AP Euro Review 2019

the reasons why the weimar republic failed

-Many Germans refused to believe that their army had beejn defeated in battle. They believed instead that the German army had been betrayed by socialist and liberal politicans associated with then new Weimar Republic. -The Versailles Treaty outraged German nationalist who resented the war-guilt clause and the loss of territory to Poland. Constant nationalist agitation undermined support for the Weimar Republic. --conservatives wanted a strong leader who would restore order and reduce power of the labor unions. Runaway inflation during the early 1920s destroyed middle-class savings, thus eroding confidence in the government. The Great Depression had a particularly devasting impact on Germany. Millions of workers lost faith in the Weimar Republic. -Article 48 of the German constituion helped to undermine the republican government by allowing the president to rule by decree in cases of national emergency.

Hernando Cortes (1485-1547) Spain

-Spanish Adventurer -Came to the Aztec Empire with 600 men -Conquered all of the Empire of the Aztecs (very rich) -Founded New Spain (Mexico), with Mexico City as the capital

consequences of austrian rev 1848

-austrian constituent assembly abolished the robot (forced labor), removing a major source of peasant discontent -austrian gov regained control -hungary remained defiant and wanted self gov -new austrian emperor (Francis Joseph) accepted Tsar Nicholas's offer to defeat the hungarians -joint invasion of russia and austria defeated hungarian resistance

Crystal Palace in London

-commissioned to celebrate British leadership in industrial age -1 million sq ft aka 18 acres of exhibition space -had glass panels and cast iron columns -showed the possibilities of mass production

Arc de Triomphe in Paris

-commissioned to celebrate French victories during french rev and age of napoleon -based on arches of ancient rome -combined neoclassical arch with romantic relief sculptures -164 ft high; tallest arch ever built

conservatism authoritarianism

-committed to the existing social order -opposed popular participation in gov -revived in east euro, spain, portugal

Surrealism

-influenced by Freud's psychoanalytic technique of free association as a means of exploring imagination -depicts the world of the unconscious mind revealed in dreams -strange unrelated objects that express the artist's inner mind

Betty Friedan

-inspired by Beauvoir's "The Second Sex" -frustrated w trying to fulfill traditional housewife lifestyle -published "Feminist Mystique" : criticized gender roles and argued that women faced patterns of discrimination that denied them equality -1966 founded NOW (national organzation for women) -purpose of NOW: "action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream american society Now"

fascism

-led by one leader and one party -scorned upon democracy, said rival parties undermine national unity -supported state sponsored capitalism -glorified war and aggressive nationalism -controlled media

communism

-led by one party "dictator of the proletariat" -scorned upon capitalism bc it exploits workers -supported state ownership of the means of production -glorified the working class -controlled media

Helinski Accords

-marked the high point of the Cold War Detente -ratified European territorial boundaries established after WWII -committed the signers to recognize and protect basic human rights

boyars

-old nobility who supported traditional Russian culture -threatened peter's reform program -peter ordered them to shave their beards and wear western clothes -peter required every noble to be in the army or civil administration

Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800

-prohibited British workers from organizing to improve their condition -repealed in 1824 after facing pressure from labor and middle class reformers

Voltaire (1694-1778)

-the most influential philosophe -popularized Newton's scientific disocoveries -criticized French rigid gov -championed religious tolerance

Warsaw Pact (1955)

-the soviet union responded to NATO with this -this alliance joined the soviet union w 7 eastern euro countries -Soviet union and Poland, east germany, czechoslovakia, hungary, romania, bulgaria, albania

Romantic Movement

-this swept across Europe during the first half of the 19th century -influenced religion, art, music, philosophy -inspired desire for freedom of thought, feeling, action

Totalitarianism

-totally controlled individual citizens' lives -used modern tech and communication to manipulate and censor info -used education to mold loyal citizens and demonize enemies

Great Exhibition of 1851

-was held to celebrate Britain's economic and technological dominance in 19th century -Britain's Hall of Machinery featured locomotive engines, hydraulic presses, power looms

David Ricardo (1772-1823)

-was inspired by Thomas Malthus's analysis -formulated "iron law of wages" -labor is a commodity whose price is determined by the law of supply and demand -said that increasing working class wages would prompt laborers to have more kids -as supply of workers increase, wages decline -no hope for future families -strong support for opposing labor unions and refusing to raise wages

Munich Conference (1938)

1. Ceded the Sudetenland to Adolf Hitler 2. Discredited the British policy of appeasement

Treaty of Rome (1957)

1. Created the European Economic Community (EEC), generally known as the Common Market 2. Marked the beginning of European economic integration

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

1. Ended Bolshevik Russia's participation in World War I 2. Negotiated by Vladimir Lenin because he was unwilling to risk Bolshevik gains by continuing a war that could no longer be won 3. Nullified following Germany's defeat by the Allies

Peace of Westphalia 1648

1. Ended the Thirty Years' War 2. Recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith 3. Recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states 4. Continued the political fragmentation of Germany 5. Granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power 6. Acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

1. English Utilitarian and essayist best known for writing "On Liberty" and "The Subjection of Women" 2. Advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage 3. said inequalities were of the past and hindered human development

Edmund Burke (1729-1797)

1. English conservative leader who wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" 2. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution 4. warned that mob rule would lead to anarchy and military dictatorship 5. Favored gradual and orderly change

Helsinki Accords 1975

1. Ratified the European territorial boundaries established after WWII 2. Established "Helsinki watch committees" to monitor human rights in the 35 nations that signed the Helsinki Accords 3. Marked the high point of Cold War detente

When did the Industrial Revolution begin?

1750

James Watt

1769 Invented the steam engine

Richard Arkwright

1769 he invented the water frame that used water power from fast moving streams to drive spinning machines

Samuel Crompton

1779 invented a spinning machine aka mule that combined water frame and spinning jenny to produce stronger, finer, and more uniform thread

Edmund Cartwright

1785 invented the power loom that used water power to speed up weaving

zemstvos

1864 alexander II introduced this system of local and regional gov through elected assemblies

Mensheviks: wanted gradual socialistic reform Bolsheviks: led by Vladimir Lenin, advocated a communist rev led by a small elite of professional revs

1903 the Social Democrats split into which 2 parties and what did they want

NIKITA KRUSCHEV

1956 this person boldly attacked Stalin in a "secret speech" delivered at the 20th Communist Party Congress in moscow and denounced stalin's reign of terror and rejected his "cult of personality"

Italian Medici Family and German Fuggers

2 examples of new economic entrepreneurs in the commerical rev

Antoine Watteau, "Return from Cythera", 1717, oil on canvas Francois Boucher, "Cupid a Captive", cupid w flowers and captors Jean Honore Fragonard, "The Swing", commissioned bt baron to paint his wife on a swing and him as an observer

3 examples of rococo art pieces

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be/rejected romanticism. focused on common ppl, everyday activites and things that other arists saw as unworthy of attention. portrayed peasants and workers as "heroism of modern life". criticized the cruelty of industrial life and greed of wealthy

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791. Assembly that replaced the National Assembly in 1791

Solidarity (def means unity)

A Polish labor union founded in 1980 by Lech Walesa and Anna Walentynowicz. Solidarity contested Communist Party programs and eventually ousted the party from the Polish government.

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical Greek and Latin texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.

indulgence

A certificate given by the Roman Catholic Church in return for fee. could reduce time in purgatory for years or altogether

General Will

A concept in political philosophy referring to the desire or interest of a people as a whole. As used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who championed the concept, the general will is identical to the rule of law.

taille

A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt

Zollverein

A free-trade union established among the major German states in 1834.

gentry

A general term for a class of prosperous families, sometimes including but often ranked below the rural aristocrats. wealthy landowning class

Act of Union 1801

A law that meant all laws for Ireland were made in Westminster, England. ireland was united with britain and governed by british parliament

the Crusades

A long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia. European Christian military expeditions made between the 11th and 13th centuries to retake the Middle Eastern Holy Lands occupied by the Muslims.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

invisible hand

A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the self regulating nature of a free market. People's selfishness in the market place would drive the economy and bring benefits for all.

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Facism

A political system that combines an authoritarian government with a corporate economy. governments glorify their leaders, appeal to nationalism, control the media, and repress individual liberties

New Economic Policy

A program initiated by Vladimir Lenin to stimulate the economic recovery of the Soviet Union in the early 1920s. This utilized a limited revival of capitalism in light industry and agriculture.

Chartism

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Syndicalism

A radical political movement that advocated bringing industry and government under the control of federations of labor unions. Syndicalists endorsed direct actions such as strikes and sabotage.

Sphere of Influence

A region dominated by, but not directly ruled by, a foreign nation.

relativity

A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space do not exist separately. Instead, they are a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.

Carbonari

A secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s.

Fronde

A series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652. Played a key role in Louis XIV's decision to leave Paris and build the Versailles Palace.

Luddites

A social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution. They believed that the new industrial machinery would eliminate their jobs. They responded by attempting to destroy the mechanized looms and other new machines.

welfare state

A social system in which the state assumes primary responsibility for the welfare of its citizens in matters of health care, education, employment, and social security. Germany was the first European country to develop a state social welfare system.

Balance of Power

A strategy to maintain an equilibrium, in which weak countries join together to match or exceed the power of a stronger country. It was one of the guiding principles of the Congress of Vienna.

Enlightened Despotism/Absolutism

A system of government supported by leading philosophes in which an absolute ruler used his or her power for the good of the people; supported religious tolerance, increased economic activity, administrative reform and scientific academies

Ems Dispatch

A telegram edited by Bismark to insult the French people while making it sound as though they had insulted the Prussians. This led to the Franco-Prussian wars which Prussia won handily and violently. The French people never forgave the Prussians, setting the stage for World War I

Utilitarianism

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system.

Second Industrial Revolution

A wave of late-nineteenth-century industrialization that was characterized by an increased use of steel, chemical processes, electric power, and railroads. This period also witnessed the spread of industrialization from Great Britain to western Europe and the United States. Both the United States and Germany soon rivaled Great Britain.

Third Partition of Poland (1795)

After uprisings led by a few rebels were put down, Prussia, Russia, and Austria wiped Poland completely of the map.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683)

An economic advisor to Louis XIV, controller general of finances ; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France. Saw importance of colonies as a source of raw materials and market for manufactured goods. Abolished domestic tariffs that prevented trade

Perestroika

An economic policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. Meaning "restructuring," perestroika called for less government regulation and greater efficiency in manufacturing and agriculture.

capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital. Capital aka wealth is invested to produce more capital

Reparations

As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Assertion that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need. The Brezhnev Doctrine justified the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

Johannes Kepler

Assistant to Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe; formulated three laws of planetary motion, proved planetary orbits are elliptical not circular

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychologist who formulated theories of human personality. Said human pysche contains 3 parts: id (center of unconsciousness), ego ( center of reason), superego (center of moral values)

Charles Townshend

British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.

Charles Darwin

British biologist who wrote "The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection". introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction; survival of the fittest. theory of evolution

Mary Wollstonecraft

British philosopher and writer wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman". Argued women are not naturally inferior to men and that women deserve same fundamental rights

predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Northern Humanists

Christian Humanists are also called

Rousseau: -Process of civilization and the Enlightenment corrupted human nature -Challenged concept of material and intellectual progress and the morality of a society in which commerce and industry were regarded as the most important human activities. -Socail contract: men are born free but everywhere they are in chains. -Society more important than the individual. Alone, humans can achieve little, as a community they become moral creatures with significant action. -Envisioned a society in which each person could maintain personal freedom while behaving as a loyal member of a larger community. -Law created by the general will -Supported Deism -Disagreed with Adam Smith Hobbes: -radical Nominalist, insisted that there are no "radical ideas", therefore he was an atheist. -Pleasure-Pain Philosophy: no "abstract" good and evil just good things that create pleasure and bad things that create pain. -Used empiricism to develop a political system -Nature of the state: w/out any authority there would be a constant war of b/c of competition, (fear), and the desire to show off. -Law of Nature: respect others if you want respect -Leviathan: Absolute Monarchy. Based on the social contract: people give up all rights to government for protection. The government is all powerful, in theory but will never need to use that power.

