ap euro ch.22 vocab

class-consciousness

A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups., identification with the goals and interests of a social class

combination acts

Passed by Parliament in 1799: outlawed unions and strikes; due to the fear of workers joining forces and rising up against the government. laws passed by the Parliament that prohibited the English people from forming a union

grand national consolidated trades union

created by Robert Owen and formed in February 1834, this national federation of TRADE UNION's primary purpose was to coordinate a general strike for an 8 hour workday; unfortunately, members of this trade union began to seek to fulfill the interests of his or her individual trade instead of seeking to fulfill the interests of the entire working-class body

economic nationalism

is a term used to describe policies which emphasize on domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.

factory act of 1833

limited the factory workday for children between 9 and 13 to 8 hours and that of adolescents between 14 and 18 to 12 hours-made no effort to regulate hours of work for children at home or in small businesses-children under 9 were to be enrolled by schools to be established by factory owners-broke pattern of whole families working together in the factory because efficiency required standardized shifts for all workers

industrial revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications

Luddites

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to secretly destroy the machines

spinning jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

body linen

This underwear was an item that could only be afforded by the wealthy before the water frame and spinning jenny were invented. After these inventions were made, cotton became much less expensive and all classes could buy cotton clothing, anything from underwear to dresses and shirts.

coke

a form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use., Coal created after most of the gases have been removed from it by heating it. This form of coal burns with intense heat and little smoke.

tariff protection

a government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper goods imported from another country., a government system that put high taxes on imported goods of other countries.

rocket

the first effective locomotive that was developed in 1816 and finished in 1825 which went down the Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16mph

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by horse or water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels. , invention that used water to produce trully pure cotton fabric.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

iron law of wages

A theory proposed by David Ricardo that says"...as long as population exceeds jobs, then people are never going to earn more than they need to survive,...they will always be near starvation.", proposed principle of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.

crystal palace

Building erected in London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

mines act of 1842

Law that was issued in 1842, forbidden any women or any children under 10 years of age to work in the coal mines. Since there was many women and under age children being killed or abused in the coal mines, this caused a dramatic change and passed this law. The Mines Act of 1842 was to help prevent women and young children from being abused in the coal mines at work.