AP Euro Fall Semester Review - Final, MCQ Unit Progress #1, MCQ Unit Progress #2, ap euro mcq3, euro 3, AP EURO Exam: French Revolution, Ap European history Unit 6 Progress check

Which of the following best describes the impact of the wars of the French Revolution and of Napoleon on Europe?

The wars led to the spread of nationalist and liberal thought across Europe.

Which of the following best explains why the religious revival of the late eighteenth century is seen as consistent with the development of Romanticism?

They both rejected the Enlightenment emphasis on empiricism and Enlightenment beliefs that nature was knowable and predictable.

Who are physiocrats?

This was the group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived solely from the value of its land

The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?

Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.

Isotta Nogarola's publication of her challenge to Ludovico Foscarini best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?

Women adapting humanist approaches to advocate for better treatment in society

Which of the following groups at the time the poster was created would be most likely to support the suffrage movement?

Workers' parties, such as the Labour Party

Who wrote "the Conditions of the Working Class in England", 1844 and what did it show?

Written by Engles, this presented a devastating picture of industrial life.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does Ogilvie NOT use to support her argument about the course of the Commercial Revolution being different in Württemberg than in England and the Netherlands?

Württemberg's women increasingly purchasing clothing and groceries on the market

What is Romanticism?

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Taken as a whole, Addington's report provides most direct evidence for which of the following trends in eighteenth-century England

controversy over the commercialization of agriculture

Geocentric to heliocentric

earth centered, sun centered

What is facism?

extreme nationalism and militarism in pursuit of the strength of the state

the artists portrayal of Maria Theresa was most likely a response to which of the following circumstances

growing rivalries among European powers

Napoleon Bonaparte's encouragement of a national education system and a merit-based civil service as well as his issuance of a rationalized legal code are best explained by his desire to...

implement Enlightenment principles

The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?

ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation

Who said I think therefore I am?

philosopher René Descartes

Napoleon's preservation of theoretically representative institutions such as the Senate, Tribunal, and Legislative Assembly under his monarchical rule is best explained by his aim to...

present himself as fulfilling the principle of popular sovereignty established during the French Revolution

What did Newton believe?

reasoning could discover natural laws that govern politics, economics, justice, religion, and the arts.

Who was French Wars of Religion between?

religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (Valois) (French monarchy)

which of the following best explains why Empress Maria Theresa presented her son to the Hungarian nobility as shown in the engraving

she wanted to legitimize her rule through demonstrating the continuance of the Habsburg line

Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by

telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture

What did the communist manifesto say?

"Wage slavery"

What was the course of the 100 years war(4)? What happened in each event?

1. The Battle of Crecy - showed England had established a worthy army and showed a decline in the use of calvary (because of the longbow) 2. The Battle of Agincourt - The English defeated the French using their longbows. French could hardly move in their armor. (english killed many) 3. The Black (black armour) prince - Edward, prince of Wales - he showed military brilliance 4. Joan of Arc - Inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

What 3 ideas did Albert Einstein come up with?

1. theory of relativity 2. E=MC squared 3. explains the energy inside the atom

what is tabula rusa? Who came up with it?

A blank slate which was created by Locke.

Which of the following best describes Toscanelli's argument in his letter?

A direct westward route to China would be shorter than the route the Portuguese were exploring.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

A period of improvements in industrial technology, like the invention of steam engines and mass production.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

What was the French Revolution? What two ideas was it based upon? What did people accomplish/ what new ideas or strategies did they come up with? What overall ideas were express (influenced by) and what class off society did it empower?

A rebellion of French people against their king in 1789. It was based upon liberty and equality. It was. complete destruction of the social system and hereditary rights and privileges were abolished. People completely changed the constitution for equality of men, and strengthened the army, and established way to elect leaders via electors. This was an expression of Enlightenment idea and empowerment of the new middle class?

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

A series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War

Napoleonic Wars information. How were people selected to be in the army? How many Coalitions were there? What ideas were spread?

A series of wars fought between France (led by Napoleon) and alliances involving England and Prussia and Russia and Austria at different times. People were selected by conscription. There were 7 Coalitions. Ideals of the revolution were spread.

