AP Euro - Final Study: Old test questions

The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to the size and strength of British naval power. France's lack of allies. ineffective French military leadership. the support of all Native American tribes to the British cause.

the size and strength of British naval power.

Merchant capitalists complained bitterly about their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers. the constant claims by guilds to authority over rural production. the high cost of production in the rural countryside. government efforts to protect spinners and weavers from labor abuses.

their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.

Why did French armies pose a contradictory presence for the people they conquered?

they presented themselves as liberators to the peasants and middle class but seemed more like foreign invaders as they requisitioned food and supplies and plundered local treasure

In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that: 1. women's sphere of activity was private and domestic. 2. the status of women had improved since the Middle Ages. 3. men and women were equals in intellectual pursuits. 4. women should have equal opportunity in marital and extramarital sexual relations.

1. women's sphere of activity was private and domestic.

Which of the following characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas? About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America. The Caribbean received about 50 percent of the slaves, while North American and Spanish South America received about 25 percent each. Brazil received about one-half of the slaves carried across the Atlantic, while the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent. The Spanish colonies of South America received about 35 percent of slaves from Africa, while Brazil received about 15 percent and the Caribbean and North America each received about 25 percent.

About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.

How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century? Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion. Arguments supporting slavery emphasized the political needs of empires rather than cultural or religion issues. Arguments supporting slavery drew increasingly on the need to civilize the savage Africans and less on ideas of race. Arguments supporting slavery increasingly relied on economic justifications of the superiority of slave labor.

Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.

What individuals believed the merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people? Christian humanists Patricians Jacobites Conversos

Christian humanists

Which of the following was a major motivation for European exploration? Fear of invasion from the Americas Desire to escape from the Black Death Fear of invasion from China Desire for material profit

Desire for material profit

How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans? Africans were a people biologically distinct from the Europeans, and Africans' physical characteristics produced less intelligent, more primitive people. Africans were an alien group unlike any other and were out of necessity placed into bondage. Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them. Europeans, who were culturally and racially superior, offered guidance to the inferior Africans.

Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity to them.

Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus? Europe provided the banking and financial services that sustained the world trading system. Europe was the major western node of the trading system that produced high-quality textiles and metalwork desired by others. Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations. Europe served as the most important market for products because it produced few goods.

Europe was a minor outpost that produced few products desired by other civilizations.

How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples? European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior rather than religiously superior. European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior. European superiority was increasingly defined as culturally superior as well as religiously superior. European superiority was increasingly defined as religiously superior rather than biologically superior.

European superiority was increasingly defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.

What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?

French artisans and middle class people suffered, for they were economically damaged by the blockade of Great Britain

Which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance? Groupings of people based on noble lineage Groupings of people based on skin color Groupings of people based on geographic origins Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors

Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors african slaves were regarded as amusing - occasionally even enough to marry

In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government? He saw the despot or autocrat as designated by God. He believed in enlightened despotism as long as he could be the despot. He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government. He believed in democracy, like most philosophes.

He believed that a good monarch was the best one could hope for in government.

How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army? He permitted the Junkers to seize church lands as compensation. He threatened the Junkers with military attack. He offered the Junkers the exclusive right to sit in the royal councils. He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

He confirmed the Junkers' privileges, including their authority over the serfs.

How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state? He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts. He encouraged Louis XIII to establish an elaborate palace and ground at Versailles. He concentrated on repairing and expanding the country's infrastructure, building new roads and canals. He reorganized the French economy according to mercantilist policies.

He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.

How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration? It opened new trade routes to China over Central Asia. It enhanced the trade routes with China and East Asia through the Middle East. It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire. It enhanced the influence of the Italian city-states of Venice and Genoa in the Eastern Mediterranean.

It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to China, bypassing the overland routes now controlled by the Ottoman Empire.

How did the Peace of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history? Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end. German lands were finally unified under the German emperor. Central Europe emerged as an economic powerhouse. Religious toleration was adopted throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

Large-scale armed conflicts over religious faith came to an end.

What was one of the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system? People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions. Clergy were allowed to hold bureaucratic offices. Only ethnic Russians were permitted to serve in the bureaucracy. Women were allowed to serve in a few judicial positions.

People of non-noble origin were able to rise to high positions.

Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century? The papacy prevented any movement toward unification, fearing a threat to its political authority. France and the Holy Roman Empire had too many land claims in the region to permit any unification. Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state. Italians were too culturally and linguistically diverse to realistically contemplate unification.

Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.

What was the name given the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France? Hussites Flagellants Huguenots Politiques

Politiques Ex: Cardinal Richelieu - chose protestantism over catholicism to weaken the HRE - a state goal

How did the introduction of Ptolemy's Geography mislead European cartographers? Ptolemy argued that a northern route through Russia offered an easier path to Asia, leading England to begin a process of exploration. Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west. Ptolemy claimed that the world was much larger than it actually is, leading the German and Italian lands to abandon colonizing efforts. Ptolemy indicated that Africa had no southern end and could not offer a route to Asia, leading Europeans to explore westward.

Ptolemy asserted that the world was much smaller than it actually is, indicating that Asia was not far removed from Europe to the west.

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation? Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments. Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save. Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated that faith. Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent? Securing reconciliation with the Protestants Reinforcing the power of monarchs Eliminating the Bohemian church Recognizing bishops as completely independent of secular rulers

Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

How did the encomienda system function? The Spanish crown placed the Native Americans under the protection of the Catholic missionaries as long as they learned and embraced the Catholic faith. The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter. The Spanish crown gave the colonists groups of Native Americans as legal slaves in return for tax revenues and promises of obedience. The Spanish crown adopted the Native Americans as "protected children" in return for promises of labor and tribute.