Compare and Contrast Rousseau and Hobbes

Christian Humanism: -Northern humanists called Christian Humanists. -Closely studied classical sources -Wanted to combine classic ideas with the Christian virtues of piety, humility, and love. -Committed to moral and institutional reform. -Erasmus: most famous and influential northern humanist, edited works of the church, produced Greek and Latin editions of the New Testament, wrote witty satire criticizing merchants, priests, and scholars, devout Catholic. -Thomas More: Leading humanist scholar in England, author, lawyer, and statesman. Wrote Utopia, describing an imaginary society in the New World, featuring religious toleration, humanist education for men and women, and communal ownership of property. Protestant Reformation (1500): -Main leader: Martin Luther Causes: -Challenging the rituals of the Catholic church -Result of growing secular power of the king and decrease in church's power. -Fiscal crisis of the church led to corruption and abuses of power. -Luther nails 95 theses to church door in, he is excommunicated, calls Pope Leo V the anti-christ, and refuses to recant at the Edict of Worms. -Lutheran Doctrine and Practice: Justification by faith alone, the bible is the only authority, all people are equally able to understand God's works, no distinction between priest and laity, consubstantiation, simpler ceremony, service NOT in Latin. -Appeal of Protestantism: equality and simplicity in religion, no tithes, dislike of King Charles, no church owned land, individual interpretation.

Compare and contrast Christian humanism and the Reformation

French Revolution: 1700's -No relief for increasing foods prices, corvee (requirement for peasants to preform service for noblemen, gabelle (salt tax). -In debt from 7 years war, nobility exempt from taxation, Jacques Necker poor Director of Finances. -Inequality in voting (1st and 2nd estate out number 3rd). -Third Estate creates the national assembly. -King Louis XVI locks 3rd estate (National Assembly) out of Estates General, "Royal Session" and they create Tennis Court Oath. -Fall of the Bastille July 14 -Great Fear: destruction of landlords property and feudal documents. -Declaration of Rights of Man: National Constituent Assembly published broad political principles. All men, "born and remain free and equal in rights." -Girondist determine to stop all counter revolutionary acts, declared war on Austria and allied with Prussia. -The Paris Commune imprisoned the royal family, killed some 1,200 people in the Spetember Massacre, and executed Louis XVI. -Reign of Terror: National Convention established the Committee of Public Safety. Lead by Robespierre, supported by Jacobin club. Killed 16,000 people (guillotine most), including Maria Antoinette. -Thermidorian reaction: Convention trying to reestablish power over Committee of Public safety, end Reign of Terror. -Establishment of Directory after Constitution of Year III (Never out into place). Inflation, food shortage, corruption (but they tired, points for effort). Russian Revolution -1900's -Food is expensive (bread!), people are hungry, there is no political freedom, suffering from loss in Russo-Japanese war and losing WWI. Russia is backwards, behind on technology and non-indistrial. -Nicholas II has absolute control of government. Constitutional monarchy -March Revolutions workers and the Duma created a provisional government. -Bloody sunday -Creation of the Duma (October Manifesto) -Capture and killing of Romanov family -Bolsheviks gain power and Lenin comes to power. -Lenin dies and Stalin takes his place.

Compare and contrast French Rev and Russian Rev

Galileo 1564-1642: -first scientist to use telescope -used it to see Jupiter's moons and prove that not everything orbits the earth -Wrote "Starry Messanger", openly supporting Copernicus, which got him in trouble with the Spanish inquisition. -Had to recant, put under house arrest -Developed Theory of Inertia: things stay in motion unless acted upon by another force -One of the first modern scientist b/c he developed the scientific method of experimentation and was one the first mechanists. Newton 1642-1727: -Interestingly enough, born the year Galileo died. -The Principa; descried three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. -Supported observation and experimentation -Developed Galileo's works -Newton reasoned that all planets and other physical objects in the universe moved through mutual attraction or gravity. -Believed in empiricism. -Opponent of rationalism

Compare and contrast Galileo and Newton

different: Henry was devout Catholic; Luther wanted to reform Catholic church same: political attitudes, church should be under state, rejected papal authority, supported nobility

Compare and contrast Henry VII and Martin Luther

Hobbes: -radical Nominalist, insisted that there are no "radical ideas", therefore he was an atheist. -Pleasure-Pain Philosophy: no "abstract" good and evil just good things that create pleasure and bad things that create pain. -Used empiricism to develop a political system -Nature of the state: w/out any authority there would be a constant war of b/c of competition, (fear), and the desire to show off. -Law of Nature: respect others if you want respect -Leviathan: Absolute Monarchy. Based on the social contract: people give up all rights to government for protection. The government is all powerful, in theory but will never need to use that power. John Locke: -Reaction to Hobbe's negativity - Tabula Rasa: blank slate, everyone is born good. Human nature comes from experience and or from reflection. -Beliefs open to criticism. -Supported equality, toleration, and education. -Social contract: government mist protect the rights of it's citizens and the people must obey the government as long as the government doesn't abuse it's power. -Locke implied that people can change their behavior w/o the grace of God or other divine aid. -They can take charge of their own destiny.

Compare and contrast Hobbes and Locke

Peter (the Great Westernizer) was born in 1672 - In 1689, Peter goes back to Moscow and overthrows the government of Ivan (in name, but really it is Sophie) and becomes a co-ruler w/Ivan. - Peter's Crash Course in Westernization à beginning in 1689 Peter gives Russia a crash course in Western ways. He sent Russians to the West to study, brought foreigners into Russia, forced men to shave (against Old Believer rules, symbol of modernization), adopted Western court rituals and founded an Academy of Sciences. - In 1697, he went to the West himself undercover. He learned about Western ways from the bottom up (shipbuilding, metallurgy, dentistry). When he returned, he set up many factories w/serf labor. - Peter pretty much ignored Duma (advisory council) and concentrated on his bureaucracy. He organized his administration into several departments each of which either had a specialized function or took care of a region. He totally subdued the nobles. -Peter made a very clear dividing line between peasants (had to pay poll tax, military conscription, forced public work) and nobility (status in which was now based on level in bureaucracy and not family). Result was more controlled social order + more uniformity. -Goes to war with Sweden (allied with Poland) for Baltic ports. Losing at first but uses Scorched Earth policy and wins. Catherine: -Enlightened absolutist -Befriended nobles in the court of Elizabeth and read the books of philosophes. Did not like her husband and he was murdered with her approval. -summoned a legislative commission to advise her on revising the law and the government of Russia -Gave strong support to the rights and local power of the nobility, reorganized the local government to solve problems the legislative commission had brought up -1785 issued the Charter of the Nobility, guaranteed nobles many rights and privileges. -Strengthened the stability of her crown by making convenient friends with her nobles. -Favored expansion of the small urban middle class that was vital to trade -1774 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainardji gave Russia a direct outlet on the Black Sea, free navigation rights in its waters, and free access through Bosporus. Crimea became independent state, which Catherine annexed in 1783. Catherine was made the protector of the Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire

Compare and contrast Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

Renaissance Art - Emulation of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. - Good use of depth in paintings. - Linear (further away = smaller) and atmospheric (further away = hazier) perspective. - Paintings began to have more detailed backgrounds. - Not necessarily religious, more focus on earthly themes and humans. - More realistic, geometrically precise and mathematically accurate. - Subjects showing signs of more emotion. - Contraposto posture, in which the subject is shifting his or her balance. - Donatello: (1386 - 1466) was mainly a sculptor whose focus was on the beauty of the human body. He made some of the first nude sculptures since the ancients. - Leonardo: (1452 - 1519) was a painter (and a scientist, writer, and inventor) whose paintings are remarkable for their technical perfection, in other words, for their good use of angles, perspective, and a detailed background. - Raphael: 1483 - 1520) was a painter who used his mastery of perspective and ancient styles to produce works of harmony, beauty, and serenity and convey a sense of peace. - Michelangelo: (1475 - 1564) was a painter who also experimented in poetry, architecture, and sculpture. Most of his work focuses on individuals who always give a sense of strength and ambition. Humanism Art - The area in which the humanists really excelled was art. Though some of the novels and essays written in the time have become classics, none of their writing (or any other area) ever came close to being as brilliant as their art. - Also, during the Renaissance, great artists gained special recognition and prestige instead of simply being craftsmen. - Architecture, sculpture and art emphasize humanity rather than God although still focused on God - Humanity is represented as noble, full of potential and proud but not arrogant. Humanity is not represented as heroic or triumphant until Rome

Compare and contrast Renaissance Art and Humanism art

Protestant Reformation (1500): -Main leader: Martin Luther Causes: -Challenging the rituals of the Catholic church -Result of growing secular power of the king and decrease in church's power. -Fiscal crisis of the church led to corruption and abuses of power. -Luther nails 95 theses to church door in, he is excommunicated, calls Pope Leo V the anti-christ, and refuses to recant at the Edict of Worms. -Lutheran Doctrine and Practice: Justification by faith alone, the bible is the only authority, all people are equally able to understand God's works, no distinction between priest and laity, consubstantiation, simpler ceremony, service NOT in Latin. -Appeal of Protestantism: equality and simplicity in religion, no tithes, dislike of King Charles, no church owned land, individual interpretation. Counter Reformation (1500): -Sources of Catholic Reformation: -Council of Constance and Basel had stripped Pope of traditional powers and reduced efforts to change the laws and institutions of the church. -However, Capuchins sought to return to the original ideals of Saint Francis and became popular among ordinary people. -New order of Jesuits organized by Ignatius of Loyola. -Council of Trent; reassert church doctrine. Council of Trent: -steps taken to curb selling of church offices and religious goods. -Bishops residing in Rome forced to move to their dioceses. -Trent strengthened authority of local bishops. -Bishops had to make annual trips to their dioceses. -Priests must dress neatly, better educated, celibate, and active among parishioners. -Reaffirmed: traditional scholastic education of clergy, good works in salvation, transubstantiation, relics, and indulgences. Appeal: -Barnabites worked to repair moral, spiritual, and physical harm done to people in war torn Italy. -Ursulines founded convents for the education of girls. -Heroic Ignatus of Loyola. Religious and moral self discipline.

Compare and contrast the Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation

Vienna: -Treaty of Napoleonic wars -Four great powers -Agreed that no single state should be allowed to dominated Europe. -Determine to prevent France from doing so again. -Restoration of the French Bourbon monarchy, nonvindictive boundary settlement designed to keep France calm and satisfied. -Strengthened states around France's borders. -Established kingdom of Netherlands, to include Belgium and Luxembourg. -Prussia given territory along the Rhine river. -Austria given full control of Northern Italy. -The congress established the rule of legitimate monarchs. -England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple Alliance Nov, 20, 1815. Versailles: -Treaty of WWI - Fourteen Points ~ nationalism, democracy, etc. Wilson felt that oppression led to war, and that if oppression was stopped, war would be stopped as well. Wilson supported the idea of colonies eventually reaching independence, state lines being drawn by nationalism, and so on. 1. Woodrow Wilson ~ from the US, Wilson is truly the honest broker here: he doesn't really have any interests except for promoting long term peace a la Fourteen Points. 2. Clemenceau ~ from France, all he wants to do is get Germany back for what they did. In 1870, Clemenceau was the mayor of Paris (which explains a lot) so he now wants to enact a Carthaginian peace: just to start, he is determined to kill the Kaiser and dismember Germany. 3. Lloyd George ~ from England, LG is, as he said, "stuck between Jesus Christ and Napoleon" - although he had to promise his country to kill the Kaiser and to make Germany pay, he is not as psychotic (I mean exaggerated) as Clemenceau. -The Rhineland was occupied for 15 years (or until the $ was paid) and permanently demilitarized -France got Alsace-Lorraine (not even a point of contention) -Germany lost all its colonies, they added the Polish corridor -Germany had to pay billions of $ in reparations -The war guilt clause, which said it was all Germany's fault. At first, Germany refused to sign, but they did after all. Also, the TOV established the mandate system.

