AP Euro Midterm Study Questions
Why did the English government arrive at a crisis situation by 1640?
Charles I attempted to govern without Parliament, and fund an army with emergency taxes
What did Mercantilist theory postulated?
Economic theory should be regulated by and for the state
What was the major motivation for European exploration?
God, gold, and glory, mostly gold though
Which contemporary political philosopher of the late 16th century advocated absolutism in France to end the destructive civil wars?
Jean Bodin
Political power in the Dutch Republic was controlled by what?
Oligarchy of wealthy merchants
What are the previsions of the Treaty of Westphalia?
The treaty gave the Swiss independence of Austria and the Netherlands independence of Spain. The German principalities secured their autonomy. Sweden gained territory and a payment in cash, Brandenburg and Bavaria made gains too, and France acquired most of Alsace-Lorraine. The prospect of a Roman Catholic reconquest of Europe vanished forever. Protestantism was in the world to stay. Ended Thirty Years' War, renewed Peace of Augsburg (Germany) with the addition of Calvinism, recognized Dutch Independence, denied the papacy the right to participate in central European affairs. {recognized the independent authority of of more than 300 german princes, reconfirming the emperor's severely limited authority. added calvinism to catholicism and lutheranism to legally permissible creeds.}
Voltaire was a deist who viewed God as asking to a what?
a clockmaker who set the universe in motion and then ceased to intervene in human affairs
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it...
affective, Provided order, security, and safety on the populace
What were the consequences of the climate change experienced in Europe?
bad harvests, which resulted in malnutrition, and helped the black plague spread faster
Louis XIV's palace at Versailles was significant in that it did what to nobles?
forced them to stay there so he could keep an eye on their activities
Louis XIV selected councilors from where in society?
from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class because he believed that "the public from the rank of those who I choose to serve me, that I have no intention of sharing power with them."
How did the Treaty of Westphalia mark a turning point in European history?
marked the end of major religious wars
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
medici
The Junkers were whom?
nobility and landowning classes of Brandenburg and Prussia
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the Renaissance artists?
powerful/wealthy families
What was the core concept of the Enlightenment?
rationalism- the idea that nothing was to be accepted on faith; everything was to be submitted to a secular, critical way of thinking.
Who were the Spanish conversos?
someone who was formerly Jewish and is now Catholic
In general, what did the clergy do during the plague?
they took care of the sick
What were the social consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system?
westernization, people of non- noble origins could rise to high positions
How did the choice to embrace or reject the reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
The leader got to chose whether they got to reform or not.
In the 17th century, why did rulers hesitate to crush rebellions?
Armies were expensive to deploy, and rulers didn't want to create martyrs.
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the 17th century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
After his victory in 1709 at Poltava, Peter the Great built a new, Western-style city in the Baltic called what?
St. Petersburg
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?
The Courtier
What was replaced by King Louis XIV's Edict of Fountainbleu?
The Edict of Nantes of Henry IV
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to prevent what?
To stop charles I from gaining power and the H.R.E. from expanding/ gaining power.
How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
War sparked b/t French and Spanish when French placed a royal grandson on Spanish throne. The end of the war ended French predominance and strengthened enemies and rivals of France. French kept the throne, but lost all Spanish possessions which were distributed amongst those that had fought against the French.
When did John Locke believe that it was okay to rebel against the government?
When under a tyrannical government
Who was Bousset?
Wilhelm Bousset was a German theologian and New Testament scholar. He was of Huguenot ancestry.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on what?
destroy the catholic habsburgs grip on territories that surrounded France
Who were the Huguenots?
french calvinists
What were the central components of the Italian Renaissance?
glorification of individual genius
Italian humanists stressed the study of what? What was the purpose?
Ancient greek writings because they believed essential knowledge was in these writings
What did the English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes believe was the best form of government?
A social contract in which all members of society placed themselves under the absolute rule of the sovereign, who would maintain peace and order.
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
Agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.
What is French classicism art?
Art during the time of Louis XIV that possessed the classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint.
The Baroque style flourished in the context of what?
Catholic Reformation
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the...
Ended the long conflict known as the Hapsburg-Valois war; Spain was essentially the victor, and France was forced to recognize Spanish control over areas like Italy, etc; this treaty did not end religious conflict however—Catholics and Protestants continued to riot and kill each other.
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased, gradually re-catholicize England, then convert to catholicism himself.
What was the outcome of the heightened central control established by absolutist and constitutional governments?
Greater taxation, more armies formed, larger/effective bureaucracies
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He increased the power through the use of intendants that reported directly to the monarch.
How did Frederick William the Great Elector of Prussia persuade the Junker nobility to accept taxation without consent in order to fund the army?
He reconfirmed their privileges, including their authority over serfs
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?
Johannes Gutenberg
What is the period of climate change in Europe between 1300 and 1450 known as?
Little Ice age
France's strong economy was created by mercantilist policies of whom?
Louis XIV
What form of government was Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate like?
Military dictatorship
What was the immediate cause of the English Civil War?
Parliament executed the king's chief ministers and refused to be dissolved, Charles I led troops into the House of Commons to arrest it's radical leaders
In general, what was Voltaire's attitude toward government?
Pessimistically said the best that he could hope for was a good monarch
In terms of gender relations, how did Renaissance humanists see women sphere of activity?
Private and domestic
Which powers participated in the partitioning of Poland in the late 18th century?
Prussia, Russia, Austria
The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was what?
Subordination of all groups and institutions to the monarchy
In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?
The congress of learned Roman Catholic authorities called by Pope Paul III that met intermittently from 1545 to 1563 to reform abusive church practices and reconcile with the Protestants.
The suppression of French Huguenots under Louis XIV is best represented by what?
The revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The new law ordered the catholic baptism of Huguenots, the destruction of Huguenot churches, closing of schools, and the exhale of huguenot pastors who refused to renounce their faith.
The Concordat of Bologna, between Francis I of France and Pope Leo X, gave the French monarch the authority to do what?
This was the treaty with the papacy and France, where Francis I agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council. In return, the French crown gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots. This treaty was signed as a way for Francis I to make money. This allowed the French to pick their own priests for the churches, as a last resort to save money.
What was the Star Chamber?
a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council
The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was what?
replaced the reigning king, James II, with the joint monarchy of his protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.
The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the 16th century was to do what?
to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy and laity
Know about the marriage of Ferdinand of Argon and Isabella of Castile
union of 2 royal houses,expanded their territories, expelled jews with inquisition, funded christopher columbus, and captured Granada from Moors, removed power from Church courts and Spanish nobility
The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to do what?
was to discover and punish converted Jews who were insincere