AP Euro Final

According to the map, which of the following statements is true?

By 1600, Spain controlled most of coastal Central and South America.

Humanism prepared the way for Protestant reforms in which of the following countries? Correct!

England, France, and Germany

Which two uprisings were fueled by nationalism and resulted in independence from another European power?

Greece and Belgium

Which of the following was the most important intellectual recovery made during the Italian Renaissance?

Greek studies

What impression was the artist trying to create in this portrayal of an early event in the French Revolution?

Heroic and nationalistic action was being fulfilled.

Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! —Voltaire, "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, or: An Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Which Enlightenment-era thinker would have most likely expressed disagreement with Voltaire's poem?

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which protestant leader had the most direct effect on France leading to this event?

John Calvin

The Magna Carta

Limited the power of the english king

Of the following, where would discussion of scientific or Enlightenment-era ideas most likely be found?

London coffeehouses

What was the chief consequence of the situation portrayed in the cartoon?

Louis XVI was forced to convene a meeting of the Estates General.

Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?

Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.

Which of these statements best summarizes trends in England and France in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Royal power centralized, and national consciousness grew.

Which of the uprisings on the map above was suppressed by its own domestic conservative government?

Russia

How does this image correctly represent the status of Russia in the early eighteenth century?

Russia was beginning to adopt the customs and practices of western Europe.

The major powers at the Congress of Vienna included ________.

Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Great Britain

In which country did the Napoleonic policy this cartoon critiques encounter the greatest difficulty?

Spain

The Habsburg-Valois wars were fought between France and ________.

Spain

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. What is the best explanation for the appearance of this image in Diderot's Encyclopedia?

The Encyclopedia strove to document innovations that later became known as the Agricultural Revolution.

"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 Why did the Carlsbad Decrees implement these particular restrictions and limitations?

University groups were viewed as promoters of liberalism and nationalism.

Under Oliver Cromwell, England was officially ________. Correct!

a Puritan republic

Following the Oath of the Tennis Court, what institutional form did the French government take?

a constitutional monarchy

Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.

agricultural economy and was dominated by the church

What did Pope Alexander VI hope to gain by securing a friendship with the French king? Correct Answer

control over regions in Italy

In his Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, Luther urged the German princes to ________.

force reforms on the Roman Catholic Church

According to Pascal's famous wager, ________.

it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lost

What specific group in Russian society led the uprising depicted in Karl Konrad's painting?

military officers who wanted to see the ideas of the Enlightenment implemented in Russia

The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.

monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain

Ultimately, the Hundred Years' War was about ________.

national sovereignty

Among the social and economic consequences of the bubonic plague was a ________.

shrunken labor supply

The term "Old Regime" has come to refer to the ________.

social, political, and economic relationships in Europe just prior to the French Revolution

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 The spinning jenny resulted in major changes in

textile manufacturing.

What industry pioneered the Industrial Revolution?

textiles

Between 1243 and 1480, Russia was ruled by ________.

the Mongols

The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.

the West Indies

Which of the following most likely resulted from this conflict?

the development of constitutional government in England

Which of the following might have resulted from work done by those who refused to accept tradition?

the heliocentric view of the cosmos

After Cromwell's death, the English were soon ready to restore ________.

the monarchy and the Anglican Church

What nineteenth century tension does Turner highlight in this image?

the new technology of the Industrial Revolution and its interaction with natural world

"The Cake of Kings," 1773 Engraving What development is portrayed in both the map and the engraving?

the partitions of Poland

"There was a time when meadow, grove, and stream, The earth, and every common sight, To me did seem Appareled in celestial light, The glory and the freshness of a dream. It is not now as it hath been of yore - Turn whereso'er I may, By night or day, The things which I have seen I now can see no more." —William Wordsworth, "Ode to Intimations of Immortality", 1803 What common element of Romanticism do these two artistic pieces reflect?

the power and attraction of nature

Maria Theresa's great achievement was ________.

the preservation of the Habsburg Empire as a major political power

A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work. Correct!

the strange and abnomal

John XXII tried to return the papacy from ________ to Italy.

Avignon

What motivated women to march to Versailles in October, 1789?

Bread remained scarce and prices high during the summer and fall of 1789.

The Industrial Revolution came first to

Britain

Question 40 0 / 1 pts "The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 The Carlsbad Decrees limited the activities of all of the following groups EXCEPT

Catholic priests and Protestant ministers

What policies did Sir Robert Walpole promote as chief minister in England? Correct!