Compare and contrast the achievements and failures of Congress of Vienna and the Versailles Treaty

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Created a nonaggression agreement in which Hitler and Joseph Stalin promised to remain neutral if the other became involved in war. Divided eastern europe into German and Soviet Unions

Maastricht Treaty (1991)

Created the European Union (EU), the world's largest single economic market. Created a central bank for the European Union.

no, Catholic countries did not allow divorce

Did Spain and Italy allow divorce

No , womens suffrage movement had little success

Did any country allow women the right to vote in Europe in 1900

Italy and Germany

During WWII in 1930s which countries encouraged women to stay at home and provide the country with more kids

utopian socialists

Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Frenchmen Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned.

Caspar David Friedrich

Romantic artist of "Wanderers Above the Mist", mystical view of the sublime power of nature was conveyed in many of his paintings

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Romantic authors of "Lyrical Ballads"

Ludwig van Beethoven

Romantic composer of Ninth Symphony

Philosophes

Eighteenth century writers who stressed reason and advocated freedom of expression, religious toleration, and a reformed legal system. Leaders of this such as Voltaire fought irrational prejudice and believed that society should be open to people of talent.

The Congress of Vienna 1815

Enacted a settlement that was acceptable to both victors and to France. Created a balance of power that lasted until the unification of Germany in 1871. Underestimated the forces of liberalism and nationalism. Used the principle of legitimacy to restore Bourbons to the French throne. United Belgium with the Netherlands to form a single kingdom of the Netherlands. Created a loose confederation of 39 German states dominated by Austria.

1945

End of WWII; French and Italian women gained the franchise at this time

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended Seven Years War, British acquired French Canada, France retained her Caribbean sugar islands and commercial installations in India, Prussia kept Sileisia

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

Ended War of Austrian Succession; Prussia got Silesia

Treaty of Utrecht (1713)

Ended the War of Spanish Succession, created a balance of power and had peace last for 30 years. gave Austria Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) that became known as Austrian Netherlands. recognized France's Philip V as King of Spain, but prohibited the unification of the French and Spanish monarchies; gave England profitable lands in North America from France. Duke of Savoy received Sicily and title of king (reward for joining the Grand Alliance) Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as king of Prussia (reward for joining Grand Alliance)

Robert Walpole (1676-1745)

England's first Prime minister of the House of Commons, establishing a pattern of majority party that tends to control legislation in House of Commons; led the Whig party He alienates the Tories and Middle Class

John Stuart Mill

English Utilitarian and essayist best known for writing On Liberty and The Subjection of Women; advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage

Edmund Burke

English conservative leader who wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France. Denounced the radicalism and violence of the French Revolution. Favored gradual and orderly change.

Francis Bacon

English politician and writer who formalized experience-based method into a general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism

Isaac Newton

English scientists and mathematician who wrote the "Principia" ; viewed universe as vast machine governed by universal laws of gravity and inertia. mechanistic view influenced deism

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightened writer who wrote "The Social Contract" and "Emile". believed "law is the expression of the general will: state is based on a social contract. Emphasized education of the whole person for citizenship. Rejected excessive rationalism and stressed emotions, anticipating romantic movement

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

Established rules for dividing Africa amongst the European powers. A European state could no longer simply declare a region of Africa its colony. It first had to exercise effective control over the territory. Declared the Congo to be the "Congo Free State," under the personal control of Leopold II of Belgium. Established rules governing the race for African colonies.

Dutch Republic; Amsterdam was Europe's financial center until French Rev

Europe's leading commercial power during most of the 17th century.

-ind rev opened economic opportunities for women -factory jobs paid more than work at home -mid 1850s women and kids were half the labor force -women were paid half as men -trade unions fought to keep women out of skilled jobs -most women had jobs as shop clerks, typists, phone operaters -well educated women limited to nursing, teaching, social work

Explain women and their economic hardship in the Ind Rev in the 19th century

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Second Partition of Poland (1793)

Fearing a pro-French Poland, Prussia and Russia divided up generous portions of Polish territory, but in response it ended up becoming even more pro-French.

Vasco de Gama (Portugal)

First European to reach India in 1498 and returned to Portugal with pepper and cinnamon

gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in easter Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

Francis I agreement with Pope Leo X which allowed kings to nominate bishops, abbots, and high officals of the Catholic Church in France giving French monarch control over church

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Michel de Montaigne

French Renaissance writer who developed the essay as a literary genre. Known for his skeptical attitude and willingness to look at all sides of an issue.

Simone de Beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. Called attention to social problems women faced, emphasized need for women to control their own lives

Simone de beauvoir

French author of The Second Sex. She argued for women's rights and was also a prominent figure in the existentialist movement. First euro woman to publicly challenge the status quo discrimination of women at work. said women created dependent lifestyles through housework and childbearing and could achieve independence by escaping traditonal inferior roles

Albert Camus (1913-1960) and Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)

French existentialist philosophers and writers who questioned the efficacy of reason and science to understand the human situation. Believed that God, reason and progress are myths and that humans live in an isolated world

Voltaire

French philosophe who wrote essays and letters. Championed enlightened principles of reason, progress, toleration, and individual liberty. Opposed superstition, tolerance, ignorance. Criticized organized religion for perpetuating superstition and intolerance.

Rene Descartes

French philosopher and mathematician. Used deductive reasoning from self-evident principles to reach scientific laws.

Parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

intendants

French royal officials who supervised provincial governments in the name of the king. Played a key role in establishing French absolutism.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)

German philosopher who said that "God is dead,". Embraced the irrational and rejected reason. only hope for mankind was to accept the meaninglessness of human life, and to then use that meaninglessness as a source of personal integrity and liberation, from this meaninglessness people called Supermen would exert their mind on other and rise to power.

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. Undermined Newtonian physics. Contributed to idea that humans live in an uncertain world.

Red Shirts (Italy)

Group of Italian volunteers started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They fought in the Italian Unification War and are most famous for their siege of Rome. They were also proud Italian Nationalist and had very liberal ideas.

The Pragmatic Sanction 1713

Guaranteed the succession of Habsburg emperor Charles VI's eldest daughter Maria Theresa, to the throne. Guaranteed the indivisibility of the Habsburg lands. Violated when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia in 1740.

Charles VII of France (1422-1461)

He ended the Hundred Years War by expelling the English from France, strengthed royal finances through taxes (salt and land tax were main source of royal income), created first permanent royal army

Louis XI

He enlarged royal army, encouraged economic growth by promoting new industries like silk weaving

nobility of the robe

Henry IV and Duke de Sully raised revenue by selling gov offices that appointed nobility. these were members of the bourgeoisie

Thomas Hobbes

Hobbes=Hater of people. Wrote "Leviathan" and viewed people as naturally selfish and prone to violence. feared danger of anarchy. Argued that monarchs have absolute and unlimited political power

left France weak and even more in debt, worsened financial and social situations that would erupt in the French Rev

How did the War of Spanish Succession affect France

-wanted to transform their countries to great powers -imported Western ideas to accelerate change -waged wars to conquer land

How were the goals of Peter the Great and Frederick the Great similar

Calvinism

Huguenots in France, Presbyterians in Scotland, Puritans in England were followers of what religion

Great Exhibition

In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world. Symbolized Britain's dominance over the rest of the world and man's dominance over man through the tree built into the exhibit.

Berlin Airlift, 1948

In June 1948, the USSR (union of soviet socialist republics)-who wanted Berlin all for themselves-closed all highways, railroads and canals into Berlin from West Germany. This, they believed, would make it impossible for the people who lived there to get food or any other supplies and would eventually drive Britain, France and the US out of the city for good. However, the US and its allies decided to supply their sectors of the city from the air. The "Berlin Airlift," lasted for more than a year and carried more than 2.3 million tons of cargo in 277,000 flights into West Berlin.

John Kay

Invented the flying shuttle 1733 that allowed a single weaver to work twice as fast

Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist who conducted controlled experiments. major accomplishments made by telescope for astronomy, formulated laws of motion, popularized new scientific ideas. Condemned by Inquisition for advocating heliocentric theory

Millicent Garrett Fawcett

Leader of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS)

John Locke

Locke= Lover of people. Wrote the "Second Treatise of Government". viewed humans as rational beings who learned from experience. Formulated theory of natural rights of "Life, liberty, and happiness". The governed have a right to rebel against rulers who violate natural rights

Baptism and Eucharist/Holy Communion

Luther said there are only 2 sacraments. they are:

Johann Tetzel (1465-1519)

Luther saw who selling indulgences near Wittenburg

Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)

Made a mistake by continuing to fight in WWI, Headed the Provisional Government in 1917. Refused to redistribute confiscated landholdings to the peasants. Thought fighting the war was a national duty.

faith alone

Martin Luther believed that salvation could be achieved through

Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Meeting to end the Napoleonic Wars. Conservative representatives from the coalition that defeated Napoleon wanted to undo the changes of the revolution. Representatives attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future.

Habsburgs

Most rulers in the HRE were ______

Moriscos

Muslims who converted to Catholicism after the conquest of Granada to avoid being exiled in Ferdinand and Isabella's rule

charles dickens "Hard Times" Gustave Flaubert "madame Bovary" Henrik Ibsen "A Doll's House"

Name 3 realist authors

Thermidorian Reaction

Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory. The Convention's revolt against Robespierre

1. Continental System: 1806 he closed all european ports to british ships and goods and hoped that this would create a depression in britain that promoted french prosperity 2. guerilla warfare in spain: 1808 he got rid of Spanish Bourbon rulers and installed his brother Joseph, this outraged the Spanish. bands of spanish fighters aka guerillas ambushed french troops then fled to hiding. napoleon lost 30,000 men leading to his ultimate defeat 3. invasion of russia: continental system prevented russia from exporting grain to britain. when tsar alexander I refused to stop this vital trade, napoleon prepared to invade russia. Napoleon's Grand Army reached Moscow but ALexander refused to surrender so Napoleon had to retreat. cold weather, disease, russian attacks decimated his army

Napoleon's constant desire for power led him to make what three mistakes that led to his downfall

Albrecht Durer

Northern Renaissance artist best known for wood cuts/engravings and self portraits ; absorbed innovations of Italian Renaissance

Kellogg-Brand Pact of 1928

Outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. Violated repeatedly during 1930s

Quakers (Society of Friends)

Pacifists who believe that individuals deserve recognition for their spiritual state. They swear allegiance to God and "quake" under deep religious emotion.

Romanticism

Philosophical and artistic movement in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Europe that represented a reaction against the Neoclassical emphasis upon reason. Romantic artists, writers, and composers stressed emotion and the contemplation of nature.

Existentialism

Philosophy that God, reason, and progress are all myths. Humans must accept responsibility for their actions. This responsibility causes an overwhelming sense of dread and anguish. Existentialism reflects the sense of isolation and alienation in the 20th century.

Glasnost

Policy initiated by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the mid-1980s. Glasnost resulted in a new openness of speech, reduced censorship, and greater criticism of Communist Party policies.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish clergyman and astronomer who wrote "On The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres". Launched Scientific Rev, challenged geocentric theory, offered new heliocentric theory (planets revolve around the sun)

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Fourteen Points

President Woodrow Wilson's idealistic peace aims. Wilson stressed national self-determination, the rights of small countries, freedom of the seas, and free trade.

Kulaks

Prosperous landowning peasants in czarist Russia. Joseph Stalin accused them of being class enemies of the poorer peasants. Stalin "liquidated the kulaks as a class" by executing them and expropriating their land to form collective farms.

John Calvin

Protestant reformer who wrote "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" . Believed in the supreme-ness of God, weakness of humanity, and doctrine of predestination

Martin Luther

Protestant reformer whose criticism of indulgences helped spark the Reformation. Advocated salvation by faith, the authority of the Bible, and a priesthood of all believers. Believed that Christian women should strive to be models of obedience

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

Protestants , Dutch and France turn to Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden Lutheran king) for help. Adolphus defeats Wallenstein and his imperial forces. Swedish victories stop Habsburgs from uniting German states

Junkers

Prussia's landowning nobility. Supported the monarchy and served in the army in exchange for absolute power over their serfs.