The event shown in the engraving is associated with the development of which of the following forms of government in Europe in the seventeenth century?

A. Absolutism

Bodin's discussion of tyrannical and despotic monarchies reflects which of the following political developments in Europe?

A. The concentration of power in increasingly centralized governments

The depiction of the scene in the engraving best illustrates which of the following aspects of the French aristocracy under Louis XIV's rule?

A. The maintenance of the aristocracy's privileged social position

The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following?

A. The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power

The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that

A. he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together

European monarchs of the 1700s mostly attempted to promote trade and consumption in luxury items by following

A. mercantilist policies that protected domestic industries and encouraged the creation of colonies

What two ideas did Albert Camus believe in (1913-1960)?

Absence of God and Hope in ones self

What is absolutism?

Absolutism is a system of government in which a ruler holds total power

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

An agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler (1555)

Which of the following was the most direct effect of commercial rivalries among France, Spain, England, and other European powers in the 1700s?

An increase in warfare between European states over possession of overseas colonies

Based on the passage, Bakunin's ideology best reflects the emergence of which of the following ideologies?

Anarchism

apriori vs aposteriori

Apriori -knowable independently of experience Aposteriori - knowable on the basis of experience.

Who was William Pitt the Elder?

As secretary of state in charge of the Seven Years' War, this British official sent tons of troops to confront the French in Canada. Proved instrumental in helping Great Britain emerge as a world power from the war.

What did Marie Curie discover?

Atoms are not hard material body they are subatomic particles behaving radically

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's inclusion of a map of the world in the painting?

B. It reflected the gorwing importance of overseas trade to Dutch society

Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following?

B. The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution

Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government?

B. The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance

The increased European consumption of luxury goods in the 1700s resulted most directly from which of the following economic developments?

B. The expansion of trade between Europe and other regions of the world

Based on the painting, Maes most likely held which of the following views?

B. Women were capable of managing the new financial practices

The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist

B. wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors

Who were the two founders of rationalism? What is it?

Bacon and descartes. Rationalism - Knowledge means power

Marx Das Kapital

Believed in the rise of the proletariat.

What were the 4 phases of the 30 Years War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French

Bourgeoisie and Proletariat

Bourgeoisie- owners of means of production. Proletariat- people who had to sell their labor.

Babbage's description of Great Britain's "tools and machines" best illustrates which of the following developments of the nineteenth century?

Britain's leadership in the process of industrialization

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Pitt's speech?

British leaders saw their country as the strongest opponent of the French Revolution

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of the "rights of man"?

Burke is skeptical of the concept, while Robespierre claims to support them.

In which of the following ways did new monarchs such as Queen Elizabeth of England move to centralize government authority in the 1500s and 1600s?

By monopolizing taxation and the use of military force

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Maes's choice of subject matter?

C. He wanted to attract the patronage of the growing Dutch urban merchant class.

Bodin's discussion of monarchical power best reflects the early stages of which of the following?

C. The development of absolutist systems of government

What happened during the Franco-Swedish Phase?

Catholic France under Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu help the Protestant against the Catholics because they fear the Habsburgs under Ferdinand II

Who were two major women in science and what did they do?

Cavendish - British that established that water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and who calculated the density of the earth Merian - German who illustrated insects and plants

What was history according to Marxism?

Class struggle, Masters v. slaves, nobles v. peasants, bourgeoisie, v. proletarians. revolution toward the good

Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia?

D. The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity.

What did Newton do and what did he try to explain?

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.

What concept did Copernicus create?

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth (heliocentric)

Which of the following was the most likely audience for the poster?

Dissatisfied Liberal voters

Mannerist works, such as Madonna with the Long Neck, tended to employ which of the following elements?

Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion

Which of the following best explains Great Britain's early industrial dominance?

Easy access to raw materials such as coal and iron

Who believed in Evolutionary Socialism, 1899?

Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)

What idea did Italy follow/ exemplify totatalitarianism?

Facism

What two concepts came from the enlightenment?

