AP Euro Chapter 13

Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of printing altered both the culture and the religion of Europe during the period 1450-1600.

1. Cheaper books led to books being owned by people as opposed to churches, libraries, universities, etc. 2. People at universities didn't have to just copy down word for word what the professor read from a book 3. The works of scientists were published, bringing debate and further discoveries 4. Information was spread faster and more accurately 5. More people were literate and educated people were more common 6. Libraries could store greater quantities of information and at a much lower cost 7. Dictionaries were printed to educate the general public so they could read harder books and language was spread 8. Development and bringing together new jobs 9. Passing on traditions like drinking songs amongst peasants 10. Instruction manuals created BP 2 (Religion): 1.Luther's 95 Thesis's were printed and spread throughout Europe 2. As a Result of ^ Lutherism was spread 3. The catholic church published the Index of Prohibited Books in 1558- created a new way for power to be imposed 4. The Bible was the most printed book 5. Christianity was spread faster 6. People could read about religion without going to church 7. Hand held "pocket bibles" were created 8. Documents opposing christianity were spread qiucker (95 thesises, etc) 9. Almost everyone at church had a bible to follow with during services 10. With more people owning bibles there weren't as many misconceptions about religion

Compare and contrast the English Reformation with Luther's reformation in Germany

Compare and contrast the English Reformation with Luther's reformation in Germany

"Luther was both a revolutionary and a conservative." Evaluate this statement with respect to Luther's responses to the political and social questions of his day.

How Luther was a revolutionary translated the bible into the vernacular posted his 95 thesis claimed the pope had no divine power published works on how the church was contradicting itself didn't believe in transubstantiation first to believe in justification by faith was ex communicated for heracy the edict of worms was held to decide his punishment forced to go into hiding How Luther was conservative disagreed with indulgences that the catholic church began selling, believed that a woman's job was to bear children, didn't support violence against the catholic church, he supported the church's presence for man would be unholy without it Luther kept many of the sacraments Luther never wanted to have to make a separate church

To what extent did Renaissance humanism result in the Reformation?

Humanism showed people that people were able to make changes. They could do whatever they wanted to, within reason. People didn't like the way the church worked. This included the selling of indulgences, nepotism, absenteeism, and the overall corruption of the church. Since the humanists drilled the idea that anyone can do whatever they felt like doing, people wanted to make a change within the church. These were people like Martin Luther. They came up with ideas for the church to follow. This is what sparked the Reformation.

Analyze the causes of the Protestant Reformation.

POLITICALLY and RELIGIOUSLY: The papal conflict with the German emperor Frederick II in the 13th century, followed by the the Great Schism, badly damaged the prestige of church leaders, and the 15th century popes' concentration on artistic patronage and building up family power did not help. The critics of the clergy mainly focused on 3 problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism. ECONOMICALLY: Other nobles and persons in power converted and joined the Reformation to gain land holdings and increase their own wealth and influence. POLITICALLY: Others joined the Reformation as a means of opposition to Emperor Charles V. POLITICALLY: The townspeople envied the church's wealth and resented paying because they believed that churches should also pay taxes and not have special legal privileges.

Compare and contrast the attitudes of Martin Luther and John Calvin toward political authority and social order.

Similarities: Both were protestant reformers that hated abuse of catholic church. Pol: Both denied power of the pope. Social: both believed that normal people should be able to read scripture. Differences: Pol :Luther believed in separation of church and state, Calvin believed it should be one. Social: Luther didnt want to restructure society. Calvin wanted to restructure society according to his moral code

Compare and contrast Catholic and Protestant theology and practice.

Whereas traditional Catholic teaching held that salvation is achieved by both faith and good works, protestants held that salvation comes by faith alone (sola scriptura, sola fide, sola gratia) , irrespective of good works or the the sacraments. Protestants believed that authority exists in the Bible alone, whereas Catholic theology claimed that authority rests both in the Bible and in the traditional teachings of the church. Additionally, while the medieval church stressed the superiority of the monastic and religious life over the secular, Protestants disagreed and argued that every person should serve God in his or her individual calling. The protestants generally only believed in the sacraments that were mentioned in the bible (Baptism and the Eucharist), whereas the Catholics believed in the 7 sacraments.

Assess the extent to which the Protestant Reformation promoted new expectations about social roles in the sixteenth century. Refer to at least two social groups in your assessment.

Women: education opened to middle class women, praised for being mothers and housewives, women were equal to men in presence of god but naturally weaker than men on earth, no preaching, no convents, divorce due to adultery. Peasants: learned they didnt need intermediaries to god, peasants revolt, luther condemned them.