Levellers

Radical religious revolutionaries-sought social and political reforms, a more egalitarian (equal) society. wanted universal suffrage and written constitution guaranteeing equal rights

Locarno Pact 1925

Recorded an agreement between France and Germany to respect mutual frontiers. Marked the beginning of a brief period of reduced tensions among the European powers.

Treaty of Versailles

Refused to allow either defeated Germany or Communist Russia to participate in peace conference negotiations. Forced Germany to sign a war-guilt clause that was used to justify imposing large war reparations payments.

Realpolitik

"The politics of reality"; used to describe the tough, practical politics in which idealism and romanticism play no part. Otto von Bismarck and Camillo Benso di Cavour were the leading practitioners of this.

general will

"public spirit" or any action that is right and good for all

Townshend Acts (1767)

*Provisions:* Imposed a tax - to be paid at American ports - on items produced in Britain & sold in the colonies, including paper, glass, lead, paint, & tea. Suspended the New York Assembly for refusing to provide British troops with supplies. Established an American Board of Customs & admiralty courts to hear cases of smuggling. Issued Writs of Assistance. *Historical Significance:* Led to a boycott of British goods, the Circular Letters, John Dickinson's "Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer," and unrest in Boston.

Zollverein

-1834 all major german states except austria formed this -an economic union that eliminated internal tariffs -facilitated commerce and set a precedent for a greater union

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

-62 countries signed a pact promising "to renounce war as an instrument of national policy" -bolstered collective security and new spirit of optimism

Detente

-A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. -agreed to limit nuclear arms and expand trade

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)

-Adviser of Louis XIII -He was the real power behind the throne -Tried to control the nobility -Encourages France to enter the "Thirty Years War" -Does whatever is necessary - "raison de etat" - "reason of state" -politique; puts public order above religious order -With Louis, ends up weakening the nobility by centralizing the power

North Atlantic Pact 1949

-Established NATO to coordinate the defense of its members -Implemented Truman's policy of containing the Soviet Union -Forced to move its headquarters from Paris to Brussels when Charles de Gaulle withdrew French forces from the "American controlled" NATO

Locarno Pact 1925

-France, Germany, Britain, Italy and belgium signed this and guaranteed the borders between germany and france -marked an important turning point in Franco-German relations and seen as the hope of a peaceful era

politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity.

Karl Marx

Scientific socialist who co-wrote "The Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels. Believed history is best understood through process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the "Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism". Opposed mercantilist policies, advocated free trade and invisible hand of competition

Brezhnev Doctrine (1968)

Soviets claimed right to interfere in domestic politics of communist nations

Teresa de Avila (1515-1582)

Spanish leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Preached that individuals could use prayer to have a direct relationship to God

Duke of Parma

Spanish viceroy who used skillful tactics and forcefully made ten southern provinces to reaffirm loyalty to Spain

robot

System of forced labor used in eastern Europe. Peasants usually owed three or four days a week of forced labor. The system was abolished in 1848.

Nikita Khrushchev

THE SOVIET LEADER WHO ORDERED THE BUILDING OF THE BERLIN WALL IN 1961.

The Crystal Palace -Commissioned to celebrate British leadership in the industrial age -enclosed 18 acres in London -featured glass panels and cast-iron columns -demonstrated possibilities of mass production Arc de Triomphe -commissioned to celebrate French Victories during Revolutionary age of Napoleon -based on the triumphal arches of ancient Rome -combine Neoclassical arch with romantic relief sculptures -reached a height of 164 ft making it the highest arch ever built

The Crystal Palace vs the Arc de Triomphe

Levée en masse

The French policy of conscripting all males into the army. This created a new type of military force based upon mass participation and a fully mobilized economy.

Duma

The Russian Parliament created after the 1905 revolution; elected national legislature in Russia

Deism

The belief that God created the universe but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature. natural laws could be discovered by the use of human reason.

Social Darwinism

The belief that there is a natural evolutionary process by which the fittest will survive. Wealthy business and industrial leaders used this to justify their success.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until the conquest of Grenada in 1492.

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

-mid 1930s Stalin launched state sponsored terror with show trials to eliminate Old Bolsheviks and later intellectuals, officers, citizens -8 million arrests and millions of innocents died in forced labor camps called gulags

The great Terror

Agricultural Revolution

The innovations in farm production that began in eighteenth century Holland and spread to England. These advances replaced the open field agricultural system with a more scientific and mechanized system.

Imperialism

The policy of extending one country's rule over other lands by conquest or economic domination.

De-Stalinization

The policy of liberalization of the Stalinist system in the Soviet Union. As carried out by Nikita Khrushchev, de-Stalinization meant denouncing Joseph Stalin's cult of personality, producing more consumer goods, allowing greater cultural freedom, and pursuing peaceful coexistence with the West.

Legitimacy

The principle that rulers who have been driven from their thrones should be restored to power. For example, the Congress of Vienna restored the Bourbons to power in France.

Enclosure Movement

The process by which British landlords consolidated or fenced in common lands to increase the production of cash crops. Led to an increase in the size of farms held by large landowners.

Decolonization

The process by which former colonies gain their independence from the imperial European powers after WW2

new monarchs

The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority through large armies and centralized administrative bureaucracy

Big Science

The unprecedented combination of theoretical science and complex engineering under government sponsorship.

Scientific Method

The use of inductive logic and controlled experiments to discover regular patterns in nature. These patterns or natural laws can be described with mathematical formulas.

Sans-culottes

The working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics.

Treaty of Versailles

This created the League of Nations to discuss and settle disputes without resorting to war, and left a a legacy of bitterness between the victors and Germany

Peace of Utrecht (1713)

This ended Louis XIV's efforts to dominate Europe, allowed Philip V remained on Spanish throne, said that the crowns of Spain and France cannot be worn by the same monarch, Spanish Netherlands became Austrian Netherlands. Austria got Milan, Naples, and Sicily. England got Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Gibraltar and asiento (right to supply African slaves to Spanish America

Edict of Nantes 1598

This was issued by Henry IV of France and granted religious toleration to French Protestants, marked the first recognition by a European monarchy that two religions could co-exist in the same country. Revoked by Louis XIV 1685

Concert of Europe (Congress System)

This was the system set up by the Quadruple Alliance to meet periodically to talk about common issues. the effort to achieve consensus on foreign policy issues marks the first experiment in collective security

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Title of this work of art by Michelangelo, represents Renaissance goal of combining ancient Classical form with Christian subject matter

1918

WWI ends, Parliament granted suffrage to women over age of 30

railroads

Was built to connect England to easily transport raw materials, goods, and people. Was made possible through the invention of the Steam Engine and Britain's iron industry producing iron quickly. They stimulated industrial growth, reduced shipping costs, promoted leisure travel ,and created regional and national markets for goods both agricultural and industrial. "The Rocket" designed by Robert Stephenson in 1829 connected a Liverpool port and Manchester to easily export goods.

Women in the Soviet Union

Were granted maternity leave with full pay, urged to work outside the home and become professionals, divorce and abortion became easy access to them

Peace of Augsburg

What Peace of 1555 ended the civil war between Roman Catholics and Lutherans in the German states, gave each German prince the right to determine religion of his state (only Roman Catholic or Lutheran), failed to provide for the recognition of Calvinists or other religions?

-eventually produced half of the world's cotton and mined two thirds of the words coal -controlled one third of the worlds international trade -standard of living was raised because of better understanding of health and an increase of leisure time

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on Britain?

Dome of Florence Cathedral

What became a visible and celebrated symbol of Florence's piety, power, and ingenuity during Renaissance

Treaty of Versailles

What changed the map of Europe by returning Alsace Lorraine to France and dissolving Austria Hungary into separate states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

appointed catholics to influential positions of power

What did James II do as an effort to return England to catholicism

executed William Laud and passed laws limiting royal power

What did the Long Parliament do

"David": Florence Goliath: Milan hence, florence victory over milan

What does "David" symbolize and what does "Goliath" symbolize

Berlin Airlift, 1948

What is being described: -truman ordered airlift of food, fuel, and supplies to the poor/troubled citizens of berlin -this marked a successful test of the containment

Industrial Revolution

What led to an increasing middle class/bourgeoisie?

Napolean Bonaparte's Civil Code

What reasserted Old Regime's patriarchal system? This granted husbands extensive control over their wives so women needed husband's consent to dispose of their own property.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

What reformed the Catholic Church discipline and reaffirmed church doctrine, preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity, confirmed the 7 sacraments, forbade simony (selling of church offices), reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship, and forbade clerical marriage?

her armies defeated the Ottomans and gained control over the Crimean Peninsula and most of the northern shore of the Black Sea, annexed Polish territory in a a series of partitions that took place in 1772, 1793, 1795. the result of these partitions was that Poland disappeared as an independent nation

What territorial expansions were made in Russia during Catherine the Great's reign

Napoleonic Wars

What wars delayed industrial growth in Western Europe before 1815?

-industrial revolution brought newer and faster machines to make cloth -global demand for cotton was enormous -British entrepreneurs saw huge potential profit in the market

What were causes of the textile industry expanding?

John Kay's flying shuttle allowed a single weaver to work twice as fast, 1733 -James Hargreaves' spinning jenny allowed a single weaver to work 6-8 threads at a time, mid 1760's -Richard Arkwright's water frame used water power from streams to drive spinning machines, 1769 -Samuel Crompton's Mule combined the spinning jenny and water frame to create better thread, 1779 -Edmund Cartwright's power loon, 1785 -Eli Whitney's cotton gin allowed for seeds to be easily taken out, 1793

What were some inventions that grew the textile industry in the 18th century creating a shift from human and animal power to mechanized power?

-exposed workers to dangerous machines and deadly diseases -often had 14 hour work days - employed women and young children since it was cheap labor -workers had little to no health insurance

What were working conditions in early factories like?

After WWII; post war feminism

When did European feminists work for liberalized divorce laws, improved access to birth control, expansion of child care facilities

1648

When was the Peace of Westphalia signed?

northern and eastern germany, Denmark and Scandinavia

Where did Lutheranism become the dominant religion

John Calvin

Who established Geneva as a model Christian community

Christine de Pizan

Who wrote 'The City of Ladies' ? She is remembered as Europe's first feminist

Mary Wollstonecraft

Who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women? and argued that women werent naturally inferior to men; only appears like that because of lack of education

Baldassare Castiglione

Who wrote The Courtier in which they stated that the perfect court lady should be well educated and charming and that women were not expected to seek fame like men

Abbey Sieyes

Wrote the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?", which helped to motivate the beginnings of the French Revolution.

philosophes

a French group of thinkers and writers who espoused Enlightened ideas; formed "republic of letters"

Friedrich Engels (1820-1895)

a German born manager of a cotton business in Manchester and discussed his appalled attitude of the labor conditions in english factories in his book "The Condition of the Working Class in England" where he denounced the capitalist middle class for exploiting the middle class

Autocracy (absolue power)

a government in which the ruler has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner. The Romanov dynasty in Russia is the best example of this

Inquisition

a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy

Girodins

a moderate republican party during the French Revolution from 1791 to 1793. This Party favored a policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders

christian humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly. Lead by the Royal Society it rewarded inventors and entrepreneurs.

indulgence

a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, purchased from the Catholic Church

Jacobins

a radical republican party during the french revolution. Led by Maximilen de Robespierre, they unleashed the Reign of Terror. Other key leaders include Jean-Paul Marat, Georges-Jacques Danton, and Comte de Mirabeau. The Marquis de Lafayette was not a Jacobin.

Politiques

a small group of moderate Catholics and Huguenots who realized war brought destruction and that France would collapse if it continued. supported a strong monarchy and official recognition of Huguenots

caravel

a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries. had square sails for running before the wind and triangular sails for tacking into the wind

Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540)

a spiritual army that emphasized iron discipline and absolute obedience

putting-out system (cottage industry)

a system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes.

absolutism

a system of gov in which the ruler claims sole and incontestable power; these monarchs were not limited by constitutional restraints

Decembrist Revolt

abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

mercantilism

an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests

Keyensian Economics

an economic theory based on the ideas of 20th century British economist John Maynard Keynes. According to Keynesian economics, governments can spread their economies out of a depression by using deficit (short amount)-spending to encourage employment and stimulate economic growth.