He maintained peace abroad and promoted religious and political liberty at home.

Which of the following situations MOST seems to be conforming to Machiavelli's advice with regards to religion?

Henry VIII's interaction with the Roman Catholic Church

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Music Party (1718) The Rococo style of this period gave way to an artistic reaction known as

Neoclassicism.

These two men were best known for their contributions to the

Scientific Method.

Which of the following offers the most plausible explanation for the relative lack of prosecution in Russia?

The failure of Protestantism to spread east reduced potential religious tensions often related to witchcraft accusations.

The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by the century's end it had established ________.

a sea route around Africa to Asia's spice markets

What were the two dominant models of European political development in the early modern period?

parliamentary monarchy and political absolutism

Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d'Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

the Encyclopedia

What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?

the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them

The Spanish voyages of discovery can be seen as an outgrowth of the _______.

unification of Spain

The above maps represent what important development in history?

English Civil War

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. A ruler who lived by the doctrine of "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" would most likely be a practitioner of

Enlightened absolutism.

In what sense was the war associated with the American Revolution a continuation of the Seven Years' War?

France sought to weaken Great Britain after its triumph in 1763.

The map indicates that Napoleon's greatness as a leader rested in part on

Napoleon's strategic and tactical genius.

How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?

Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.

John Locke argues against absolute monarchy in his ________.

Second Treatise of Civil Government

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 What other mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth century development came alongside improvements in productivity?

The growth of existing large cities expanded rapidly.

Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?

The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.

What idea associated with the Romantic movement of the nineteenth century did Caspar Friedrich demonstrate in The Polar Sea?

The power of nature is much greater than the influence of mankind.

As a political outlook, nationalism was and is based on the relatively modern concept that a nation is composed of people who are joined together by ________.

common language, culture, and perceived history

"The Cake of Kings," 1773 Engraving What was the principal reason for the changes depicted in the images?

exploitation of a weaker state by stronger states

The steam engine was revolutionary because it _________.

provided a virtually unlimited source of power

The Thirty Years' War began as a(n) ________.

revolt of Bohemian Protestant nobility against an unpopular king

The Spinning Jenny, 1765 What type of production became obsolete as a result of changes after 1765?

the "putting out" or domestic system

Who were the supporters of Charles I and Parliament in the English Civil War?

the Cavaliers and the Roundheads respectively

The losses reflected on the map above refer to

the loss of German population during that time.

Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies (with separated branches of government) for more than two centuries?

Charles de Montesquieu

During the period when these nations dominated foreign trade in the South, the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 How did the system of world trade in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect the European inhabitants of New World colonies?

Colonial people sought to trade with each other, often regardless of home country restrictions on such trade.

We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebrations, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics... In order not to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. —The Edict of Nantes, 1598 Which of the following would be most likely to agree with the views represented in the document?

Elizabeth I

"2. ...first, those who by their conduct, their connections, their remarks or their writings show themselves the partisans of tyranny or federalism and the enemies of liberty; ...fifth, those of the former nobles, all of the husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the émigrés who have not constantly manifested their attachment to the revolution." —The Law on Suspects, 1794 What factor contributed to the decision to enact the "Law on Suspects"?

France was at war and feared both internal and external enemies.

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. The reference to "Only one ruler in the world" is most likely a reference to

Frederick the Great of Prussia.

The image is best represented by which statement?

Government is a consequence of the desire by men for security in an insecure world.

The Seven Years' War, 1756-1783 What claim about the Seven Years' War is correct?

It was the greatest of the European wars of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries and thus could be classified as a "world war."

How did the location of the palace reflect the concerns of the French monarchy?

Its location was sufficiently distant from Paris to offer security from Parisian mobs who threatened Louis XIV during the Fronde.

What does Delacroix's painting suggest about the participation in the 1830 revolution by different social classes?

People from a variety of social classes joined in the 1830 revolution.

Which of the following would be against the development of ideas that went against traditional teaching?

Ptolemy

Which statement best explains the disparity between the data for England and for Scotland?

Radical Calvinism took root in Scotland while the more conservative Anglicanism was dominant in England.

Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?

Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.

Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

Rococo

In what way was the Great Northern War (1700-1721) between Russia and Sweden a product of the image and the forces behind its publication?

