AP Euro Final Exam

How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?

Increased road and canal building permitted food to be more easily transported to regions with local crop failure and famine

The following is an excerpt from Jacques- Benigne Bossuet's "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture": "It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege. God has the kings anointed by his prophets with the holy unction in like manner as he has bishops and altars anointed, they are by their very office the representatives of the divine majesty deputed by Providence for the execution of his purpose" Based on this passage, with which of the following statements would Bossuet most likely agree?

Kings are God's representatives on Earth

The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the

Power of the state over the church

Which of the following correctly characterizes the response of the various religious perspectives Nicolaus Copernicus's Hypothesis?

Protestants rejected Copernicus's ideas that the earth moved, while the Catholic Church overlooked his theory until declaring the hypothesis false in the seventeenth century

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers?

Ptolemy indicated that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west

Why was the Pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

The Pope was essentially the prisoner of Emperor Charles V

What helped justify the growth of slavery in the eighteenth century?

The emergence of Scientific racism

What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?

The methods of natural science should be used to examine all aspects of life

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?

The tendency of couples to wait until they were economically independent

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children

What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple or individual who had committed adultery or abuse?

To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards

During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese

Vied with Venice for control of the Indian Ocean trade

How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?

While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.

In the "separate sphere" pattern of gender relationships,

Women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born

The following is an excerpt from sixteenth-century regulations for vineyard workers: "Men who work in the vineyards, doing work that is skilled, are to be paid 16 pence per day; in addition, they are to receive soup and wine in the morning, at midday beer, vegetables and meat, and in the evening soup, vegetables and wine. Young boys are to be paid 10 pence per day. Women who work as haymakers are to be given 6 pence a day. If the employer wants to have them doing other work, he may make an agreement with them to pay them 7 or 8 pence. He may also give them soup and vegetables to eat in the morning but no wine-milk and bread at midday, but nothing in the evening. The passage provides evidence in support of which of the following claims?

Women were the lowest paid vineyard workers.

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

detract from the sovereignty of God

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

to side with the peasants

When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to

A vision of the world in which community needs predominate over competition and profit

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth century to eighteenth century?

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion

How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?

As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration?

Desire for material profit

How did English colonies differ from other major European colonies in their treatment of African women?

English masters rarely freed the children that they fathered with female slaves

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?

Europe was a minor trading power that produced few products desired by other civilizations

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the conflict known as the

Habsburg-Valois wars.

Which of the following characterizes Girolamo Savonarola?

He came to power in Florence denouncing vice and corruption, but as people tired of his moral denunciations, he lost authority.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts

How did Frederick William I, King of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?

He ordered all Prussian men to undergo military training, after which they could return home and serve as army reservists.

In his Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke claimed that

Human development is determined by education and society

How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

How did the peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?

Large-scale armed conflict over religious faith came to an end

Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?

There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.

Mary Astell's "A Serious Proposal to the Ladies" encouraged women to

aspire to a life of the mind

The Most important factor in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance was the

great commercial revival in Italy

Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred

primarily in regions that saw substantial agricultural innovations

The Tudor Henry VII of England won broad, popular support by...

promoting peace and social order at the local level

According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it...

provided order, security, and safety for the populace.

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

Which of the following best characterizes immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?

About four times as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans

What did Petrarch do to help bring about a new golden age in Italy?

He proposed a new kind of education.

What was Hernan Cortes's crucial advantage in his conquest of the Mexica Empire?

Cortes was able to exploit internal dissension within the Mexica Empire

Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work during the Renaissance?

It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.

The Spanish conversos were which of the following?

Jewish Christians, some of whom held prominent positions in the state, church, and business

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

The following is an excerpt from John Locke's "Two Treatise of Government": "Tis true, governments cannot be supported without great charge, and 'tis fit every one who enjoys his share of the protection, should pay, out of his estate, his proportion of the maintenance of it. But still it must be with his own consent; i.e., the consent of the majority, giving it either by themselves, or their representatives chosen by them; for if anyone shall claim the power to lay and levy taxes on the people, by his own authority, and without such consent of the people, he thereby invades the fundamental law of property, and subverts the end of government. For what property have I in that which another may be right to take when he pleases to himself." Based on this passage, which of the following did Locke see as legitimate?

Taxes consented to by the majority of the people

The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees from the Council of Trent: "That the faithful may approach the sacraments with greater reverence and devotion of mind, the holy council demands that all bishops not only when they themselves are about to administer them to the people, they shall first, in a manner adapted to the mental ability of those who receive them, explain their efficacy, and use but also that they shall see to it that the same is done piously and prudently by every parish priest, and in vernacular tongue" What important change in Catholic religious practice is described in this passage?