Thomas Munzer (1489-1525)

anabaptist leader who advocated overthrow of existing political and social order

WWI

are these conditions of germany after WWI or WWII -german gov asked for peace w 14 Points -germany expected a postwar settlement -allies excluded germany from the peace negotiations -versailles treaty forced germany to give Alsace-Lorraine to france and the Polish Corridor was separated east prussia from the rest of germany -allies excluded germany from league of nations -france and britain demanded germany pay war reparations (renegotiated in Dawes Plan)

Marxists feminists

argued that capitalism and middle class women exploited women

Rosseau's "Social Contract"

argued that individuals entered a social contract with each other

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke

argued that individuals entered a social contract with their rulers

cavaliers

aristocrats, nobles, church officials who remained loyal to the king in England during English Civil War

Impressionism

art style that: -captured a moment in time -effects of light on color -depicted leisure activities of the Parisian bourgeoisie

Dada

artistic movement in which artists protested the madness of WWI and the absurdity of reason, challenged and denounced traditional art

First Partition of Poland (1772)

as Prussia's power grew so dramatically, Frederick the Great proposed that large chunks of Polish-Lituanian territory be divided among Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Tabula Rasa (John Locke)

at birth the human mind is a blank slate so all knowledge is derived from experience

deductive reasoning

begins by doubting all notions based on authority or custom. starts with a point that is confirmed to be true then uses logical reasoning to arrive at a conclusion

inductive method

begins with direct observation of a phenomena, then produces data that is recorded and observed, leads to hypothesis that is retested

Nationalism

belief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.

woodrow wilsons' advocation of self determination inspired demands for more independence so india and other nations expected political sovereignty in exchange foe help in WWI. result: the Great Powers didnt meet these expectations. they TIGHTENED control (instead of loosening) over their colonies (imperialism) and established a mandate system in the Middle east. british and french empires increased in size during the interwar period

between the world wars what did india and the middle east expect. what was the result

Quakers

broke from Church of England, rejected religious hierarchies and allowed women to preach at their meetings

Dutch Republic and Spain

by 1713 which 2 previously strongly prosperous countries declined due to France and England outshining them

Calvinism

by the end of the 17th century which religion dominated English population

rising cost of child rearing

caused a decline in the size of middle-class families in the nineteenth century

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

coined the idea of Social Darwinism. applied the concept of natural selection to human society. said that free economic competition was natural selection bc the best companies make money while inefficient ones go bankrupt.

same: wanted to rule a united country difference: Isabella was Roman Catholic under "one law, one king, one faith", forced Christians and Muslims to convert or leave, harmed Spain economy Elizabeth: cared more about her people's loyalty not religion, avoided civil wars, began golden cultural and economic prosperity

compare and contrast Isabella of Spain and Elizabeth I of England

Luther and Calvin agreed on most doctrines except Calvin believed in the elect must rule and Christianize the state while Luther said believed church should be subordinate to state

compare and contrast Martin Luther and John Calvin in theology and church and state relationships

-monarchs didn't have technological advancements or money that Stalin and Hitler had -monarchs didn't mobilize mass support, Hitler had Hitler Youth In Nazi Germany -monarchs commissioned art to create symbols of their power, dictators used propaganda

compare and contrast absolute monarchs and 20th century dictators

Vienna: allowed defeated france to participate Paris: refused to allow defeated germany or russia participate Vienna: established framework for future international relations based on periodic meetings aka congresses Paris: based framework for international relations based on League of Nations Vienna: restored a conservative order based on monarchial institutions and aristocracy Paris: birth of democratic order with elimination of monarchies Vienna: created balance of power that lasted for 50+yrs Paris: created a league of bitterness between the victors and defeated which led to WWII

compare and contrast congress of vienna and paris peace conference

enlightened: mechanical view, rejected faith and relied on scientific method as a rational approach to the relationship of humans and nature. deist view romantic: believed in loving, personal relation with God, stressed emotion, inner faith, and religious inspiration, embraced wonders of nature as a way to feel divine presence

compare and contrast enlightened thinkers and romantics view on religion

Louis Pasteur

conducted experiments that supported germ theory of disease, discovered heat destroys harmful bacteria, process of heating a liquid to kill the bacteria is pasteurization

Francisco Pizarro (1532-1533) Spain

conquered the Inca empire in peru

Michelangelo

created "David"; "David" pose recalls Greek and Rome with relaxed left leg and stiff right leg

Filippo Brunelleschi

created "The Dome of Florence Cathedral" by combining knowledge of building techniques and Roman engineering principles. Dome was 100ft high without any means of support

steam engine

created by James Watt in 1769 during the Industrial Revolution. It rapidly replaced water power in British textile factories and boosted iron production.

French Phase (1635-1648)

death of Gustavus Adolphus encourages France to help Protestants. French, Dutch, Swedish armies burn German farms and destroyed German commerce

People's Charter of 1838

demanded universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property requirements for membership in House of Commons

-despite Gorbachev's policy of perestroika giant centralized state monopolies still dominated russia economy -Yeltsin wanted to adopt new policies that would allow russia to have a market economy and a pluralistic (coexisting) political system -he implemented 'shock therapy' to free prices and privatize industry -shock theory didnt revive russia economy, it triggered inflation and corruption that allowed oligarchs to gain power -problems worsened with Chechnya (a republic in Moscow). muslims in chenchya wanted independence frommoscow leading to a costly civil war

describe Boris Yeltsin's (1991-1999) role in the reemergence of russia in the post cold war era

-US halted japanese advance with the Battle of Midway on June 1942 -america produced ships and warplanes -1943 americans began "island hopping" a campaign that rolled back the Japanese Pacific empire -1945 america reclaimed the Pacific and Philippines

describe WWII in asia 1942-1945

-1942 germany wnated to destroy Stalingrad and capture the Soviet Union's oil fields -german forces surrendered and soviet tanks forced hitler's army to retreat -US and britain liberated north africa and invaded italy -america, britain and canada invaded france -hitler faced war on two fronts -german empire shrank as Soviets invaded from the east and Allies invade from west -hitler committed suicide and germany surrendered

describe WWII in europe 1942-1945

-germany's pop, industry and military dramtically increased -1900 produced more steel than britain and france combined -Germany demanded a "place in the sun" as their power grew

describe germany's conditions before WWI and the new balance of power

-1957 soviet union used Sputnik, long range rockets as the first satellite, put a cosmonaut in orbit -feeling challenged, the US organized the Apollo Project to overtake the russians by putting a man on the moon -all done with big science

describe how Big Science and the space race were related

-after the collapse of communism all of eastern euro govs wanted to be in the EU bc they saw it as a source of economic prosperity and symbolize their return to europe -2004-2013 EU added 13 new countries

describe how the EU affected Eastern Europe

-after WWI euros nostalgically remembered 1880-1914 as the "beautiful period" -euros enjoyed peace, economic prosperity and technological progress

describe the "Belle Epoque"

Alfred Dreyfus was the first Jewish officer in the French general staff and was convicted 1894 of selling military secrets to Germans. Faced life imprisonment in south america. he was innocent but ani-semitists, catholics, monarchists, military officers stopped attempts to clear his name. Emile Zola wrote an article called "J'Accuse" aka I Accuse stating that military judges knowingly let the guilty go and Dreyfus remained in prison. dreyfus was exonerated (clear of blame) in 1906. the consequences of the affair was that it created a nationwide outbreak of emotion that deepened political divisions and exposed anti semitisim. it played a key role in Theodor Herzl's "The jewish State" calling for a national homeland for the Jewish ppl

describe the Dreyfus Affair

-American women Lucretia Mott and Susan B Anthony launched women suffrage campaign 1848 Seneca Falls Convention -British women argued that womens rights was the key to correct legal and economic discrimination -led by Millicient Garrett Fawcett the (NUWSS) National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies attempted to pressure Parliament to grant female suffrage -Parliament refused and infuriated Emmeline Pankhurst founded the (WSPU) Women's Social and Political Union 1903 -WSPU became euro's dominant organization for womens rights -WSPU had peaceful demonstrations, cut phone wires, heckled gov speakers, chained themselves to gates in front of Parliament -women suffrage movement gained wide attention but w little successes 1900 no euro country allowed women to vote

describe the Women's Suffrage Movement

-20th and 21st century see revolutionary changes that are ushering a new Information Age -television in 1950s-60s birthed the age of globally shared info and images -tv influences public attitude -computer is an example of how tech and science combo is reshaping life -1980s-90s personal computers changed pace of work and leisure

describe the causes and effect of the Information age

-1990s computer advances pushed a digital rev around the internet and phones -2010 internet globally used for shopping and connecting friends , social media -age of DISCOVERY IN 16TH CENTURY witnessed globalization and the digital age is accelerating it -today, labor, capital, ideas, goods and services are connected through the internet

describe the causes and effects of the Digital World

-"white" armies attempted to overthrow bolsheviks -Led by Leon Trotsky, Bolsheviks responded with a Red Army -civil war between red and white 1918-1920 -divided and poor whites lost to organized red army

describe the civil war of the bolsheviks in 1918

-Gorbachev was unable to control his reforms -collapse of communist regimes in eastern europe inspired groups in the soviet union -glasnost loosened controls and allowed ethnic protests to spread in the soviet union -communists tried to preserve the soviet union by trying to overthrow Gorbachev with military coup -"die hard" communists believed a show of force would ensure obedience but they were wrong -under Gorbachev's reforms ppl lost their fear of the communist party and were willing to defend their freedom -Boris Yeltsin president of russian republic led the russian ppl to thwart the coup -dec 25 1991 Gorbachev announced his resignation as president -soviet union dissolved into 15 separate republics

describe the collapse of the soviet union

-end of 19th century women lived longer w fewer kids -educated middle class women had more independence -middle class "New women" were guardians in the home AND activists to improve communities -"new woman" didnt wear corset, dressed lighter and showed more skin -utilized physical freedom by playing sports -"new women" were role models to later feminist movement

describe the concept of the "new woman"

cavour understood that austria was the obstacle to italian unity so he formed an alliance with napoleon III to drive austrians out of italy

describe the franco-piedmont alliance

-most of balkan pop spoke the same slavic language -embrace of Pan-Slavism (a nationalist movement to unite all Slavs)

describe the inhabitants of the balkans preceding WWI

-law codes gave women few rights -women couldnt sue or make contracts -1880s laws legalized divorce in britain and france -1900 no euro country allowed women to vote

describe the legal restrictions women faced in the ind rev 19th century

-1991 leaders of EEC met in Maastricht (a Dutch city) -adopted the maastricht treaty and changed the name of EEC to EU -treaty committed the member nations to common production standards, uniform tax rates, one european currency, common EU citizenship

describe the maastricht union and the formation of the EU

-worldwide industrial production tripled 1870-1914 -Britain, Germany, USA dominated world economy -britain's growth rate of industrial power slowed -germany and USA emerged as new industrial leads -Germany's emergence as a great industrial power altered the balance of power in europe and threatened british political and economic leadership

describe the new industrial powers of the second ind rev 1870-1914

-after WWII Jean Monnet and Robert Schumann wanted economic cooperation as a way to end the destructive rivalry between france and germany -Monnet and Schumann created ECSC -ECSC created a tariff free zone in coal and steel among France and Germany and other 4 countries that contained the most steel and coal resources in europe -ECSC was first step in "federation of europe" -success of ECSC led to treaty of rome which created the EEC aka Common Market -EEC encouraged free movement of products by eliminating tariffs on goods -EEC was successful, 1950s-1960s the six member nations had economic miracles -success prompted britain, denmark and ireland to join in 1973 -1980s other countries applied to be in the EEC -EEC established free markets, democratic policies, human rights -1995 EEC had 15 nations

describe the origin of the European Union (EU)