Sweden was an obstacle to Peter the Great's ambition to gain ice-free ports in the Baltic Sea.

How does the painting reflect the place and time in which it was produced?

The work represents the "Golden Age" of the United Netherlands and the emerging Scientific Revolution.

What did Mary I of England, Philip II of Spain, and Oliver Cromwell all have in common?

They all sacrificed their political goals by refusing to compromise on religion.

What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?

They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.

We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebrations, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics... In order not to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. —The Edict of Nantes, 1598 Based on the passage above and your knowledge, which of the following is the most correct statement?

This was a rare occurrence that could only happen in countries where politiques gained power.

Which of the following is true of the Netherlands?

Toleration marked the Dutch religious life where peoples of differing religious faiths lived together peacefully.

The Reformation in Zurich was led by ___________.

Ulrich Zwingli

This event, the Women's March to Versailles in October, 1789, illustrates that

Versailles was seen as a symbol of the oppression and isolation of the king from the people.

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage Following the events described in the passage, what development greatly complicated the issues involved in Revolution?

War broke out between France and Austria.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. Which statement about European women by the middle of the eighteenth century is supported by the image? Correct!

Women were an integral part of a "family economy."

In which arena would women be most likely to participate in discussion of Enlightenment ideas or science?

a Parisian salon

Which of these provoked the Hundred Years' War?

an English claim to the French throne

"New ways to revive France" - but the total is "Deficit." In what context was this 1780s cartoon created?

as a means of increasing revenue without taxation

The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________.

ruthless political expediency

The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann's application to continue her husband's study because ________. Correct!

she was a woman

Oneiromancy (witchcraft) may be practiced in two ways. The first is when a person uses dreams so that he may dip into the occult with the help of the revelation of devils with whom he has entered into an open pact. The second is when a man uses dreams for knowing the future. Witches, when they do not wish to be bodily transferred, but desire to see what their fellow-witches are doing, it is their practice to lie down and these things are revealed to in images. And if they seek to know some secret, they learn it in dreams from the devil, by reason of an open pact entered into with him. —Dominicans Heinrich Kramer & Jacob Sprenger, Excerpt from Malleus Maleficarum (1486) The passage above, when applied to the late 16th and early 17th centuries, represents a continued reflection of?

social and economic upheaval in Europe

"2. ...first, those who by their conduct, their connections, their remarks or their writings show themselves the partisans of tyranny or federalism and the enemies of liberty; ...fifth, those of the former nobles, all of the husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the émigrés who have not constantly manifested their attachment to the revolution." —The Law on Suspects, 1794 During which part of the French Revolution does the "Law on Suspects" originate?

the "Reign of Terror"

Based on your knowledge and the map above, which of the following statements is true?

European states exploiting religious conflicts to promote their own political and economic interests contributed to the losses shown.

What institutional circumstance in eighteenth century France produced the circumstance portrayed in the cartoon?

Exemptions of both clergy and nobles from taxation.

Now I hear the cry from all sides: "Do not argue!" The officer says: "Do not argue—drill!" The tax collector: "Do not argue—pay!" The pastor: "Do not argue—believe!" Only one ruler in the world says: "Argue as much as you please, but obey!" We find restrictions on freedom everywhere. But which restriction is harmful to enlightenment? Which restriction is innocent, and which advances enlightenment? I reply: the public use of one's reason must be free at all times, and this alone can bring enlightenment to mankind. -excerpt from a late eighteenth century writer from a west European state. Who is the most likely source of the excerpt?

Immanuel Kant

In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizeness. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of woman and man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression. The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation, which is but the reuniting of woman and man. No body and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation. Liberty and justice consist in restoring all that belongs to another; hence the exercise of the natural rights of woman has no other limits than those that the perpetual tyranny of man opposes to them; these limits must be reformed according to the laws of nature and reason. The laws of nature and reason prohibit all actions which are injurious to society. No hindrance should be put in the way of anything not prohibited by these wise and divine laws, nor may anyone be forced to do what they do not require. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. No woman is exempted; she is indicted, arrested, and detained in the cases determined by the law. Women like men obey this rigorous law. —Olympe de Gouge, Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 What development outside of revolutionary France paralleled de Gouge's assertion of women's equality?

In England, Mary Wollstonecraft made a similar assertion of women's rights.

