AP EURO CHAPTER 16 STUDY GUIDE
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."Contrary to the sense of the Bible and the intention of the holy Fathers...[Galileo's accusers] would extend such authorities until even in purely physical matters—where faith is not involved—they would have us altogether abandon reason and the evidence of our senses in favor of some biblical passage.... The reason produced for condemning the opinion that the earth moves and the sun stands still is that in many places in the Bible one may read that the sun moves and the earth stands still.... But I believe nobody will deny that [the Bible] is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify...."Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 Which person would most likely disagree with Galileo's views?
Martin Luther
Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below."TO HIS HOLINESS, POPE PAUL III: I can readily imagine, Holy Father, that as soon as some people hear that in this volume, which I have written about the revolutions of the spheres of the universe, I ascribe certain motions to the terrestrial globe, they will shout that I must be immediately repudiated together with this belief ....Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heaven as its center would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves. Therefore I debated with myself for a long time whether to publish the volume which I wrote to prove the earth's motion ...When I weighed these considerations, the scorn which I had reason to fear on account of the novelty and unconventionality of my opinion almost induced me to abandon completely the work which I had undertaken. But while I hesitated for a long time and even resisted, my friends drew me back....Perhaps there will be babblers who claim to be judges of astronomy although completely ignorant of the subject and, badly distorting some passage of Scripture to their purpose, will dare to find fault with my undertaking and censure it..... To them my work too will seem, unless I am mistaken, to make some contribution also to the Church, at the head of which Your Holiness now stands. For not so long ago under Leo X the Lateran Council considered the problem of reforming the ecclesiastical calendar. The issue remained undecided then only because the lengths of the year and month and the motions of the sun and moon were regarded as not yet adequately measured." ---Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 Which traditional theory is Copernicus challenging in his work?
That the sun revolved around the earth (Geocentrism)
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."Contrary to the sense of the Bible and the intention of the holy Fathers...[Galileo's accusers] would extend such authorities until even in purely physical matters—where faith is not involved—they would have us altogether abandon reason and the evidence of our senses in favor of some biblical passage.... The reason produced for condemning the opinion that the earth moves and the sun stands still is that in many places in the Bible one may read that the sun moves and the earth stands still.... But I believe nobody will deny that [the Bible] is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify...."Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 Besides Galileo's discoveries in astronomy, what new scientific ideas and observations arose during the period 1450-1648?
anatomical and medical discoveries presenting the body as an integrated system
- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."And here he is still arguing against those who say that man is a single element, just as I have said that he proposed from the beginning. Firstly, he has criticized those who say that man is blood. He said that, if the nature of the body were blood alone, it must be the case, that healthy men would have blood alone in their bodies, without biles and phlegm, and, even if it were granted that at some time bile and phlegm might be present, then still a certain time of life or season of the year would be found in which blood alone would be in the body without the other humors. And in the same way he criticizes those who say that man is bile or phlegm, as if the particular element existed naturally alone; and he also criticizes those who assume in this way that the first origin arises from this particular humor."- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) William Harvey challenged the traditional beliefs of Galen
by presenting the human body as an integrated system not at the mercy of the humors
- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."And here he is still arguing against those who say that man is a single element, just as I have said that he proposed from the beginning. Firstly, he has criticized those who say that man is blood. He said that, if the nature of the body were blood alone, it must be the case, that healthy men would have blood alone in their bodies, without biles and phlegm, and, even if it were granted that at some time bile and phlegm might be present, then still a certain time of life or season of the year would be found in which blood alone would be in the body without the other humors. And in the same way he criticizes those who say that man is bile or phlegm, as if the particular element existed naturally alone; and he also criticizes those who assume in this way that the first origin arises from this particular humor."- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) Based on the passage, Galen's beliefs on the nature of man can best be summarized as
the belief in the importance of the humors as the regulatory elements of the body.
- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."And here he is still arguing against those who say that man is a single element, just as I have said that he proposed from the beginning. Firstly, he has criticized those who say that man is blood. He said that, if the nature of the body were blood alone, it must be the case, that healthy men would have blood alone in their bodies, without biles and phlegm, and, even if it were granted that at some time bile and phlegm might be present, then still a certain time of life or season of the year would be found in which blood alone would be in the body without the other humors. And in the same way he criticizes those who say that man is bile or phlegm, as if the particular element existed naturally alone; and he also criticizes those who assume in this way that the first origin arises from this particular humor."- Galen - On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (2nd Century CE) Based on the passage, which of the following treatments of disease were a direct result of Galen's traditional beliefs on the humors and disease?