-russia was humiliated in the russo-japanese war -russia was exposed fro being weak led to unrest -Jan 22, 1905 Cossacks opened fire on peaceful workers outside Winter Palace in St. Petersburg aka Bloody Sunday massacre led to strikes and demands for change -Nicholas II reluctantly approved election of russian parliament aka Duma -Nicholas II said Duma should be advisory instead of a legislative body

describe the rev of 1905 and its consequences (russia)

-japan modernized their economy w strong army 1870-1900 -japan imperialized Manchuria, China 1890s which was a mineral rich province -russias were threatened bc they wanted that province -1904 conflict exploded to russo-japanese war -japanese easily crushed russians and Manchuria was a part of japanese influence

describe the russo-japanese war 1904

-gap between YELTSIN'S economic promises and actual actions caused public disillusionment -1999 YELTSIN resigned -VLADIMIR PUTIN WAS ELECTED and made policies that maintained free markets, strengthened the power of the central gov and limited media critics -russian economy and middle class expanded due to high oil prices -putin wanted a strong image in domestic and international affairs -forcefully supressed the independence movementin Chechnya -reestablished russian control over crimean peninsula -his forceful policies symbolize russian reemergence -revived authoritative gov

describe vladimir putin's (2000-present) role in the reemergence of russia

-as more women became activists they focused on variety of issues -west german women played a key role in the formation of the green party -led by Petra Kelly, green movement fought to protect the environment and defend human rights and equality

describe women and the Green Movement

no; she was not ready to risk a radical reform like freeing the serfs because she relied on the nobility

did catherine the great have any radical reforms

censored press and suppressed all political opposition

did napoleon censor press or embrace it?

roundheads

did roundheads or cavaliers favor Parliamentary monarchy and a presbyterian church governed by "Presbyters" or elders

no carbonari did not have a successful rev and young italy failed to rally support for a republic

did the Carbonari and Giuseppe Mazzini/Young Italy succeed in their hope for Italian unification in 1850

cavaliers

did the cavaliers or purtians favor a strong monarchy and Anglican church governed by bishops

No

did the diplomatic rev alter the basic rivalries of england and france, austria and prussia

no, they rejected it. england became a consitutional monarchy controlled by aristocratic oligarchy

did the english accept the idea of divine right of kings? what was the result?

No, women were excluded from guilds and denied basic civil rights. expected to tirelessly labor, provide for families at home, raise kids

did the majority of Renaissance women experience better standards of living/ less restrictions

no; women couldn't conduct legal transactions on their own

did the protestant reformation challenge womeb's subordinate position

-Cavour knew Piedmont-Sardinia had a weak military and compensated for it by manipulating france into using its military for him. Bismarck had a strong Prussian military -cavour didn't have access to strong economic resources. Bismark used the economic wealth created by Zollverein and Pussia's industrial power

differences between Cavour and Bismarck

Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)

discovered Caribbean Islands that were a part of the New World

Pedro Cabral

discovered and claimed Brazil for Portugal while sailing to India. went home to portugal with spices

WWII

do these describe germany's conditions after WWI or WWII -allies demanded and got germanys surrender -US, britain, and soviet union agreed to disarm germany and divide it into 4 zones -poland gained lands in east prussia -cold war led to separation of germany : east germany and west germany -west germany a part of NATO -east germany a part of warsaw pact -marshall plan helped better western germany economy -west germany had a strong industry opposed to weak east germany

Calvinism; but there was also religious toleration which promoted commerce

dominant religion in Dutch provinces

After WWII

during which post war period did women earlier and had fewer children and employment rates for married women dramatically increase

futurism

early 20th century Italian art movement that emphasized machines as art. F.T. Marinetti challenged artists to demonstrate "courage, audacity, revolt" by glorifying war, patriotism and beauty of speed

The Ursuline Order of Nuns 1535, founded by Angela Merici

established an order in which young girls received religious education and combatted heresy in France

bismarck PROVOKED france into war then successfully invaded france and forced napoleon III to surrender

explain Prussia's war with France in 1870

-accused darwin of contradicting the bible that states that humankind is unique creation of God -accused that he limited God's glory -undermined the Enlightenment belief that humans live in a predictable world bc theory of evolution suggests that aggresssive ppl constantly struggled with each other

explain the controversy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution

tories

felt strong loyalty to monarch and supported James's right to the throne

Guest Workers

foreign workers working temporarily in European countries

Benjamin Disraeli

forged the Tories into the modern Conservative Party

Emmeline Pankhurst

founded the Women's Social and Political Union

physiocrats

french economic reformers who were the first to question mercantilist principles

Jacques-Louis David, "Oath of the Horatii", 1784, has an event in Roman history to discuss virtue of honor and self sacrifice Jean Antoine Houdon, "Voltaire Seated", Voltaire dressed in classical robes to emphasize his wisdom and republican virtues Thomas Jefferson, "Monticello" uses a dome and symmetrical portico to create new republican architecture

give 3 examples of neo classical art

Peter visited Western Europe and opened him to new ideas, crops, tech. Frederick invited Voltaire to live in Prussia and his enlightened despotism opened Prussia to religious tolerance, scientific ag, new code of laws

give an example of how Peter the Great and Frederick the Great used western culture in their countries

Peter's victory over Sweden allowed Russia to gain the warm water outlets and become the leading Baltic power. Frederick's victory over Austria allowed Prussia to gain Silesia and become a leading German power

give an example of how Peter the Great and frederick the great used war to gain land

Concordat of 1801

granted the Catholic Church special status as the religion of "majority of Frenchmen". the pope regained the right to confirm church leaders appointed by the french gov, despose french bishops, reopen religious seminaries The pope recognized the french gov and accepted the loss of church property that was confiscated during the french rev

Charles "Turnip" Townsend (1674-1738)

he advocated continuous crop rotation using turnips, barley, clover

Henry VII

he extended royal authority into local shires, encouraged wool industry and expanded English merchant marine

Henry VIII (1509-1547)

he was declared supreme head of the church , severed England's ties with Catholic Church, dissolved monasteries and took their land and wealth

his carriage was bombed by a nihilist in the "People's Will" on March 13, 1881 and it triggered a major suppression in civil liberties and ended hope for peaceful reforms

how and when did alexander II die and what did it cause

It was a Protestant nation without an absolute ruler; artists in Madrid and Rome focused on glorifying the Catholic Church and monarchs , done with commissions from Church and royal officials. Dutch painted themselves, families, possessions, their land. painted individual and group portraits and scenes of everyday life.

how and why was the art style different in Dutch provinces than in Madrid and Rome

brezhnev called on the warsaw pact countries to invade czechoslovakia and remove Dubcek from power

how did Brezhnev react to Dubcek's reforms

making state bureaucracies that were reforming local govs run more efficient and promoted economic growth

how did Catherine the Great attempt to strengthen Russia

rulers reaffirmed their power over Austria, Bohemia, Hungary. treaty of utrecht gave them control of Naples, Sardinia, Milan and Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands

how did Habsburg rulers react to defeats after thirty years war and war of spanish succession

repeatedly sent french armies to netherlands. each time, they were stopped by a coalition of the Dutch republic

how did Louis XIV attempt to extend french boundaries to the rhine river? what was the result?

he restored order, stimulated prosperity, defeated the Second Coalition; thankful voters supported his rule. napoleon used the democratic process to destroy democracy

how did Napoleon gain popularity and what was the result

germans who first welcomed the french as liberators now felt that they were being exploited by foreign invaders. sparked german nationalism and fueled resistance to his rule

how did Napoleon unintentionally accelerate the cause of German unification

sent 20,000 additional troops; led by Duke of Alva the Spaniards levied new taxes and sentenced thousands to death

how did Philip II respond to riots on Spanish authorities after imposing the Inquisition

imposing the Inquisition and having troops support it

how did Philip II threaten traditional liberties

it posed a challenge to how artists tradtionally portrayed ppl and places. artists responded with modern styles. bourgeoisie provided most of the patronage for modern artists

how did artists respond to inventions of camera and cinema

created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. austria and hungary became independent states under one habsburg ruler and a common foreign policy

how did austria satisfy magyars' demands in 1867

impatient and scared italians wanted a powerful leader and mussolini promised to revive Italy's economy and rebuild its army as a leader of the fascist party. marched to rome and King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini prime minister.

how did benito mussolini rise to power

claimed that the soviet union and its allies had the right to intervene in domestic affairs of other communist countries. This declaration became known as the brezhnev Doctrine

how did brezhnev justify his actions regarding Dubcek's reforms

-britain abandoned "splendid isolation" (avoiding alliances) -1904 britain had series of agreements w france called the ENTENTE CORDIALE -w french support, the british made a similar agreement w russia thus forming the TRIPLE ENTENTE

how did britain react to germany's growing naval power

believed d-stal. posed a threat to the communist party's dictatorial powers and special privileges

how did conservative leaders react to Nikita Khrushchev's de-stalinization

-raised hopes for more freedom -strikes and protests swept across east germany, czechoslovakia, poland, hungary

how did de-Stalinization affect eastern europe

made their land "stronger" by turning their scattered land into compact fields enclosed by fences and hedges

how did english landowners change their farm lands in the 18th century

enlightened: used scientific method to understand nature and saw nature as a well ordered machine romantic: contemplated the beauty of nature, inspired by rivers, storms, and mountains and other natural wonders that were a source of inspiration that brought feelings of awe and wonder

how did enlightened thinkers look at nature vs romantics

it gained portions of alsace and lorraine and emerged as the strongest power in europe

how did france come out of the peace of westphalia

-unlike britain, france resisted it -tried to reassert its control over IndoChina -resistance movement led by Ho Chi Minh declared independence after defeating french forces at Battle of Dien Bien Phu -in algeria war broke out between france and algerian nationalists and after a struggle, French president Charles de Gaulle accepted Algerian self determination -algeria became independent 1962

how did france feel about decolonization and what happened as a result

he knew he couldnt beat them so after his defeat in the Battle of Britain Hitler broke his pact with Stalin and unleashed a massive invasion of russia ; germany now ruled from the english channel to moscow

how did hitler respond to britains RAF

-laws banned all political parties except nazis -Gestapo aka secret police arrested anyone who opposed nazi rule -gov supervised labor and businesses -laws banned strikes and independent labor unions -controlled the media and glorified hitler leadership "triumph of the will"

how did hitler turn germany into a totalitarian state

-japan ignored it and said "unworthy of public notice" -Truman authorized the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki -truman wanted to shock japan into surrender not have a bloody invasion -atomic bomb devastated Hiroshima and nagasaki -japan surrendered September 2, 1945

how did japan respond to the Potsdam declaration and what happened as a result

allowed their work to be spread farther and faster, made it harder for authority to suppress their views

how did johannes gutenburg's printing press benefit humanists

-believed it limited france's foreign policy -wanted a foriegn policy that would weaken the concert of europe and win international glory

how did louis napoleon feel about the Concert of Europe

he resigned and fled to england

how did metternich respond to the revolutionary fever from Paris to Vienna

serfs were conscripted into russian army, forced to build st. petersburg, worked in mines and factories

how did peter the great's reforms affect serfs

-1989 they rejected the communist party -they elected solidarity candidates -marks the first time the people of a nation peacefully turned a communist regime out of power

how did poland respond to the soviet union and communist party? what did this mark

scientists were sponsored by monarchs and gov and organized societies to promote research and spread knowledge. EX: 1660 England Royal Society

how did scientific information spread during the sci. rev

englands power increased and english could now develop overseas trade and colonize North America

how did spains decline of power affect england

they were alarmed and sent Catholics to kill thousands of Huguenots who were gathered in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Margaret of valois and Huegenot leader Henry of Navarre

how did the French King Charles IX and his mother Catherine Medici react to the rise of Huguenots

they executed Robespierre because they were afraid for their lives and yearned for stability

how did the National COnvention reassert their dominance and why

left it divided into 300 independent states

how did the Thirty Years War affect the HRE

began badly for poor equipped French armies, Austrian and Prussian army were advancing towards Paris

how did the War of the First Coalition begin for France, Austria and Prussia?