In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizeness. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of woman and man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression. The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation, which is but the reuniting of woman and man. No body and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation. Liberty and justice consist in restoring all that belongs to another; hence the exercise of the natural rights of woman has no other limits than those that the perpetual tyranny of man opposes to them; these limits must be reformed according to the laws of nature and reason. The laws of nature and reason prohibit all actions which are injurious to society. No hindrance should be put in the way of anything not prohibited by these wise and divine laws, nor may anyone be forced to do what they do not require. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. No woman is exempted; she is indicted, arrested, and detained in the cases determined by the law. Women like men obey this rigorous law. —Olympe de Gouge, Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 What events provided context for this assertion of women's rights in France?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen gave radicals like de Gouge an opening to state their position.

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. What is the Third State? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 The Storming of the Bastille (1789), the Women's March to Versailles (1789) and the September Massacres (1792) all reflect the sentiments expressed in the passage because each event was

a violent reaction to real or perceived inequities in French society.

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 The description in the passage suggests that slavery in the Atlantic world of the eighteenth century was

a well-developed, organized and extensive system of forced labor.

Endemic warfare between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor ________.

assisted the growth of Italian city-states

In claiming the title "First Consul" in 1799 and then "Emperor of the French" in 1804 as he appears in the image, Napoleon sought primarily to

claim a legacy with ancient Rome.

Additional paintings done by the same artist between 1790 and 1805 would most likely represent

further celebrations of successes and martyrs during the Revolution.

Which of the following would be most likely to use the map above to support their political goals?

monarchs who supported the Council of Trent

The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________.

the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land

Jean-Antoine Watteau, The Music Party (1718) What characteristics make this work part of the Rococo style of the early eighteenth century?

It depicts an aristocratic family engaged in leisure activities.

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 Which of the following would have been the most vigorous opponent of a philosophy like Bossuet's?

John Locke

This painting best illustrates which of the following nineteenth century artistic movements?

Romanticism

The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... The exclusive right to maintain pigeon-houses and dove-cotes is abolished... The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... —Decrees of August 4, 1789 What sequence of events preceded the Decrees of August 4, 1789?

financial crisis, meeting of the Estates-General, storming of the Bastille

The primary reason monarchs sought out new sources of income in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was the ________.

growing cost of warfare

The Seven Years' War, 1756-1783 The Seven Years' War was important in the European balance of power because it

occasioned a diplomatic "revolution" that aligned Great Britain with Prussia and France with Austria.

The first humanists were ________.

orators and poets

The Women's March to Versailles was significant in the course of the French Revolution because it

placed the King and royal family within the reach of Parisian mobs.

The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.

property rights

The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... The exclusive right to maintain pigeon-houses and dove-cotes is abolished... The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... —Decrees of August 4, 1789 What was meant in the passage by "the feudal regime"?

the organization of French society into three distinct classes with special rights and privileges for the first two classes

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage The passage foreshadows what subsequent event during the French Revolution?

trial and execution of King Louis XVI

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage Assuming the passage describes a "turning point" in the French Revolution, what statement best describes the next stage?

A radical phase was about to begin, one that would seek to overturn all existing institutions and remake France completely.

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 The passage undermines what commonly held European view of African slaves?

Africans were inferior to whites and unable to develop higher skills like reading and writing.

Which generalization is supported by the data in the map?

Areas with Protestant majorities had greater numbers of trials than areas with Catholic majorities.

This massacre resulted from tensions between the _______ French monarchy and the _______ French nobility.

Catholic; Calvinist

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Aztecs ruled almost all of ________.

Central Mexico

A government of the nature of that set up at our very door has never been hitherto seen, or ever imagined in Europe...France, since her revolution, is under the sway of a sect, whose leaders have deliberately, at one stroke, demolished the whole body of that jurisprudence which France had pretty nearly in common with other civilized countries... Its foundation is laid in regicide, in Jacobinism, and in atheism, and it has joined to those principles a body of systematic manners, which secures their operation...Jacobinism is the revolt of the enterprising talents of a country against its property. When private men form themselves into associations for the purpose of destroying the pre-existing laws and institutions of their country; when they secure to themselves an army, by dividing amongst the people of no property the estates of the ancient and lawful proprietors, when a state recognizes those acts; when it does not make confiscations for crimes, but makes crimes for confiscations; when it has its principal strength, and all its resources, in such a violation of property...—I call this Jacobinism by establishment. —Edmund Burke, Letters on a Regicide Peace, 1796 Burke's ideas in this work and his Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790) sparked a political school of thought most often known as

Conservatism

It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed. But even without the external application in thus being anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purposes. Accordingly God calls Cyrus his anointed. "Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him." Kings should be guarded as holy things, and whosoever neglects to protect them is worthy of death... There is something religious in the respect accorded to a prince. The service of God and the respect for kings are bound together. St. Peter unites these two duties when he says, "Fear God. Honour the king..." —Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, 1678 What philosophy of government is advocated in the passage?