The shift away from the exclusive use of Latin in Catholic religious services

The following is an excerpt from the response of the vanquished leaders of Tenochtitlan to Franciscan missionaries seeking to convert them: "You have told us we do not know the One who gives us life and being, who is lord of the Heavens and of the earth. You also say that those we worship are not gods... It is best, our lords, to act on this matter very slowly, with great deliberation. We are not satisfied or convinced by what you have told us, nor do we understand or give credit to what has been said about our gods... all of us together feel that it is enough to have lost, enough that the power and royal jurisdiction have been taken from us. As for our gods, we will die before giving up serving and worshiping them." Based on this statement, which of the following can be said of the leaders of Tenochtitlan?

They accepted the fact that they had been defeated

In this excerpt from "The Sidereal Messenger", Galileo wrote about constructing a telescope and using it to view the surface of th emoon "... from my observations of them [spots on the moon], often repeated, I have been led to that opinion which I have expressed, namely, that I feel sure that the surface of the moon is not perfectly smooth, free from inequalities and exactly spherical, as a large school of philosophers considers with regard to the moon and other heavenly bodies, but that, on the contrary, it is full f inequalities, uneven, full of hollows and protuberances, just like the surface of the earth itself, which is varied everywhere by lofty mountains and deep valleys." Galileo's observations led him to

assert that the surface of the moon was similar to the surface of the earth.

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually

What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace

Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?

The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively

In early Renaissance Italy, art...

manifested corporate power

How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?

Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests

How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?

As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

"Weep, wretched natives of Tahiti, weep. But let it be for the coming and not the leaving of these ambitious, wicked men. One day you will know them better. One day they will come back, bearing in one hand the piece of wood you see in that man's belt, and, in the other, the sword hanging by the side of that one, to enslave you, slaughter you, or make you captive to their follies and vices. One day you will be subject to them, as corrupt, vile and miserable as they are." This selection from Denis Diderot's "Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage" reflect his belief that

European exploration was a prelude to violent conquest

The following is an excerpt from a letter written by the king's representative in Burgundy, the prince of Conde, to Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's controller general. In it, the prince reports on his efforts to compel the leaders of the province to pay taxes levied by the royal government: "Since then the Estates have deliberated every day, persuaded that the extreme misery in this province - caused by the great levies it has suffered, the sterility [of the land] in recent years, and the disorders that have recently occurred - would induce the king to give them some relief. That is why they offered only 500,000 for the free gift. Then, after I had protested this in the appropriate manner, they raised it to 600,000, then 800,000, and finally 900,000 livres. Until then I had stood firm at 1.5 million, but when I saw they were on the verge of deciding not to give any more... I finally came down to 1.2 million livres contained in my instructions and invited them to deliberate again." Based on this passage one can conclude that...

Louis had to negotiate with local elites to achieve his desired objectives

Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?

Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.

In "Of natural Characters" (1748), David Hume wrote" "I am apt to suspect the Negroes and in general all other species of men (for there are four or five different kinds) to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was a civilized nation of any other complexion than white, nor even any individual eminent amongst them, no arts, no sciences... Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men." Based on this passage, what did Hume see as the source of racial distinctions?

Nature

The following excerpt is from a 1587 German account of the testimony at the trial of an accused witch: "Walpurga Hausmannin... upon kindly questioning and also torture.. confessed... that the Evil One indulged in fornication with her.. and made her many promises to help her in her poverty and need... she promised herself body and soul to him and disowned God in heaven... With her devil-paramour and other playfellows she has eaten these [animal and children] and used their hair and their little bones for witchcraft" The passage provides evidence of which of the following?

The belief that the essence of witchcraft was a pact with the devil.

The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure: "Thus the land yields a greater neat produce in food for mankind - the landlord doubles his income which enables him to employ so many more manufacturers and artisans - the farmer increases his income, by means of which he also does the same - the hides and wool are a creation of so much employment for other manufacturers." Which of the following claims did Young make in this passage?

The enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?

The heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine

Which of the following best characterizes the intersection of the hierarchies of wealth and orders in the Renaissance

The nobility retained its status by taking in and integrating the new social elite of wealth.

The following is an excerpt from Louis XIV's "Memoir for the Instruction of the Dauphin" In it he offers advice to his son about kingship: "For however it be held as a maxim in every thing a Prince should employ the most mild measures and first, and that it is more to his advantage to govern his subjects by persuasive than coercive means, it is nevertheless certain that whenever he meets with impediments or rebellion, the interest of his crown and the welfare of his people demand that he should cause himself to be indispensably obeyed; for it must be acknowledged there is nothing can so securely establish the happiness and tranquility of a country as the perfect combination of all authority in the single person of the Sovereign." Based on this passage, what did Louis XIV see as the ultimate goal of the Absolute Monarch?