Freedom and liberty

Who were three major people in medicine and experimentation and what did they do?

Galen - he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. Vasalius - wrote the first accurate book on human anatomy Harvey - examine the circulation of blood throughout the body and insisted the heart was mechanical.

Who was the father of the scientific method and what is it?

Galileo Galilee was the father of the scientific method which is based on observation.

What did Johann Tetzel give out?

Indulgences.

The development of the printing press had which of the following effects on the Renaissance?

It aided the spread of Renaissance ideas beyond Italy.

What did the philosophical dilemma: Existentialism reflect?

It reflected the anxieties of the twentieth century

What was the main education program of the the time period of Italian Renaissance humanism?

Liberal arts.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the trend in malt barley prices shown on the graph?

Malt barley prices showed considerable variation but overall slightly declined in a period of 1605 to 1705

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

What two revolutionary ideals spread? What do they mean?

Nationalism (loyalism) and Liberalism (acceptance of different opinions?

What ideas did the Hermeticism system introduce?

Occult sciences (magic) and theological and philosophical beliefs and speculation

What theory did Max Planck create? What did it say?

Quantum theory - atoms generate energy discontinuously, in irregular packets

Who fought in the Schmalkaldic Wars?

Religious wars during mid-1500s where Charles V and Catholics fought German princes and Lutherans

De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?

That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers

What idea did Bishop Jacques Bossuet mainly argue?

That the Government was divinely ordained

What was the protestant Union? What was the counteract called, where was it, who was it organized by?

The Protestant Union was a league of german protestant states. The counteract of Protestant Union in Germany organized by Duke Maximilian of Bavaria was called the Catholic League of German States

Which of the following pieces of evidence would best support Pinson's claim regarding the "universalist dreams" associated with the Holy Roman Empire?

The continued influence of German nationalism in calls for the unification of the German states

The passage best illustrates which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?

The creation of new approaches to the study of religious texts

The increased availability of goods that Tolstoy critiques in the passage led most directly to which of the following?

The development of mass-marketing through advertisements and new shopping venues

What two concepts came from the scientific revolution?

The eew concept of the universe and of the globe

What is the invisible hand?

The idea that people pursuing their own self-interest actually benefit the public at large

Which of the following best explains the social dislocations experienced by much of Europe in the nineteenth century?

The rapid urbanization that accompanied industrialization

Jean-Paul Sartre

(1905-1980) French existentialist most famous for his statement that "existence precedes essence"--i.e., first we exist and then our decisions and choices shape our character or essence.

With his belief in divine right of kings which monarchs did Bishop Jacques Boussuet believe were responsible to no one but god?

- Louis XIII and Louis XIV - Peter the Great - Frederick the Great

What were the overall results of the Luther and the church?

- Luther kept 2 of the 7 catholic sacraments - baptism and the Lord's supper - the Bible was the authority for religious affairs - The state dominated the churches - Luther marries former nun Katherina von Bora, 1525

What "Military Revolution" tactics resulted from the Thirty Years War(4)?

1. Armed infantry 2. Firepower- artillery, firearms 3. Tactics - mobility and flexibility 4. conscription - drafting

What 5 actions are evolutionary socialism?

1. Demised of capitalism not near 2. Bourgeoisie expanding 3. Proletariat improving Proletariat improving 4. Discarded class struggle 5. evolution not revolution

What 3 things came from Charles Darwin (1809-1882)?

1. H.M.S Beagle 2. On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection 3. The Descent of Man, 1871

What are the three laws of planetary motion? What idea does these laws eliminate?

1. Orbits of the planets are elliptical. 2. Planets revolve around the sun at varying speed. 3. There is a proportional relationship between a planet's orbital period and its distance to the sun. - these laws eliminate the idea of uniform circular motion and crystalline spheres

What extra 4 ideas did Freud create (superforces, battleground, complex, psychoanalysis)?

1. Our superego forces our ego to curb or diminish the drives of the id 2. The biggest battleground between the id and the ego/superego is over sexual drives 3. Oedipus or Electra Complex 4. Psychoanalysis allows one to resolve the conflict that exists between your unconscious and conscious self

What 3 ideas did Henri Bergson believe?