Divine Right Monarchy

And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representation of this nation, taking into the most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done), for the vindication and assertion of their ancient rights and liberties, declare: That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal. That the pretended power of dispensing with the laws, or the execution of law by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. That the commission for erecting the late court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious. That levying money for or to use of the crown by pretense of prerogative, without grant of parliament, for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. That the raising or keeping of a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is illegal. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by law. That election of members of parliament ought to be free. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted... And that for redress of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently. And they do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties... —The English Bill of Rights, 1689 Although often seen as a political document, the Bill of Rights was produced by religious factors as well. Which statement most accurately addresses the religious aspects of this development?

England had long been troubled by open warfare between Protestants and Catholics.

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. What historical evidence supports the contention that the image was not a scene from mid-eighteenth century England?

English farmland would most likely show enclosures.

Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?

Florence

The Hundred Years' War took place primarily in _______.

France

Who was known as the "father of humanism"?

Francesco Petrarch

Napoleon's "Continental System" was based chiefly on

French domination of most of the European continent.

What was the central theme of the three papal bulls Boniface VIII issued between 1296 and 1302?

God has placed popes above monarchs.

Which of the following dynasties is correctly identified with the region it ruled?

Hohenzollern dynasty in Prussia

King Louis XIV made life difficult for ________.

Huguenots

Which of the following expresses a viewpoint held by Machiavelli?

Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means.

Other than a royal residence, what other function did the palace serve?

Leading nobles of France were required to reside there.

On the night of June 20, 1791, Louis and his immediate family, disguised as servants, left Paris. They traveled as far as Varennes on their way to Metz in eastern France where a royalist military force was waiting for them. At Varennes the king was recognized, and his flight was halted. On June 24, a company of soldiers escorted the royal family back to Paris. Eventually the leaders of the National Constituent Assembly, determined to save the constitutional monarchy, announced the king had been abducted from the capital. This convenient public fiction could not cloak the reality that the king was now the chief counterrevolutionary in France...Profound distrust now dominated the political scene. —Donald Kagan, The Western Heritage What was the most plausible explanation for Louis' actions on June 20, 1791?

Louis hoped to rally foreign support against the revolution in his wife's native Austria and elsewhere.

What was the difference between the teachings on salvation of the Roman Catholic Church and those of Martin Luther?

Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that salvation came from divine mercy and good works.

What irony accompanied the dissemination of Enlightenment thought during the eighteenth century?

Much of the wealth that supported and sustained the Enlightenment was derived from trade based at least in part on slavery.

Goya's painting drew upon his reflections of the experiences of Napoleon's

Peninsular War in Spain.

In consequence, the sex that is superior in beauty as in courage, needed in maternal sufferings, recognizes and declares, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of woman and the citizeness. Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. The purpose of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of woman and man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and especially resistance to oppression. The principle of all sovereignty rests essentially in the nation, which is but the reuniting of woman and man. No body and no individual may exercise authority which does not emanate expressly from the nation. Liberty and justice consist in restoring all that belongs to another; hence the exercise of the natural rights of woman has no other limits than those that the perpetual tyranny of man opposes to them; these limits must be reformed according to the laws of nature and reason. The laws of nature and reason prohibit all actions which are injurious to society. No hindrance should be put in the way of anything not prohibited by these wise and divine laws, nor may anyone be forced to do what they do not require. The law should be the expression of the general will. All citizenesses and citizens should take part, in person or by their representatives, in its formation. It must be the same for everyone. All citizenesses and citizens, being equal in its eyes, should be equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their ability, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents. No woman is exempted; she is indicted, arrested, and detained in the cases determined by the law. Women like men obey this rigorous law. —Olympe de Gouge, Declaration of the Rights of Women, September, 1791 In #6, de Gouge is referencing which earlier work of the Enlightenment?