devastated it

how did the civil war in France between Huguenots and Catholics affect commerce and agriculture

italy: piedmont-sardinia hoped to find allies for italian unification russia: their humiliating defeat forced alexander II to launch ambitious reforms austria: isolated from russia and prussia (its traditional allies) and exposed austria to italy and german nationalism

how did the crimean war affect italy, russia, and austria

he achieved his goal of breaking the alliance between russia and austria whose alliance had restricted france from gaining power since 1815, he emerged as a leading figure and played a greater role in italy

how did the crimean war affect napoleon III

forced them to move to cities and work in factories

how did the enclosure movement affect poor rural ppl

the Royal Society exchanged scientific ideas, British society encouraged and rewarded inventors and entrepreneurs

how did the enlightenment affect british lead in the 19th century ind rev

-fear replaced optimism -uncertainty for millions of unemployed workers -prompted gov intervention in economy -opportunites for dictators to exploit ppl's fear

how did the great depression affect europe

provided more consumer products, better medical care, new leisure activities

how did the industrial rev improve the standard of living

from western europe to eastern europe

how did the industrial rev spread geographically

through a Council of the Indies in Spain, viceroys in Mexico City and Peru

how did the king of spain govern his american empire

like today's internet, it promoted freedom of expression, spread info far and wide, challenged authority's power to crush opposing views, allowed monarchs to quickly spread their royal decrees

how did the printing press alter European culture between 1450-1600

Hitler and Mussolini sent men and materials to support the nationalists (Franco), russians countered by supporting the republicans aka Loyalists

how did the spanish civil war escalate to an international war

formation of professional armies, size of national armies increased dramatically requiring more complex bureaucracies and increase in taxes to fund military

how did the thirty years war affect military

-supported itself by printing more money -one dollar = 4 trillion German marks 1923 inflation destroyed the savings and incomes of the german middle class -middle class felt betrayed by their gov and they would later listen to nazi propoganda

how did the weimar republic deal with inflation

serving as nurses and medics; "Night Witches" served as combat pilots

how did women directly contribute to war effort in WWII

-women left their wartime jobs and went back to staying at home - late 1940s birthrates rose aka "baby boom" -1950s birth rates decline -women married earlier and joined the workforce -europes post war economy increased demand for labor and created white collared opportunities for women in gov, education, healthcare

how did womens lives change after WWII

Classical: nude Non classic: defiantly faces Goliath and muscular body tenses as he gathers strength for battle

how does "David" follow classical ways and how does it not

7

how many sacraments did the Catholic Church preach

firm believer in divine right of kings, always needed money, opposed Puritans and supported Anglican Church

how was James I and Charles I (father and son) similar

quickly took command of new gov, held all power, made all the decisions

how was Napoleon as first consul

rationalized european imperialism, racism, militarism and influenced the Nazis about inferior and superior races

how was social darwinism applied to race

divided between Protestants and Catholics

how was the HRE divided after the Reformation

it embraced large number of ethnicities who were unified by their Catholic faith and loyalty to Habs dynasty

how was the Habsburg empire made up

members of the same group sat together, there were separate sections. political terms right, center, left came from Legis. Assem. seating arrangement

how was the Legislative Assembly arranged during meetings

similar: studied classical sources difference: wanted to give humanism Christian aspect by combining classic ideals (calm and patience) with Christian virtues (piety, humility, love)

how were christian humanists similar and diiferent to italian humanists?

diverse, geographically separated, had no natural boundaries, few resources, small population

how were the Hohenzollern territories organized

Napoleonic Code (1804)

hundreds of local law codes in one uniform Law code for France. Purpose was to reform French legal caudate reflect principles of French Revolution. Equality of citizens before law and abolition of serfdom and feudalism. Sadly, any gains made by women previously were lost because of the Napoleonic code. increased authority of husbands

divine right of kings

idea that rulers receive their authority from God and only answer to God.

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

identified the bacteria responsible for specific diseases, identified the tuberculosis bacteria

italy

in 1400s students from northern europe went to _____ for "new learning" and learn new style of painting

Eli Whitney

in 1793, invented the cotton gin, which sped up the previously time-consuming job of separating cotton fibers from cotton seeds

Alexander Dubcek

in czechoslovakia a communist leader initiated a program of democratic reform saying he wanted to create "socialism with a human race"

Rising standards of living

in the 19th century what allowed men and women to marry at a younger age

Anabaptist

in the Reformation, a member of a Protestant group that believed in baptizing only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian and believed in the separation of church and state

repressive monarchs; as a result, Metternich sent austrian forces to defeat the rebels

in the uprising of italy (result of congress of vienna) who sparked rebellions in Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont? what was the result

demands for a more representative gov. as a result, with the consent of other great powers the french forces intervened and allowed Ferdinand to regain absolute power

in the uprising of spain (result of congress of vienna) what did the repressive policies of the restored Spain Bourbon king Ferdinand VII provoke demands for? what was the result

Guernica, Pablo Picasso

in what painting is the bombing of the defenseless village of Guernica in the spanish Civil War depicted

petite bourgeoisie

included shopkeepers, skilled artisans, professional men, and the clergy in the ind rev

haute bourgeoisie

included wealthy bankers, merchants, and industrialists during the ind rev

Tenebrism/Chiaroscuro

intense contrast of light and dark in baroque art

Christian Democratic Parties

interested in democracy and economic reforms and helped achieve Europe's economic restoration

Jethro Tull (1674-1741)

invented seed drill that allowed for sowing crops in a straight row

Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917: upside urinal titled fountain Jean Arp "collage arranged according to the laws of chance": dropped torn paper on the floor and arranged how it fell

key Dada artists

Giorgio de Chirico, The Song Of Love: head, ball, building in a combination of images Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory: time loses all meaning as scene combines watches, dead tree, ants, one alive fly

key artists of surrealism

James Joyce, Ulysses :and stream of consciousness Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past: young boys journey through life T.S. Eliot, The Love song of alfred Prufrock: monologue of a man overwhelmed with irritation and regret

key authors of 20th century literature

Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913: rejects the foolish imitation of greek, roman and renaissance formulas Gino Severni "Armored Train in Action" : glorifies modern tech, war and speed

key futurism artists

Jean Paul Sarte "Being and Nothingness" : there is no Creator and humans are free Albert Camus "The Stranger" : humans live in a purposeless world

key thinkers of existentialism

1918; by the end of WWII women had the right to vite in every country except Switzerland (they got the right to vote 1980)

led by Emmeline Pankhurst and Millicent Garrett Fawcett British women got the right to vote in..

Austria and Prussia

led by the Habsburgs and Hohenzollerns ____ and ____ emerged as the leading German states

James Hargreaves

mid 1760s James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny that made it possible for a single weaver to work 6-8 threads at a time

Isabella d'Este

most famous renaissance woman; her life illustrates that being a patron of the arts was the most socially acceptable role for a well-educated renaissance woman

adam smith (1723-1790)

most influential advocate of laissez faire economics

Older widowed women

most often accused of practicing witchcraft

Louis XIV (1643-1715)

most powerful French monarch, no Parliament co-rule, "i am the state"

Gustave Corbert "Burial at Ornans" Honore Daumier "The Third Class Carriage" jean Francois Millet "the Gleaners"

name 3 realist artists

Alexander Solzhenitsyn "one day in the life of ivan denisovich": described the horrors of life in a stalin concentration camp Boris Pasternak "Zhivago": described the limits of de-Stalinization. celebrated the human spirit and challenged communism principles.

name two novels that were published as a result of de-stalinization

pietism

new religious movement that stressed faith, emotion, and "religion of the heart"

Desiderius Erasmus

northern humanist who wrote "Praise of Folly". Wrote in Latin while other humanists wrote in vernacular. Wanted to reform the Catholic Church not destroy it

Jan van Eyck

northern ren. Flemish painter who focused on landscapes and everyday life. "Ghent Altarpiece" and "Arnolfini Wedding"

Napoleon Bonaparte

on Nov 9, 1799 who overthrew the Directory and seized power

Anabaptists

opposed infant baptism, advocated adult baptism and complete separation of church and state, rejected secular agreements like public offices, taxes, military

School of Athens

painting by Raphael; depicts gathering of philosophers from different eras. figures move freely in perspective oriented 3D space. has Renaissance ideals of order, unity, symmetry

Act of Supremacy (1534)

passed by Parliament and declared that English king is the supreme head of the church; occured when Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon but pope said no because catherine's nephew was HRE Charles V whose controlled Rome

Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)

pioneered new methods of animal breeding that produced more and better animals and more milk and meat; selective breeding of livestock

"nobility of the sword"

placed the biggest threat on royal power, was based on inherited privileges and military service

Marxism

political and economic philosophy of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They believed that history is the result of the industrial proletariat (working class) over the bourgeoisie, new classless society would abolish private property

Liberalism

political philosophy that in the 19th century advocated representative government dominated by the propertied classes, minimal government interference in the economy, religious toleration, and civil liberties such as freedom of speech

Conservatism

political philosophy that in the 19th century supported legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches. Conservatives favored gradual change in the established social order

Bolsheviks

proclaimed equality for rights women

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

promoted sterile surgery, introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and wounds

Industrial Revolution

refers to the process by which economic production shifted from hand tools to use of power machinery, first fueled by coal and steam

aristocratic women

renaissance humanism allowed real advances for who by allowing them to have similar humanistic education to boys

John Constable

romantic artist of "The Hay Wain"

Eugene Delacroix

romantic artist who painted Liberty Leading the People

Friedrich von Schiller

romantic author of "Ode to Joy"

Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm

romantic authors of "Grimm's Fairy Tales"

Richard Wagner (1813-1883)

romantic composer of "the Ring of the Nibelung"

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

said humans grow geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically and that humans would outstrip food production and that famine and misery was inevitable

Star Chamber (created by Henry VII of England)

secret trials held in secret to attempt eliminating private armies, wanted to terminate the exemplified power of the nobility

Elizabeth I (1558-1603)

she was a politique who placed political necessities above her own beliefs. found a middle course between Catholics and Protestants

-both masters of Realpolitik. for ex: cavour participated in crimean war to gain support for italian unification and bismarck used Ems Dispatch to provoke a war w france -both opportunists. for ex: cavour wanted to enlarge Piedmont-Sardinia and ended up creating the Kingdom of Italy. Bismarck began wanting a strong Prussia and ended up creating a German Reich (empire)

similarities between Bismarck and Cavour

whigs

suspicious of Catholics (James was Roman Catholic) and wanted to lawfully exclude James from throne

factory system

system bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency, eventually replaced the putting-out system and cottage industry. It create two social classes, the proletariat (working class) and the middle class(bourgeoisie)

mandate

territory administered by on behalf of the League of Nations

Paris Commune of 1871

the Franco Prussian war led to the ppl of Paris rejecting the new conservative gov so radicals formed a revolutionary council known as

Commercial Revolution

the causes for _______ were new ocean trade routes, growth of population, price revolution, new nation centered economic system

Carlsbad Decrees

the decrees major German states passed that dissolved the student associations, censored books and newspapers, used secret police to harass those who objected

Pugachev Rebellion 1773-1775

the event in which Emelian Pugachev led an uprising of serfs along the Volga River. This ended when Pugachev was captured and killed.

Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

the event where Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots who were gathered in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Margaret of valois and Huegenot leader Henry of Navarre

Directory (1795-1799)

the gov consisted of a 2 house legislature and an executive body of 5 men

Victory at Austerlitz

the greatest French victory during the Napoleonic era in which both Austria and Prussia are defeated

vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

asiento

the lucrative right to supply African slaves to Spanish America

Madame Geoffrin

the most influential salon hostess

Containment

the name of a U.S. foreign policy designed to contain or block the spread of Soviet Union. Inspired by George D. Kennan, it was expressed in the Truman doctrine and implemented in the Marshall Plan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance.

Détente

the relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. It was introduced by the Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and President Richard Nixon. Examples of it include the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), expanded trade with the Soviet Union, and President Nixon's trips to China and Russia.