1. Rational, scientific thought is Pracitcal 2. Reality is made up of all things and could not be divided into analyzable parts 3. Reality must be grasped as a whole and each event may be individually analyzed but then it is no longer the reality that was experienced

What 3 ideas did Georges Sorel believe in?

1. Revolutionary Socialism 2. Combines Bergson's and Nietzche's ideas 3. Sees political potential in irrational thought and promotes violence as a means of achieving socialist goals.

What were the 2 policies created during the Cold War?

1. Soviet policy of control of Eastern Europe 2. US policy of stopping the spread of communism

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of liberty?

Both authors see their ideas as encouraging a form of liberty.

Which of the following best describes the trend in England's total trade with the world shown in the table?

Both imports and exports increased in the period 1700 to 1773.

Which of the following best explains why the trade rivalry between European states resulted in Britain becoming the dominant power by the end of the 1700s?

Britain's access to resources and improvements in finance and industry allowed its economy to grow more rapidly than other countries.

Bodin's assertions about a legitimate monarchy are best understood as an example of which of the following developments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

C. The development of new ideas concerning the value of secular systems of government

The overall increase of European wealth best explains which of the following demographic developments in the 1700s?

C. The growth of urban commercial centers

The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century?

C. The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority.

Which of the following best describes the overall trends in English trade shown in the table?

England's overall trade increased, and the Atlantic trade made up a greater share.

What status did Oliver Cromwell and what did he lead?

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

Which of the following best describes a continuity in the political relationships between European states at the end of the seventeenth century and at the beginning of the nineteenth?

European states came together to restrain French attempts to dominate Continental Europe.

Which of the following best explains why the major European sea powers vied for control over the Atlantic in the 1700s?

European states increasingly imported luxury goods such as sugar and coffee from the Americas.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Pitt's description of France's goals with regard to Great Britain?

France wished to export its radical revolutionary ideas to Great Britain.

Who created the idea of irrational thought? What 2 ideas did he believe

Frederick Nietszche. He was critical of Western Bourgeois society and believed God is dead

What did Voltaire argue? And what main idea did he believe in? What does it mean?

French that believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. He believed in deism which means god isn't involved in peoples lives or in revealing truths.

What political thought did Montesquieu believe? What ideas did he(3) and did he not believe in(1)?

French who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers. He attacks traditional religion, advocated for religious toleration, denunciation (public attack) on slavery, and believed in use of reasons

When did the price revolution occur? How much did price grow that period? What 2 things was it caused by? What are some other factors (2)?

From 1500-1650. Prices grew six fold, 1.5% per year. It was caused by the influx of gold and silver from Spanish colonies in the New World and too many people with too much money chasing too few goods.population growth and retraction, urbanization causing more money to be exchanged at a higher volume.

What were German Liberties allow?

German princes' right to control all aspects of law within their principalities, naturally reducing the power of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Which of the following best explains why European governments began to pass laws regulating labor conditions over the course of the nineteenth century?

Governments were increasingly under political pressure to relieve problems caused by industrialization.

What are some examples of the taught liberal arts?

Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history.

What did Rousseau believe? What did he write? What would he write about?

He believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. He wrote the "social contract" and about the society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement.

What work did pico della Mirandola create and what he did he devote his life to finding?

He created the Oration on the Dignity of Man and he was in search of the Common nuggets of universal truth.

What did Lorenzo Valla do?

He criticized ancient text

Which of the following best explains Rousseau's importance to the development of Romanticism?

He emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement.

Who is Adam Smith?

He father of economics and a physiocrat (group of economists who believed that the wealth of a nation was derived from value of its land)

What did Laissez Faire et Laissez passer say?

He said "Let do and let pass"

Who is Shakespeare?

He was a very prominent literary figure, he was able to portray human emotions, and personalities like no other writer

Who was James I the son of and what idea did he believe in?

