AP Euro chapter 3

Which of the following did not motivate the foreign policy of Philip II of Spain?

Philip's desire to build up Spanish agriculture and industry

The first European country to create a transoceanic commercial and colonial empire was:

Portugal

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

The Edict of Nantes issued by the French king Henry IV gave:

Protestants the same civil rights as Catholics, but limited their religious rights.

Henry IV

(1589-1610) - Formerly Henry of Navarre; ascended the French throne as a convert to Catholicism. Surrived St. Bartholomew Day, signed Edict of Nantes, quoted as saying "Paris is worth a mass."

Thirty Years' War

(1618-1648 CE) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.

Encomienda Social Classes

1.Peninsulares-Spaniards born in spain 2.Creoles-Borin in new spain of spanish parents 3.Mestizos-born of spanish and native parents 4.Native american indians 5.Slaves

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Edict of Restitution

1629, Emperor Ferdinand II outlawed Calvinism and gave the Catholic church all of their land taken front he Protestant princes and cities

At its height (ca. 1580) the Spanish empire of Philip II included all of the following except:

Bohemia

The Thirty Years' War began in:

Bohemia

Pedro Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal

Spanish Netherlands

Seventeen provinces, (Belgium, Modern Netherlands, Luxembourg); the Low Countries. They are called low be cause they are below sea level, the are surrounded by dikes and wind mills.

A treaty in 1494, asserted that the globe outside Europe should be divided between:

Spain and Portugal.

A revolt in the Netherlands against Philip II began over the issue of the:

Spanish Inquisition.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizzarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Spanish Fury

Spanish soldiers mutinied after not being paid. They sacked Antwerp and killed over 6000, leading to the Catholics losing their support.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Chartered trading companies

Merchants created companies so they could have international business in return for government protection and trade. There was government backing because these merchants made a lot of money for their countries.

Potosi silver mines

Mine located in upper Peru; largest of New World silver mines; produced 80 percent of all Peruvian silver

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Danish Phase

The Danish period of the conflict began when King Christian IV (r. 1588-1648), the Lutheran ruler of Denmark supported the Protestants in 1625 against Ferdinand II.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Bohemian phase

The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain

The Pacification of Ghent

What did the Dutch rebels collectively proclaim following the Spanish Fury massacre and what did this call for?

The price revolution of the sixteenth century was due to all of the following except:

a decline in the amount of land under cultivation, which caused food prices to rise.

The civil wars in France in the sixteenth century resembled:

a war of roving bands of armed men.

In early modern times, the rural masses of much of eastern Europe:

lost their personal freedoms and became serfs.

In the sixteenth century, in the era of commercial capitalism, the key figure in business was the:

merchant

The first demands for mass production involved:

military goods.

Protestantism in France was especially strong among the:

nobility

The term "bourgeoisie" refers to:

people living in chartered towns or boroughs with certain rights. the owners of capital. the middle levels of society between the aristocracy and the laboring poor.

The period of religious wars, from 1560 -1648, _____.

positioned the English, Dutch, and French to profit from the global economic changes

Europe's great economic readjustment after 1500 included:

rapid population growth and a gradual rise in prices.

The domestic system employed in the early modern European economy was a:

system of rural household industry.

After 1492, the Atlantic Ocean became a bridge rather than a barrier for Europeans. As a result, all of the following occurred except:

the Italians expanded their trade networks.

The increasing importance of education in the sixteenth century was due to:

the Reformation and the growth of commerce.

The opening of the Atlantic to transoceanic travel around 1500 was made possible by all of the following except:

the Vikings' voyages to North America.

St. Francis Xavier

the apostle of India and Japan; influenced by St Ignatius of Loyola; in Japan he learned the language, adopted himself to the Japanese custom, and baptized over 2000 people; patron saint of all missions

The period 1550-1650 is often referred to as Spain's "Golden Age," or siglo de oro, because of all of the following except:

the beauty of its tapestries and glassware.

By 1560, the Spanish and Portuguese had imported more than 100,000 African slaves to their American empires because:

the church attempted to protect Indian converts. royal authorities restricted the exploitation of natives.

The political disintegration of France in the sixteenth century was due to all of the following except:

the conversion of a large minority to Lutheranism.

The stunning Swedish victories during the Thirty Years' War were partly due to:

the development of the mobile cannon.

The economic policy of mercantilism favored all of the following except:

the export of unprocessed raw materials.

With the discovery of the silver deposits at Potosí in Spanish Peru, _____.

the king of Spain was able to finance his anti-Protestant campaigns during the Counter Reformation

In the Middle Ages, the term "capital," as in the "capital" owned by the master of a workshop, referred to:

the master's money. the master's house workbench, tools, and materials.