The Spanish crown granted conquerors the right to employ or demand tribute from groups of Native Americans in exchange for providing food and shelter.

What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the sixteenth century? The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods Gold and property was seized from Moors and Jews as they were forced out of Spain. The inflow of silver from the Americas State debts defaulted on by the monarchy

The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods

Which of the following describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century? The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges. The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

The land was divided into plots bounded by fences to farm more effectively.

From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France? The ability of each to establish effective systems to supply expanding militaries The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion The preeminent position in continental Europe with the ability to shape domestic policy in many nations The control over slave trade routes to support colonial development in the Caribbean

The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion

Which of the following did Francesco Petrarch believe? The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement. The writers of ancient Greece had reached a perfection in literature and philosophy that the writers of ancient Rome had corrupted. The barbarian invaders had brought a new, vigorous energy to Western culture that needed to be integrated into the classical tradition. A new era would dawn as writers stripped Christianity of the classical Roman influences that had polluted the church's teachings.

The recovery of classical texts would bring about a new golden age of intellectual achievement.

Which of the following characterizes the English Revolution of 1688? The revolution marked the emergence of democratic politics, with the establishment of natural rights and the defense of private property. The revolution secured equal rights for all Christians, including Catholics, The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes. The revolution restored the monarchy after the disastrous era of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate.

The revolution did not constitute a democratic revolution since sovereignty was placed in the Parliament, which only represented the upper classes.

What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system? The rural poor worked for low wages Rural workers were highly skilled in a number of crafts The workers purchased the raw material themselves, saving the merchant capitalist money. Production in the countryside could be carefully supervised by merchant capitalists

The rural poor worked for low wages

How did Portuguese merchants obtain most of their slaves in Africa? They seized slaves in raiding parties. They captured slaves in warfare. They seized people on the coastline. They traded for slaves with local leaders

They traded for slaves with local leaders

Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century? They were technically free but suffered under a system of debt obligation to feudal lords that prevented them from owning their own land. They were free to own small plots of land but never enough to fully support themselves, requiring them to continue to work the land of the local lord, who owned a vast majority of it. They were bound to a lord's feudal manor and worked the lord's land as part of a long series of feudal obligations. They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.

The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was conflict between Charles II and Parliament over taxation. a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II. the 1640 uprising in Ireland. defeat suffered in the War of the Spanish Succession.

a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.

What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?

an enlarged French state, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Luther's ideas about Roman Catholic abuse of Germany appealed to the national sentiment of German princes. led to administrative reform in the empire. found an audience only among the peasantry. were met with disappointment by the ruling elite.

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince. were able to practice the religion of their choice. converted to Lutheranism. remained Catholics.

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.

The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to emigrate. move to the cities to seek work. become landless rural wage earners. join the army or navy.

become landless rural wage earners.

Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as akin to a clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs. loving father who intervened when necessary in human affairs. king who required Christians to be intolerant of any who did not worship him correctly. farmer who carefully tended his crops from planting through harvest.

clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs.

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a mass exodus from the city of Geneva. mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers. withdrawal from the world of business and politics. confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believe it would undermine the idea of human sinfulness. detract from the sovereignty of God. eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings. undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ.

detract from the sovereignty of God.

Mercantilist theory claims that economic activity should be regulated by and for the state. government should not interfere in the economy. imports and exports should be equally balanced. free trade would maximize the wealth of all nations.

economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.

The discipline of natural philosophy focused on the application of ancient philosophy to theological questions. theological principles that can be discovered in the study of nature. fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe. specific natural laws that governed all matter in material universe.

fundamental questions about the nature, purpose, and function of the universe.

How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?

he appealed to both disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility by offering them high posts in the new centralized state

how did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first 2 years?

initially pleased by the revolution's weakening of France, they came to feel threatened by its increasingly radical message

In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in larger empires and more wars. greater prosperity and a growing population. more consumer goods and greater prosperity. more wars and likely fewer people.

more wars and likely fewer people.

The industrious revolution was a result of poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods. efforts by Protestant and Catholic churches to combat sin by promoting a gospel of prosperity and industry that would keep workers productively at their labors. merchant capitalists gaining greater authority over workers and forcing them into factories, where their work activity could be more closely monitored and controlled. the reduction of holidays and festivals by the state in order to create more workdays during the year, combined with laws requiring the closing of taverns two hours past sunset.

poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.

Copernicus's theory of the universe postulated a sun-centered view of the universe. strengthened the Ptolemaic theory of the universe. used epicycles to explain planetary motion. was endorsed by the Catholic Church.

postulated a sun-centered view of the universe.

French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the protection of Protestants in neighboring territories. destruction of English naval power. prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France. destruction of the economic power of the Low Countries.

prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.

The Concordat of Bologna, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to administer Italian city-states. administer monasteries in Italy. select bishops and abbots. select the pope

select bishops and abbots

The concept of the reading revolution refers to the shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually. spread of literacy among women. invention of the printing press. acquisition of literacy by the masses.

shift from reading religious texts aloud as a family to reading diverse texts individually.

The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to: target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice. counteract the influence of the mendicant orders. regulate university curricula. inventory and secure the wealth of Europe

target Jewish converts to Christianity who were believed to continue Jewish religious practice.

How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France during the Napoleonic era?

the Catholic church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained the greater control over the nomination of church officers and activities

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. the missionary activity of the Lollards. the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. efforts by Luther and his followers

the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.

What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?

the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property

What was the purpose of the "Committee of Public Safety"?

to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from within and without

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that favored Catholics over Protestants. emphasized personal and public religious conformity. supported the efforts of the Puritans. was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that without rational thought, human society would crumble. women should play an active role in public life. civilization was the foundation of freedom. women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.

women were best suited to a passive role in social relations.