He was the Son of Mary, Queen of Scots and he believed in the Divine Right of Kings

What did Martin Luther write and where did he post it?

He wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practice. He posted them on the Wittenberg Church door in 1517

What did Locke write and what was it about?

He wrote the "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" which was about knowledge derived from eh environment.

What did Adam Smith write? Which two people was he influenced by?

He wrote the "Wealth of Nations". He was influenced by Malthus and Ricardo

What 2 concepts came from the Renaissance?

Humanism and art

What did Leonardo Bruni do and what ideas did he believe in?

Humanism in the fifteenth-century in Italy. He believed in civic humanism

What did Petrarch do and what ideas did he believe in?

Humanism, he rejected scholastic philosophy and emphasized the classics.

classless society

In Marxist political theory, the ideal society in which wealth is equally distributed according to the principle "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs."

When and where(3) was the commercial revolution? What was the quest for(looking for)(3)? What does searching for new routes lead to? What were two results of the international trade?

In the 1600's and 1700's in England, France, and the Dutch Republic. European's were looking for spices and silk, and new trade routes. Searching for new routes leads to International trade. International trade cause grease in vernal commerce and growth in the banking industry

The printing press encouraged the growth of vernacular (non-Latin) literature. Which of the following best explains the long-term effect this development had on Europe?

It encouraged the development of distinct national cultures in Europe based on shared languages.

The development of the printing press had which of the following general effects on Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

It significantly contributed to the spread of new ideas across Europe.

What was mercantilism? What did it cause financially? What did it encourage? What policy was created? what did it promote? What did it maximize?

It was a national economic policy. It caused an accumulation of gold/bullion through balance of trade. It encouraged oversea expansion. The Policy of high tariffs. It promoted domestic manufacturing. It maximized domestic resources.

Which of the following claims does Toscanelli make about China in the passage?

It was a source of valuable trading commodities.

What did Sigmund Freud create and what 4 things did it say?

It was called The Interpretation of Dreams 1. Human behavior motivated by the unconscious, previous experience and inner forces 2. To understand the unconscious Freud used psychoanalysis (hypnosis and dream analysis) 3. Our unconscious kept as such by repression 4. Our unconscious exists in our id and is being repressed through our ego and superego

What did Galileo do (was the first)?

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

What were Martin Luther's two sayings/beliefs?

Justice of God and Justification by faith

Who said "You can know on your own without needing another to assist you"

Kant

Who wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848?

Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Fredrick Engels (1820-1895)

What places did Charles I rule and what issued caused what result?

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War.

Seven Years War information. Who won?

Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force commercially and in terms of controlled (over North America) regions. The British won

Who did Martin Luther Write to and what was his concerns?

Luther wrote to the Archbishop protesting the sale of indulgences to finance the building of a new cathedral.

Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?

Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses

What happened at the debate at Leipzig in July 1519?

Luther's opponent forced Luther to deny the authority of Popes

What happened in the Danish Phase? Who was the leader of the response? What was the result and what returned?

Lutheran King of Denmark who responded to Wallenstein's invasion by invading northern Germany to protect the Protestants; did not have an adequate army and was defeated by Wallenstein. The result was the Edict of Restitution that prohibited Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation.

The following question refers to the topic of new monarchies. In 1558 Queen Elizabeth issued a decree that attempted to restrict and control the manner of preaching and religious teachings in England. Her action best represents which of the following?

Monarchical reforms designed to give governments greater control over religion and morality

Which of the following groups most frequently commissioned Mannerist and Baroque art during the 1500s?

Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature

Pitt's speech regarding the possibility of peace with France was most likely influenced by which of the following developments?

Napoleon's military victories over rival continental powers and assumption of political leadership in France

The Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance shared an emphasis on which of the following artistic styles and themes?

Naturalistic representations of human-centered subjects using geometric perspective

Voltaire's plea for tolerance is best understood in the context of which of the following developments

New concepts of faith resulting from rational analysis of religious practices

What 4 concepts came from the Reformation?

