the public sphere during the E?

an idealized space where individuals gathered to discuss social and political issues (salons, coffee shops, book clubs)

who wrote "On crimes and Punishment" advocated reform of the justice system (end of torture, capital punishment and arbitrary detention)?

beccaria

in general, what was voltaire's attitude toward government?

believed a good monarch was best on could hope for in a government - believed in an English government

how were joseph II's conversation of peasant labor obligations to cash payments received by both nobles and peasants?

both were against it

what helped justify the growth of slavery in the 18th century? what was the name for this new type of racism

called scientific racism, biologically distinction and africans were low so they were slaves

name 3 monarchs from the chapter who have been called enlightenment despots

catherine the great, maria theresa, joseph II, fredrick the great

who argued the universe functioned in a mechanistic fashion

descartes

what was Francis Bacon's theory of reasoning known as - aka the scientific method

empiricism

who was placed on trail for heresy after his publication of "Dialogue on the 2 Chief systems of the World"?

galileo

how did catherine the great of russia come to power in 1762?

had her lover and his brothers kill her husband (peter iii)

how did the idea of race transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over the peoples?

increasingly defined by biologically and culturally superior, white euros on top

who co-wrote the Encyclopedia with Diderot?

jean le rond d'alembert

what was the haskalah E?

jewish E, where interactions btw jews and christians increased, and rabbinic controls diminished

what was the name of the discipline that focused on fundamental questions about the nature, purpose and function of the universe? called "modern science"

natural philosophy

whose law of universal gravitation- that synthesized math and physics and astronomy- helped bring the scientific revolution to maturity

newton

which book is considered the first major work of the French E? (by Montesquieu

persian letters

what groups of people normally participated in salons

philosophes, nobles of upper and middle class and women

in "Historical and Critical Dictionary" who advanced the idea that knowledge can be questioned and doubted

pierre bayle

what 3 powers participated in the partitioning of poland in the late 18th century?

prussia, russia, and austria

what event stopped Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform to come to fruition?

rebellion in 1773 led by emelian pugachev

what did copernicus' theory the universe postulate

the sun is the center not earth

what was on the primary differences between E thinkers and those of the Middle Ages and Renaissance?

thought era passed antiquity and all about progress and rationalism

what did Rousseau think the role of women in society was?

thought women were fit to a passive role in social relations, not for equal rights, nature of women was more fragile and they should be at home