To bring peace and happiness to his nation

In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis stated: "Much more congenial to the highest attributes of women's character, are inquiries such as these: 'How shall I endeavor through this day to turn the time, the health, and the means permitted me to enjoy, to the best account? Is any one sick, I must visit their chamber without delay, and try to give their apartment an air of comfort, by arranging such things as the wearied nurse may not have thought of. Is anyone about to set off on a journey, I must see that the early meal is spread, to prepare it with my own hands, in order that the servant, who was working late last night, may profit by unbroken rest. Did I fail in what was kind or considerate to any of the family yesterday... " Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day

To think about how best to help those who need assistance

France supported the Protestant prince of Germany in order to

prevent Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from increasing his power

The following is an excerpt from Adam Smith's description of the pin industry: "I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upward of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upward of forty-eight thousand pins a day." In this passage, Adam Smith suggested that

the division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor

The following is an excerpt from Columbus's description of the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola: "Hispaniola is a wonder. The mountains and hills, the plains and meadow lands are both fertile and beautiful. They are most suitable for planting crops and for raising cattle of all kinds, and there are good sites for building towns and villages. The harbors are incredibly fine and there are many great rivers and broad channels and the majority contain gold. The trees, fruits and plants are very different from those of Cuba. In Hispaniola, there are many spices and large mines of gold and other metals." The description supports the contention that Columbus's patrons in Spain were particularly interested in

the economic potential of the lands Columbus explored

Which of the following dominated the Aztec states?

A hereditary nobility

The following is an excerpt from John Wesley's "Advise to Methodists": "Your strictness of Life, taking the whole of it together, may likewise be accounted new. I mean, your making it a Rule, to abstain from fashionable Diversions, from reading Plays, Romances, or Books of Humor, from singing innocent Songs, or talking in a merry, gay, diverting Manner; your Plainness of Dress; your Manner of Dealing in Trade; your Exactness in observing the Lord's Day; your Scrupulosity as to Things that have not paid Custom; your total Abstinence from spirituous Liquors (unless in Cases of Extreme Necessity) 1 your Rule, 'not to mention the Fault of an absent Person, in Particular, of Ministers, or of those in Authority,' may justly be termed new." Which of the following was part of the "Strictness of Life"?

Abstaining from fashionable diversions

The following is an excerpt from Olaundah Equiano's autobiography in which he described an alternative to the slave trade: "This I conceive to be a theory founded upon facts, and therefore an infallible one. If the blacks were permitted to remain in their own country, they would double themselves every fifteen years. In proportion to such increase will be the demand for manufactures. Cotton and indigo grow spontaneously in most parts of Africa; a consideration this of no small consequence to the manufacturing towns of Great Britain. It opens a most immense, glorious, and happy prospect - the clothing & c. of a continent ten thousand miles in circumference, and immensely rich in productions of every denomination in return for manufacturers." In this passage, Equiano stressed the advantages of the abolition of slavery would bring to

English Manufacturers

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley, an eighteen year old mine worker: "I'm sure I don't know how to spell my name. We go at four in the morning, and sometimes at half-past four... We get out after four, sometimes at five, in the evening. We work the whole time except an hour for dinner, and sometimes we haven't time to eat. I hurry [move coal wagons underground] by myself, and have done so for long. I know the corves [small coal wagons] are very heavy, they are the biggest corves anywhere about. The work is far too hard for me; the sweat runs off me all over sometimes. I am very tired at night. Sometimes when we get home at night we have not power to wash us, and then we go to bed. Sometimes we fall asleep in the chair. father said last night it was both a shame and a disgrace for girls to work as we do, but there was naught else for us to do."

Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by

The following is an excerpt from Louis-Sebastien Mercier's account of a typical day in eighteenth-century Paris: "Night falls; and, while scene-shifters set to work at the playhouses, swarms of other workmen, carpenters, masons and the like, make their way towards the poorer quarters. They leave white footprints from the plaster on their shoes, a trail that any eye can follow. They are off home, and to bed, at the hour which finds elegant ladies sitting down to their dressing-tables to prepare for the business of the night." Which of the following is suggested by Mercier's account?

For many ordinary Parisians, the work day did not end until dark.

Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?

France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.

The following is an excerpt from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "The Confessions": "I have resolved on an enterprise which has no precedent, and which, once complete, will have no imitator. My purpose is to display to my kind a portrait in every way true to nature, and the man I shall portray will be myself. Simply myself. I know my own heart and understand my fellow man. But I am made unlike any one i have ever met; I will even venture to say that I am like no one in the whole world. I may be no better, but at least I am different. Whether Nature did well or ill in breaking the mould in which she formed me, is a question which can only be resolved after the reading of my book." Why was Rousseau confident his work would "have no imitator"?

He saw himself as unique

The following is an excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons about child labor laws: "It was notorious that children of a very tender age were dragged from their beds some hours before day light, and confined in the factories not less than fifteen hours; and it was also notoriously the opinion of the faculty, that no children of eight or nine years of age could bear that degree of hardship with impunity to their health and constitution. It had been urged by the humane, that there might be two sets of young laborers for one set of adults. He was afraid this would produce more harm than good. The better way would be to shorten the time of working for adults as well as for children; and to prevent the introduction of the latter at a very early age... the children... were prevented from growing to their full size. In consequence, Manchester, which used to furnish numerous recruits for the army, was now wholly unproductive in that respect..." What claim did Peel make in his testimony?

He speculated there could be two shifts of young laborers for every one shift of adults, thus reducing the number of hours worked by children.

How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?

Louis XIV's of France's grandson, Philip was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.