New religions, catholic responses of explorations, religious wars, and mannerism and Baroque art

Which of the following pieces of evidence most directly challenges Jardine's implied claim that the Scientific Revolution was characterized by a universal change in outlook

Newton's investigations into alchemy

What evidence supplied by Crosby most directly supports the claim that Old World forage grasses were particularly important to livestock used by European colonists?

Old World forage grasses were tolerant of close cropping and being constantly trod upon by animals.

Enlightenment philosophes such as Voltaire primarily drew on which of the following to advocate for changing human institutions

Principles of the Scientific revolution, such as rationalism and empirical observation

Which of the following best describes the position on the value of private charity seen in the two passages?

Raudot claims that relying on private charity will have a positive social outcome, whereas the weavers imply that private charity is insufficient to address their needs.

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two sources' arguments?

Raudot does not want the state to intervene on behalf of increasing workers' wages, whereas the weavers do want the state to intervene.

Which of the following best describes how each source sees the consequences of the policies they advocate?

Raudot sees state intervention as leading to rebellion by ungrateful workers, while the weavers see state intervention as aiding France.

Who said that reason is using the scientific method to understand life

René Descartes

In the seventeenth century, which rivalries began to play out into many areas of the world

Rivalries among European states

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the two authors' views of traditional authority?

Robespierre rejects traditional forms of authority, while Burke respects them.

What is Rococo?

Rococo is personal elegant style of art and architecture that features leaves shells and flowers

Which of the following best explains why Romanticism is seen as a challenge to Enlightenment thought?

Romanticism was characterized by an emphasis on emotion as a source of truth.

Article V's call for "equality in fact" is best seen as evidence for the influence of which of the following on Bakunin's thinking?

Socialist ideals of wealth redistribution

What position did Charles II hold and what time did he follow? What religion did he favor?

Stuart king during the Restoration, following Cromwell's Interregnum. Secretly pro catholic

What did Jean Bodin say was the definition of sovereignty?

Supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.

What happened in the Swedish Phase? Who did everything happen under the order of? What was the battle called that took place? What happened? What domination did it end?

Sweden entered into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. The Battle of Nördlingen took place and was a victory for the Habsburgs it ended Swedish domination in southern Germany,

What happened in the Bohemian phase? Who won?

The Battle of the White Mountain -Catholic victory

What did Baldassare Castiglione write, what was the literature work about?

The Book of the Courtier, he wrote that the courtier is in service to the prince.

Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?

The Catholic Reformation

Which of the following contributed most strongly to the outbreak of the French Revolution?

The Enlightenment

Which of the following best supports Jardine's argument that increased international trade influenced the Scientific Revolution

The European discovery of lands and peoples not mentioned in ancient and classical sources undermined those sources' authority

What educational institution did Marsilio Ficino create and what two ideas did he teach and combine underneath it?

The Florentine Platonic Academy that combined Christianity and Platonism

Which series of war shad the largest armies involved?

The Napoleonic Wards

What idea did Germany follow/ exemplify Totalitarianism?

The Nazi Party

What was the result of territorial gains of France and Sweden from the Thirty Years War? What happened to the Holy Roman Empire?

The Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

Why did War of Austrian Succession start? Who specifically was it about/ who broke the edict? What treaty helped?

The Pragmatic Sanction was an edict issued by Charles VI to ensure that the Habsburg hereditary possessions could be inherited by a daughter. The refusal to accept the Sanction of 1713 resulted in the War of the Austrian Succession. This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa. The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle treaty gave Maria Theresa the power over austria but a lot of land was lost to Prussia

Which of the following developments most directly facilitated the overall changes shown on the graph?

The Second Industrial Revolution

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use most directly to support his claim about the importance of forage grasses for the spread of European colonization?

The assertion that displacement of native grasses by Eurasian grasses allowed imported livestock to flourish

Which of the following pieces of evidence mentioned by Ogilvie best supports her claim that Württemberg's institutions prevented women from playing a leading role in the Commercial Revolution there?

The authority of church courts and citizen's assemblies to regulate work and consumption

Who were the combatants of the 100 years war? What year was it to and from? What was the initial cause of the war(2)? Who was the king the son of?