Rousseau's The Social Contract

Agricultural techniques are illustrated in this plate from Diderot's Encyclopedia. In the foreground, a man steers a high-wheeled horse-drawn plow, while a woman operates a hopper device to sow seeds. . In what way did rural, agricultural family life impede the adoption of innovative practices associated with what became known as the Agricultural Revolution?

Rural families were focused on maintaining a stable food supply and resisted changes that might threaten it.

German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________.

Schmaldkaldic League

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 In what way did slavery and the transatlantic slave trade contribute to changes in the European economy?

Slavery increased production of certain commodities, like sugar, coffee and tea, which in turn generated a consumer economy in Europe.

The Seven Years' War was preceded by numerous other general European wars. What best explains the role played by the European concept of "balance of power"?

The conflicts were fought in order to prevent any one nation from becoming Europe's hegemonic power.

What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia?

Thomas More

Peter the Great's inspiration for rebuilding his court in St. Petersburg was ________.

Versailles

Which of the following events completed the Glorious Revolution?

William and Mary were proclaimed English monarchs.

"2. ...first, those who by their conduct, their connections, their remarks or their writings show themselves the partisans of tyranny or federalism and the enemies of liberty; ...fifth, those of the former nobles, all of the husbands, wives, fathers, mothers, sons or daughters, brothers or sisters, and agents of the émigrés who have not constantly manifested their attachment to the revolution." —The Law on Suspects, 1794 The Law on Suspects and related measures could be considered a "turning point" in the French Revolution primarily because they produced

a conservative "counter-revolution."

The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... The exclusive right to maintain pigeon-houses and dove-cotes is abolished... The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... —Decrees of August 4, 1789 What was one specific legislative action that was taken shortly after the August Decrees to implement the stated goals?

adoption of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

We ordain that the Catholic religion shall be restored in all places and districts of our kingdom, so that it can be freely practiced there, without any disturbance or hindrance. We forbid all to disturb or cause annoyance to clerics in their celebrations, the receipt of tithes, and other rights and duties which belong to them...We also forbid those of the so-called Reformed religion to hold prayer meetings in the houses and dwellings of the above-said clerics... In order not to leave any cause for disputes between our subjects, we permit those of the so-called Reformed religion to dwell in the towns and districts of our kingdom, without being molested or constrained to do anything against their conscience. —The Edict of Nantes, 1598 The passage above represents

allowing religious pluralism in order to maintain peace.

The events that sparked the Reformation arose from an intersection of which developments?

anticlerical sentiments and Luther's call for reform

The publication of this work, Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes, in 1651 reflected which of the following trends of the mid-seventeenth century?

application of a scientific and materialistic, rather than spiritualistic, understanding of life

Oneiromancy (witchcraft) may be practiced in two ways. The first is when a person uses dreams so that he may dip into the occult with the help of the revelation of devils with whom he has entered into an open pact. The second is when a man uses dreams for knowing the future. Witches, when they do not wish to be bodily transferred, but desire to see what their fellow-witches are doing, it is their practice to lie down and these things are revealed to in images. And if they seek to know some secret, they learn it in dreams from the devil, by reason of an open pact entered into with him. —Dominicans Heinrich Kramer & Jacob Sprenger, Excerpt from Malleus Maleficarum (1486) Which of the following, along with the church, also regulated public morals?

city governments

"The confederated governments mutually pledge themselves to eliminate from the university or any other public educational institutions all instructors who shall have obviously proved their unfitness for the important work entrusted to them by opening deviating from their duties, or by going beyond the boundaries of their functions, or by abusing their legitimate influence over young minds, or by presenting harmful ideas hostile to public order or subverting existing governmental instructions. The laws that have for some time been directed against secret and unauthorized societies in the universities shall be strictly enforced...The governments mutually agree that all individuals who shall be shown to have maintained their membership in secret or unauthorized associations, or shall have taken membership in such associations, shall not be eligible for public office. As long as this edict remains in force, no publication which appears daily, or as a serial not exceeding twenty sheets of printed matter, shall be printed in any state of the Confederation without the prior knowledge and approval of the state officials..." —Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 Which nineteenth century ideology triumphed with the issuance of the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819?

conservatism

The plan of this book is fairly simple. We must ask ourselves three questions. What is the Third State? Everything. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. What does it want to be? Something... The Third Estate embraces then all that which belongs to the nation; and all that which is not the Third Estate, cannot be regarded as being of the nation. What is the Third Estate? It is everything. —Immanuel Joseph Sieyes, What Is the Third Estate?, 1789 What development in 1789 France precipitated the publication of this work?

debate over the voting procedure to be used in the Estates-General

A major factor in Napoleon's loss of empire was his

defeat in Russia.