Gallican Church

the name of the French Church

In 1609, the Netherlands were partitioned. As a consequence, _____.

the south became Catholic and the north was mostly Protestant

Dutch Revolt

the successful revolt of the Protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by Philip II of Spain. The religious 'clash of cultures' built up gradually but inexorably into outbursts of violence against the perceived repression of the Habsburg Crown. These tensions led to the formation of the independent Dutch Republic. The first leader was William of Orange, followed by several of his descendants and relations. This revolt was one of the first successful secessions in Europe, and led to one of the first European republics of the modern era, the United Provinces.

Battle of Lepanto

took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of southern European Catholic maritime states, decisively defeated the main fleet of the Ottoman Empire in five hours of fighting on the northern edge of the Gulf of Corinth, off western Greece.

In the sixteenth century, the middle class:

was a large, indefinite category.

The "Commercial Revolution" of the early modern period:

was actually slow and protracted. signified the rise of a capitalistic economy. signified the transition from a town-centered system to a national economic system.

The sixteenth century wars of religion in France:

were essentially a new form of the old feudal rebellion against a higher central authority.

In the sixteenth century, the mass of the population in every European country was made up of the:

working poor.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559

(1559) Ended the long conflict known as the Hapsburg-Valois war; Spain was essentially the victor, and France was forced to recognize Spanish control over areas like Italy, etc; this treaty did not end religious conflict however—Catholics and Protestants continued to riot and kill each other.

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Treaty of Tordesillas—1494

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Commercial Revolution

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Encomienda

A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

politique

A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France).

Christopher Columbus

An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Capital

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

Catherine de Medici, the Queen of France, was responsible for the plot to eliminate her son-in-law and his Protestant family and friend known as the...

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Why did the English, Dutch, and French fail to begin colonization of the Americas until more than a hundred years after the Spanish and Portuguese?

Domestic troubles and religious controversies delayed organized government action.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years' War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic.

Albrecht von Wallenstein

Ferdinand II's military commander who defeated Christian IV and occupied much of northern Germany as a resul

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.

The politiques were men who believed that:

France's first priority should be civil order.

Huguenots

French Protestants

Fugger

Jacob Fugger was given a monopoly over silver, copper, and mercury mines because he loaned a lot of money to Charles V

The first person to circumnavigate the globe was:

Magellan, who led a Spanish expedition.

Escorial

The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of St. Lawrence, who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quenti

French Phase

The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

Swedish Phase

The new Protestant leader became King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. In the summer of 1630, the Swedes moved into Germany. Later in the year, France and Sweden signed an alliance, and France entered the war against the Hapsburgs.

Catherine de Medicis

The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons (1547-1589)

"Putting Out" system

This system involved a factory giving a product (raw cotton, for example) to peasants to spin, and when they were finished they would send their finished product back to the factory and get paid.

War of the Three Henry's

This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)

Pope Alexander VI

This was the pope that granted power to Ferdinand and Isabella to appoint bishops to the Spanish territories and also settled the argument between Spain and Portugal over South America

Which of the following statements is true of the oceanic voyages?

Travelers from Asia had long made voyages to distant places and engaged in trade across the Indian Ocean before Columbus voyaged to the New World.

French Civil Wars

after Henry II died there was a power struggle between three noble families for the Crown. Many nobles who had converted to Calvinism wanted to gain independence from the crown, resulting in feudal disorder. At least nine wars occured in the late 1500s as a result. (1562-1594)

While all prices rose in the sixteenth century, there was a greater increase in the _____ sector

agriculture

When Columbus struck land in 1492, he thought he had found:

an outlying part of the Indies.

All of the following statements are true about Spanish colonization in the Americas except:

black African slaves became more important in Spanish America than they were in the French or English colonies.

Line of Demarcation—1493

divides world between spain and portugal

Mary Tudor ("Bloody Mary")

during her five year reign as queen of England, she tried to reimpose Catholicism in England, by means of persecuting Protestants. Around 300 people were executed, mostly her opponents. Daughter of Henry VII and Catherine of Aragon; Queen of England 1516-1558

The Peace of Westphalia:

ended the Counter Reformation in Germany.

United Provinces of the Netherlands/Union of Utrecht

formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire

As a result of leading the Counter Reformation for a century, Spain experienced all of the following except:

greater national unity.

The Spanish Armada aimed to regain the Spanish Netherlands in 1588 by:

invading England.

All of the following statements are true about the practice of charging interest on loans except that:

it was rarely practiced in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.

For England, the primary result of the sixteenth century wars with Spain was that it:

led to an assured national independence and an acquired national spirit.