The combatants were England and France and it was fought from 1337-1453. The initial cause of the war was that English claim Gascony and the the succession to the throne of Edward III (king of England). He was the son of the daughter of Frances previous king, Philip IV.

Which came first the commercial or industrial revolution?

The commercial revolution

Which of the following pieces of evidence would most directly challenge Pinson's claim that the bourgeoisie accepted its status after the Congress of Vienna?

The continued influence of French revolutionary thought in Germany, which led to new radical ideologies

Which of the following most directly led conservatives to develop a coherent conservative ideology in the early nineteenth century?

The demands to restrain the excesses of Enlightenment radicalism

What did Diderot write?

The encyclopedia

What was the Continental Sytem

The foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars.

Tolstoy's critique of the luxuries available in shops best reflects which of the following developments of the nineteenth century?

The growth in consumerism and leisure time as industrial production increased

The emergence of the "Ragged Schools" in London best reflects which of the following developments?

The growth of charitable institutions addressing urban problems

The discussion of Adam and Eve's actions is best understood in the context of which of the following developments of the Italian Renaissance?

The growth of new humanist approaches that emphasized individuality

Erasmus' critique of the clergy were most clearly influenced by which of the following historical developments at the time he wrote In Praise of Folly ?

The humanist challenge to the institutional power of the Catholic Church

What is Neo-Classicism?

The idea of taking traditional jazz forms and putting them into a contemporary context. - Going back to acoustic music - It was a reaction to fusion music that wanted to go back to traditional styles

Articles VII and VIII are best understood as a critique of which of the following?

The increase in government control and regulation of the economy

Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?

The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority

Which of the following best explains the contemporary development of the theory of absolutism in France, which contrasted sharply with Locke's views on popular sovereignty

The lack of any successful challenges to monarchical power in seventeenth-century France

Babbage's statement that Britain's emphasis on machinery distinguishes it from all other countries best illustrates which of the following developments outside of Britain in the nineteenth century?

The lag time in industrial development of many European countries

The "woes" referred to in the first sentence of the passage are best explained as part of which of the following developments?

The large increase in urban populations during the Industrial Revolution

The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700 ?

The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.

Who had more priority during the 100 years war, the French or female?

The male line had higher priority for French over female?

Which of the following would best support Pinson's claim that ordinary Germans were eager to reject French influence?

The mass uprisings against Napoleonic rule across Germany, which contributed to Napoleon's defeat

Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports Jardine's argument regarding the changes in intellectual outlook in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries

The new ideas in astronomy and anatomy that led intellectuals to challenge the authority of ancient and classical sources of knowledge

Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?

The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.

The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?

The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs

Which of the following best describes the trend in the percentage portion of English trade conducted with Atlantic ports as shown in the table?

The overall portion of Atlantic trade increased, with imports making up a larger share than exports.

Babbage's description of how "every convenience" and "every luxury" came to be developed best illustrates which of the following?

The private initiative of industrialists and manufacturers that developed Britain's industrial economy

What was the American Revolution? What two ideas was it based upon? What did people feel they were fighting because of? What was there an influence of and what did it lead to the feeling of?

The revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain. It was based upon liberty and freedom. Primarily against what they perceived as unfair taxation and financial limitations imposed upon them. It was caused by renewed interest in tex revenue from Colonial American for England to recover from Seven Years War. There was an influence of American ideals on French officers who participated and then came home to France which still imprioned without cause and censoring

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Which of the following was NOT a significant effect of the changes shown in the graph and the broader economic trends of which they were a part?

The spread of industrialization from Great Britain to the rest of Europe

Which of the following most directly challenged the conservative order established at the Congress of Vienna?

The spread of nationalism to areas such as Germany

The conditions in Russia described in the passage were most directly the result of which of the following?

The spread of the second industrial revolution to Russia

Which of the following was the most direct cause of the overall trend in Russia's output, as shown in the graph?

The struggles of Russia's modernization efforts against the dominant landowning interests

What is French and Dutch Classicism?