Oh, miserable mortals! Oh wretched earth! Oh, dreadful assembly of all mankind! Eternal sermon of useless sufferings! Deluded philosophers who cry, "All is well," Hasten, contemplate these frightful ruins, This wreck, these shreds, these wretched ashes of the dead; These women and children heaped on one another, These scattered members under broken marble; One-hundred thousand unfortunates devoured by the earth Who, bleeding, lacerated, and still alive, Buried under their roofs without aid in their anguish, End their sad days! —Voltaire, "Poem on the Lisbon Disaster, or: An Examination of that Axiom 'All Is Well," 1755 Voltaire's reaction to this event has often been characterized as

deism

In 1409, the Council of Pisa ________.

deposed both the Roman and Avignon popes, and elected a new pope

The Council of Trent's most important reforms concerned ________.

discipline within the church

One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________.

editing the works of the Church Fathers

The map suggests that Napoleon's military successes contributed to what other Napoleonic accomplishment?

establishing the Napoleonic Code and abolishing local hereditary social distinctions

St. Petersburg ________.

exemplified Russia's new orientation to the West

Joan of Arc was executed on May 30, 1431 for the crime of ________.

heresy

Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made "enlightened" reforms part of their drive to ________.

increase revenues and gain political power

In the 1700s, the middle classes were distinguished from the nobility by _________.

inherited privilege

Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.

its rational approach

What social group suffered the greatest decline in power as a result of the Black Death?

landowners

"The object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. The principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively, in interfering with liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection... No society in which these liberties are not, on the whole, respected, is free, whatever may be its form of government; and none is completely free in which they do not exist absolute and unqualified. The only freedom which deserves the name, is that of pursuing our own good in our own way, so long as we do not attempt to deprive others of theirs, or impede their efforts to obtain it." —J.S. Mill, On Liberty, 1859 What nineteenth ideology is reflected in this selection by John Stuart Mill?

liberalism

Under the rule of Peter the Great, Russia's boyars ________.

lost much of their power

Romantics were drawn to the art, literature, and architecture of ________.

medieval Europe

...the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean Colbert, French Finance Minister, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 What feature of European history in this period is being described?

mercantilism

Generally speaking, the Black Death moved ________through Europe.

north and west

Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________.

protect and administer the colonies

European voyages of discovery and conquest provided several profound biological impacts on Native Americans, including the ________. Correct!

spread of measles and smallpox

We were not many days in the merchant's custody before we were sold after their usual manner, which is this: On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum) the buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers serve not a little to increase the apprehensions of the terrified Africans, who may well be supposed to consider them as the ministers of that destruction to which they think themselves devoted. In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again... Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations, now rendered more dear by their separation from their kindred, still to be parted from each other and this prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery with the small comfort of being together and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery... —Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, 1789 Of the following, what commodity did more to entrench the institution of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade than any other?

sugar

During the period when these nations dominated foreign trade in the South, the French and the English had a small share of the trade in the North. But for the French this share supplied only an insignificant fraction of their material needs. As for the English, this share provided them with virtually all their needs and in addition met part of the needs of the other northern nations, for the English have always had good trade relations with the North. At first, Bruges was the principal exchange mart for this trading activity. Then the inhabitants of Antwerp took advantage of their port, facilities and attracted trade there. After the wars between the Spanish and the Dutch, the self-discipline, the moderation and the zeal of the Dutch attracted world trade to Amsterdam and to the other cities of Holland. But they were not satisfied with being the central exchange mart for all Europe and especially for the North. They decided to gain control of foreign trade at its very source. To this end they ruined the Portuguese in the East Indies. They inhibited or disturbed in every possible way the business ventures which the English had established there. They employed and are still employing every means, are exerting every effort, are applying their full resources to assume full control of world trade and to keep it out of the hands of all other nations. Their whole government is based upon this single principle. They know that as long as they maintain their commercial superiority, their power on both land and sea will keep on increasing and will make them so powerful that they will become the arbiters of peace and war in Europe. They can set whatever limits they please upon the law and the design of kings. —Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Dissertation on Alliances, 1669 What was the consequence for international relations of the system described in Colbert's Dissertation?