Bleeding, leeching, and sweating out sickness
Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below."TO HIS HOLINESS, POPE PAUL III: I can readily imagine, Holy Father, that as soon as some people hear that in this volume, which I have written about the revolutions of the spheres of the universe, I ascribe certain motions to the terrestrial globe, they will shout that I must be immediately repudiated together with this belief ....Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heaven as its center would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves. Therefore I debated with myself for a long time whether to publish the volume which I wrote to prove the earth's motion ...When I weighed these considerations, the scorn which I had reason to fear on account of the novelty and unconventionality of my opinion almost induced me to abandon completely the work which I had undertaken. But while I hesitated for a long time and even resisted, my friends drew me back....Perhaps there will be babblers who claim to be judges of astronomy although completely ignorant of the subject and, badly distorting some passage of Scripture to their purpose, will dare to find fault with my undertaking and censure it..... To them my work too will seem, unless I am mistaken, to make some contribution also to the Church, at the head of which Your Holiness now stands. For not so long ago under Leo X the Lateran Council considered the problem of reforming the ecclesiastical calendar. The issue remained undecided then only because the lengths of the year and month and the motions of the sun and moon were regarded as not yet adequately measured." ---Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 At the time period of the publication of Copernicus' book in 1543, what other challenges to Catholic power were causing trouble for the Church?
French King Henry II and his wife Catherine d'Medici were persecuting the Huguenots.
Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below."TO HIS HOLINESS, POPE PAUL III: I can readily imagine, Holy Father, that as soon as some people hear that in this volume, which I have written about the revolutions of the spheres of the universe, I ascribe certain motions to the terrestrial globe, they will shout that I must be immediately repudiated together with this belief ....Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heaven as its center would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves. Therefore I debated with myself for a long time whether to publish the volume which I wrote to prove the earth's motion ...When I weighed these considerations, the scorn which I had reason to fear on account of the novelty and unconventionality of my opinion almost induced me to abandon completely the work which I had undertaken. But while I hesitated for a long time and even resisted, my friends drew me back....Perhaps there will be babblers who claim to be judges of astronomy although completely ignorant of the subject and, badly distorting some passage of Scripture to their purpose, will dare to find fault with my undertaking and censure it..... To them my work too will seem, unless I am mistaken, to make some contribution also to the Church, at the head of which Your Holiness now stands. For not so long ago under Leo X the Lateran Council considered the problem of reforming the ecclesiastical calendar. The issue remained undecided then only because the lengths of the year and month and the motions of the sun and moon were regarded as not yet adequately measured." ---Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 According to the excerpt above, for what reason did Copernicus dedicate his book to Pope Paul III?
He thought the book might be useful to the Pope
Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 The following 3 questions refer to the excerpt below."Contrary to the sense of the Bible and the intention of the holy Fathers...[Galileo's accusers] would extend such authorities until even in purely physical matters—where faith is not involved—they would have us altogether abandon reason and the evidence of our senses in favor of some biblical passage.... The reason produced for condemning the opinion that the earth moves and the sun stands still is that in many places in the Bible one may read that the sun moves and the earth stands still.... But I believe nobody will deny that [the Bible] is often very abstruse, and may say things which are quite different from what its bare words signify...."Galileo Galilei, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1615 What developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led Galileo to raise the concerns he expresses in the passage?
New ideas and methods in science and astronomy began to emerge.
Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 The following 4 questions refer to the excerpt below."TO HIS HOLINESS, POPE PAUL III: I can readily imagine, Holy Father, that as soon as some people hear that in this volume, which I have written about the revolutions of the spheres of the universe, I ascribe certain motions to the terrestrial globe, they will shout that I must be immediately repudiated together with this belief ....Those who know that the consensus of many centuries has sanctioned the conception that the earth remains at rest in the middle of the heaven as its center would, I reflected, regard it as an insane pronouncement if I made the opposite assertion that the earth moves. Therefore I debated with myself for a long time whether to publish the volume which I wrote to prove the earth's motion ...When I weighed these considerations, the scorn which I had reason to fear on account of the novelty and unconventionality of my opinion almost induced me to abandon completely the work which I had undertaken. But while I hesitated for a long time and even resisted, my friends drew me back....Perhaps there will be babblers who claim to be judges of astronomy although completely ignorant of the subject and, badly distorting some passage of Scripture to their purpose, will dare to find fault with my undertaking and censure it..... To them my work too will seem, unless I am mistaken, to make some contribution also to the Church, at the head of which Your Holiness now stands. For not so long ago under Leo X the Lateran Council considered the problem of reforming the ecclesiastical calendar. The issue remained undecided then only because the lengths of the year and month and the motions of the sun and moon were regarded as not yet adequately measured." ---Nicolaus Copernicus, Preface to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543 Like Newton a century later, Copernicus was an early believer in using science for the advancement of human endeavors on earth. In the passage above, what proof of this assertion is evident?
He wants his theories to be used to make a more accurate calendar.