The style in seventeenth-century art and literature resembling the arts in the ancient world and in the Renaissance

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the poster's call for opposition to the Liberals without a recommendation for an alternative party or candidate?

The suffrage movement did not have a major political party that represented its interests.

What was the Diplomatic Revolution?

The time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain

Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the author's implied claim that the Columbian Exchange fostered global connections?

The trade in sugar was important to the Portuguese capital of Lisbon.

Which of the following does the author use to support her argument that the pattern of the Commercial Revolution in England and the Netherlands represented an exceptional case rather than a pattern characteristic of Europe in general?

The transition of women into market jobs, which increased purchases of consumer goods in England and the Netherlands.

Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?

The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing

Voltaire's description of different societies in the second pargraph best reflect which of the following Enlightenment concepts

The use of skepticism to challenge institutions of government and faith

The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?

The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas

Which two concepts came from exploration?

The want for God, Glory, and Gold which led to the of findings of new colonies.

What were the minor conflicts in 1400's(2)? Who fought in both wars? What does the second war result in?

The wars between Italian city states (Hasburg-Valois war). The War of the Roses - struggle for the English throne between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose). This results in new Tudor Dynasty

Participants in the Northern Renaissance, such as Erasmus, differed from participants in the Italian Renaissance in which of the following ways?

They focused more on humanism as a mechanism for religious reform.

What did William and Mary of Orange do and what time period did that mark?

They signed the English Bill of Rights and began a new co-operation between the Parliament and the monarchs in Britain. The end of the idea that England would be restored to Roman Catholicism.

What we're Kepler's 3 ideas?

This astronomer stated that the orbits of planets around the sun were elliptical, the planets do not orbit at a constant speed, and that an orbit is related to its distance from the sun.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

What were the significant outcome of the 100 Years War(2)?

To move soldiers who lived not eh land of a basal to contract, paid soldiers. Also new battle tactics were created like moving from cross to long bow.

Which of the following best explains Austrian foreign minister Klemens von Metternich's purpose in setting up the Concert of Europe?

To suppress lingering revolutionary sentiment in Europe

What is the USSR and created by who/ exemplify totalitarianism?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics created by stalin

Series of events from War of Austrian succession to the napoleonic wars

War of Austrian Succession, Seven Years War, the American Revolution, French Revolution, and Napoleonic War

Which of the following is an accurate description of the relationship between wheat prices and malt barley prices shown on the graph?

Wheat prices and malt barley prices generally rose and fell together

Which of the following is an accurate description of the trend in wheat prices shown on the graph?

Wheat prices showed considerable variation but declined overall in the period 1650 to 1705

What is Platonism?

Who holds fancies in mind, who believes in perfection.

The influence of the scientific revolution on Locke's reasoning regarding the right of people to establish new forms of government is most clearly reflected in his

appeal to universal principles that supposedly define the function of government

Addington's information about Leicester and Northampton in the second paragraph provides most direct evidence for which of the following in eighteenth-century England

demographic shifts associated with changes in agricultural practices

What did Brahe do, what idea did he reject, who did he disprove?

designed and built new instruments for observing the heavens and trained many other astronomers. He rejected heliocentrism despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

Great Britain's ability to play a leading role in the allied coalition that eventually defeated Napoleon is best explained by its earlier...

establishment of a global maritime empire

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

granted the Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms

The enactment of the 1870 Education Act described in the passage is best understood as part of the

intervention of governments into daily life to advance social and economic polices

The development of new monarchies in the 1400s and 1500s occurred at the same time as the growth in power and influence of

merchant and professional groups

which of the following is most likely explanation for the way in which the artist chose to portray Empress Maria Theresa

the artist wished to show her as an absolutist ruler of her diverse empire

Voltaire's ability to publish the ideas presented in the "Treatise on Toleration" best reflects which of the following

the spread of print media that popularized enlightenment ideas

Te engraving an its inscriptions provide most direct evidence for which of the following conclusions about the attitude of wealthy landowners toward agricultural improvements in the eighteenth century

they saw such improvements as a source of pride and prestige

The global market increasingly featured competition among what two things?

uxury and bulk goods.