tariff protection and other discriminatory trade practices that facilitated mistrust, competition and war

Whereas Charles Stuart is hereby declared to be justly condemned, and put to death, it is enacted, ordained, and declared, by this Parliament that all the people of England and Ireland are discharged of all fealty, homage, and allegiance...And whereas it hath been found by experience that the office of a king in this nation and Ireland is unnecessary, burdensome, and dangerous to the liberty, safety, and public interest of the people; be it therefore enacted and ordained by this present Parliament that the office of a king in this nation shall not be exercised by any one single person; and that no one person shall have or hold the office, power, or authority of king... —Cromwell Abolishes the English Monarchy (1651) The passage above represents the culmination of which of the following events?

the English Civil War

And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representation of this nation, taking into the most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done), for the vindication and assertion of their ancient rights and liberties, declare: That the pretended power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament is illegal. That the pretended power of dispensing with the laws, or the execution of law by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. That the commission for erecting the late court of commissioners for ecclesiastical causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious. That levying money for or to use of the crown by pretense of prerogative, without grant of parliament, for longer time or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. That the raising or keeping of a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is illegal. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by law. That election of members of parliament ought to be free. That the freedom of speech, and debates or proceedings in parliament, ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment inflicted... And that for redress of all grievance and for the amending, strengthening, and preserving of the laws, parliament ought to be held frequently. And they do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties... —The English Bill of Rights, 1689 In what other seventeenth century European state existed a similar limitation on royal power?

the United Netherlands

Based on the map above and your knowledge, which of the following best reflects the result of what is shown on the map?

the failure by Habsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity

Medieval art tended to be abstract and formulaic, whereas Renaissance art showed ________.

the natural world and human emotions

A government of the nature of that set up at our very door has never been hitherto seen, or ever imagined in Europe...France, since her revolution, is under the sway of a sect, whose leaders have deliberately, at one stroke, demolished the whole body of that jurisprudence which France had pretty nearly in common with other civilized countries... Its foundation is laid in regicide, in Jacobinism, and in atheism, and it has joined to those principles a body of systematic manners, which secures their operation...Jacobinism is the revolt of the enterprising talents of a country against its property. When private men form themselves into associations for the purpose of destroying the pre-existing laws and institutions of their country; when they secure to themselves an army, by dividing amongst the people of no property the estates of the ancient and lawful proprietors, when a state recognizes those acts; when it does not make confiscations for crimes, but makes crimes for confiscations; when it has its principal strength, and all its resources, in such a violation of property...—I call this Jacobinism by establishment. —Edmund Burke, Letters on a Regicide Peace, 1796 By "Jacobinism" Burke is referring to which of the following?

the republican supporters of the Reign of Terror in France

The Peace of Augsburg recognized in law what had already been established in practice, which was that _________.

the ruler of a land would determine the religion in his territory

The National Assembly completely abolishes the feudal regime. It decrees that, among the rights and dues...all those originating in real or personal serfdom, personal servitude, and those which represent them, are abolished without indemnification; all other are declared redeemable, and that the price and mode of redemption shall be fixed by the National Assembly... The exclusive right to maintain pigeon-houses and dove-cotes is abolished... The exclusive right to hunt and to maintain unenclosed warrens is likewise abolished... All manorial courts are suppressed without indemnification. Tithes of every description and the dues which have been substituted for [them]...are abolished on condition, however, that some other method be devised to provide for the expenses of divine worship, the support of the officiating clergy, the relief of the poor, repairs and rebuilding of churches and parsonages, and for all establishments, seminaries, schools, academies, asylums, communities, and other institutions, for the maintenance of which they are actually devoted... The sale of judicial and municipal offices shall be suppressed forthwith... Pecuniary privileges, personal or real, in the payment of taxes are abolished forever... —Decrees of August 4, 1789 Which of the Decrees attacked what might be called the precipitating factor of the Revolution?

the unequal assessment of taxes

What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?

to find a shorter route to the East Indies

Why did German humanists rush to Reuchlin's defense when Pfefferkorn attacked Reuchlin for being a Jew?

to promote academic freedom and good scholarship

Renaissance art was much more likely than medieval art to attempt to represent ________.

what we see

Nineteenth-century liberals derived their political ideas from the ________.

writers of the Enlightenment