Age of Discovery (Age of Exploration) 1500-1700

the search of gold, silver, spices, sparked global diffusion of agricultural products, animals, diseases, and humans

domestic or putting-out system

the system created when strict guild regulations slowed production so entrepreneurs provided cloth, loom, and equipment to rural families

Globalization

the trend by which peoples and nations have become more independent. The term is often used to refer to the development of a global economy and culture

Crimean War 1853-1856

these were the causes of which war: -conflict over control of the holy places in Turkish ruled Jerusalem brought France (catholic side) and russia (orthodox clergy side) into a diplomatic controversy with Turkey in the middle -Tsar Nicholas I saw a chance to dominate Turkey and secure entrance to the Mediterranean through the Turkish Straits -austria was threatened by russia's expansions into the balkans -france and britain opposed change to the regionl balance of power

Ferdinand and Isabella

they completed the Reconquista by conquering Granada and incorporating it in Spanish kingdom

1618-1648

thirty Years War dates

roundheads

this English group included Puritans, townspeople, middle class businessmen, ppl from Presbyterian London

"Spirit of the Laws" Montesquieu

this book represented an attempt to create a "social science" by applying the methods of natural sciences to the study of gov

encyclopedia

this book spread enlightened thinking across Europe and North America and opposed established authority by including articles about politics and religion

Peace of Westphalia 1648

this established the modern system of diplomatic relations among mutually recognized sovereign states

"crush the infamous thing" (ecracez l'infame) Voltaire

this exclamation reminded readers to fight against the enemies of reason: Bigotry, ignorance, religious intolerance

The Seven Years War 1756-1763

this is the conflict fought in Europe and its overseas colonies; aka the French and Indian War. In colonies: British defeated France and gained Quebec, British got control of major French sugar islands in West Indies, British gained control of French trading posts in India War on Continent: anti Prussian alliance had victories and threatened to crush Prussia, Prussia was saved from defeat when Peter III (russian tsar) dropped out of the war

"Elizabethan Settlement" (1559)

this restored the Church of England aka Anglican Church, allowed priests to marry and conduct sermons in English, had bishops who conducted formal traditional services

two or three field system of crop rotation

this system was intended to restore exhausted soil. it meant that one-third to one-half of the land was allowed to lie fallow (plowed but left unsown to restore its fertility) on any given year

St. Petersburg

this was created by Peter the Great in 1703, named after his patron saint, "a window for Russia to look out at Europe", symbolic of Peter's more powerful Russia

Frederick William I (1713-1740)

under whose rule did military priorities dominate all aspects of Prussian life, officers became Prussia's most prestigious class, "Prussia is not a state that has an army but an army that has a state"

Charles Fourier, Louis Blanc, Robert Owen

utopian socialists; advocated social and economic planning to create cooperative societies instead of competitive ones; all failed

Denis Diderot "Encyclopedia"

wanted to bring together all of the current and enlightened ideas about math, science, gov, tech, art. "all things must be examined without exception and without regards for anyones feelings"

religious revolutionary and political conservative

was Martin Luther a revolutionary or conservative

no, he was elected by Polish nobles who restricted his power

was Poland's king an effective and powerful ruler in the 1600?

deeply divided

was spain united or divided

english; 2 consequences were tax burden was more distributed/not pushed on peasants and gentry in House of Commons demanded national expenditures

was the english or french gentry willing to pay taxes? What were the consequences?

yes ; few married women worked outside the home

were most working women in the 19th century single?

no; each of the seven Dutch provinces was politically independent

were the Dutch ruled by an absolute ruler

liberalism

what -ism believed in these principles -gov must protect natural rights -supported civil liberties

Nationalism

what -ism believed in these principles -believed a nation should be ppl of the same traditions, history and language -said every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a nationality -a person's greatest loyalty is to the state -stirred powerful forces for change

conservatism

what -ism followed these principles: -believed that national, historic, and religious traditions are essential foundation to society -said change should be gradual -appealed to ppl who were frightened by the social disorder and violence of the french rev

Jacobins and Girondins

what 2 groups of radicals sat on the left at the Legislative Assembly

-Louis XV (reign 1715-1774) was a weak and indecisive ruler -Louis XVI (reign 1774-1792) and his Austrian wife Marie Antionette were unpopular -Parlement (high court in Paris) assumed the right to approve or disapprove the king's decrees, eroding royal power

what 3 royal weaknesses accelerated the french rev

achieved: industrialization, victory in WWII, expansion into eastern euro, transformed the Soviet Union into a nuclear superpower consequences: achievements came with mass killings, creation of a vast prison system aka Gulag, establishment of a totalitarian state

what achievements did Stalin have and what were the consequences

Civil Constitution of the Clergy, August 1790

what act passed by the National Assembly did this: -confiscated the lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church -decreed that bishops and priests would be elected and paid by the state -required the clergy to take a loyalty oath to support the new gov

-1887 william II forced bismarck to resign bc he wanted to rule alone -william II let prussia's friendship treaty w russia weaken -challenged british navy by embarking on expensive naval expansion that poisoned relations between both countries

what aggressive policies did Kaiser William II do and why

marshall plan aid and economic collaboration

what allowed europe to enter economic growth after WWII

-europes baby bust led to labor shortage -collapse of colonial system created vast pools of unskilled workers -1960s and 1970s manual workers from former British, dutch, french, portuguese colonies entered euro as guest workers -stayed w their families in the host countries

what are guest workers and what "created" them

new monarchs strengthened royal power and created foundation for modern states. by 1600 France, England, Spain were more sovereign than feudal.

what are key features of new monarchies in France, England, Spain in 1450-1550

-reemergnce of russia as a great power -economic unity of europe into the EU -women life betterment caused by movement for gender equality -demographic changes caused by the european baby bust and mass immigration of ppl in europe -impact of revolutionary and digital tech

what are the 5 key trends in the new today era aka Post cold war era

communism and fascism

what are the two types of totalitarianism

absolute monarchs

what are these characteristics of: -express the sovereignty of a country -not subordinate to national assembly -must control nobility -must control Roman Catholic Church -must command a large standing army

-tsarist russia ruled by alexander II whose autocrat will was law -aristocracy owned most of the land and exempt from taxes -small middle class; 95% were peasants/serfs

what are three characteristics of russia in 1850s

-europes post war baby boom turned into baby bust as birth rates declined -demographic impact most seen in germany. if present trends continue pop will shrink from 82 million to 62 million in 2050 -long term consequences: pop will decline and there will be more elderly ppl so health care price will increase, shrinking labor force will have to support the rising social security taxes

what are/will be the effects of the baby bust

Baroque (1600-1750)

what art style focused on dramatic moments and intense emotion, portrayed everyday people. buildings of this style were grandiose and ornately decorated

rococo

what art style is described: -artists depicted lighthearted and frivolous scenes of "nobles at play" -light colored pastels -architecture has highly decorated interior ceilings

Neoclasscial Art

what art style is described: -key figures were classical heroes -portrayed self sacrifice and devotion to the state -emphasized Greek ideals of restraint, simplicity and symmetry

Rococo

what art style reached its peak of popularity during the reign of Louis XV (1715-1774)

Neoclassical Art

what art style superceded Rococo during the 1780s

Baroque

what art styles are these : "Ecstasy of Saint Theresa" Gian Lorenzo Bernini, "The Calling of Saint Matthew" Michelangelo de Caravaggio, "Judith Slaying Holofernes" Artemisia Gentileschi

questioned: institutional religious beliefs because they caused superstition, intolerance advocate: full religious toleration

what aspects of religion did philophes question and what did they advocate?

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

what battle combined Spanish Venetian fleets that defeated the Turkish navy at Lepanto off the coast of Greece

The Legislative Assembly declared war against Austria and Prussia in April 1792

what began the War of the First Coalition

Wealth of Nations (Adam Smith)

what book are these principles from: -gov should not interfere in economics -free markets allow a self regulating economic system -tariffs should be abolished bc they hinder free trade -self interest pushes the economy -invisible hand of competition

All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque

what book was written by a German veteran of WWI who vividly described the slaughter and suffering of soldiers on the western front

american president woodrow wilson 14 points

what called for these reforms: -open diplomacy -freedom of the seas -reduction of military weapons -return of alsace-lorraine to france -free and independent poland w access to sea -national self determination for oppressed minorities -creation of "general association of nations" to preserve peace and security

total war

what caused millions of women to join the work force

-religious wars ended, bringing social stability -protestants emphasized idea of supreme God, made Devil less threatening -sci rev and enlightenment allowed ppl to turn to reason and logic instead of superstition

what caused the decline of witchcraft craze

-the fall of communism, poverty, political persecutions, civil wars created legal and illegal immigrants looking for safety and opportunity -millions of european immigrants strain social services, scare native residents who think immigrants threaten their jobs and undermine national unity -21st century europe seeing increase in muslim immigrants and will rise to 30 million in 2025 -2015 syrian refugees worsened european tensions as europe struggled already with refugee crisis since WWII

what caused the increase of legal and illegal immigration in the 20th-21st century and what is its effect

railroads

what caused these effects: -stimulated further industrial growth -created regional and national markets for agricultural and industrial growth -reduced cost of shipping freight (goods transported in bulk) -promoted leisure travel

Post War reconstruction of Industry

what caused women to keep working after WWII

20th century

what century of literature is described: -questioning of accepted values and practices -discontent/alienation from middle class obedience -focus on the complexity and irrationality of the human mind -stream of consciousness to explore the pysche

Protesant Reformation

what changed the role of 16th century women by reducing access to convents

-russia became europe's most powerful reactionary stronghold -turned russia into a police state -he was a ruthless autocrat (ruler with absolute power) -forbade representative assemblies, monitored university curriculum, censored opposing views

what changes were made to russia under the oppressive regime of Nicholas I (reign 1825-1855)

oil paints

what characteristic of northern renaissance art allowed artists to paint reality exactly

Industrial Revolution

what concentrated factories and workers in industrial centers in the 19th century, promoted a growth in urban centers

Led by Venice, italian city states

what controlled trade with india in the 1400s

1830; France and Britain

what countries and when did they recognize Belgium as a neutral state

scandinavia, belgium and france; only britain was safe

what countries did hitler unleash a second blitzkrieg on in 1940

England, Spain, Holland, Sardinia, Prussia, Austria against France

what countries formed the First Coalition in 1793; this was a threat to the National Convention in France

England, Austria, Prussia, Russia

what countries formed the Quadruple Alliance that committed them to preserving the conservative order and holding periodic meetings to prevent crises from escalating to wars

spain and portugal

what countries led the hope to reconquer northern africa from the muslims

Britain 1850

what country and what time period is described: -manufactured one-half the world's cotton -mined two-thirds of world's coal -mined more than one-half of world's iron -controlled one-third of world's international trade

england

what country had less internal dispute than others in europe? they saw that reform was possible without violent revolution

-1947 britain negotiated an end to imperial rule in india and established a settlement that divided india into a predominantly Hindu India and a predominantly Muslim Pakistan -gave control of palestine to UN. israel declared its independence through war w arab countries -1957 sub saharan african colonies became independent w little or no violence

what country had the most dramatic break from imperialism. explain the process

led by prussia, the zollverein promoted economic growth and demonstrated the advantages of unity

what country led the Zollverein and what did it do for Germany

austria

what country was a huge dynastic state in which a dominant German speaking nation ruled a large number of subject nationalities and ethnic groups

germany

what country was the first to develop a state social welfare program during the 1880s

wars with England and France; England and France rose to power

what damaged the Dutch Republic's power and who rose to power

bernstein disagreed and sought to achieve socialist goals by a process of gradual reform

what did Bernstein think about Marx's concept of class struggle

enlarged and equipped the Prussia army for further territorial expansion

what did Bismarck do to strengthen Prussia

included: programs for health insurance, accident insurance, old age and disability pensions wanted to prove: state was a good institution not an oppressor. hoped that his programs would secure the loyalty of workers

what did Bismarck's social welfare legislation include and what did he want to prove

he was a realist who was guided by political power, he believed that clever diplomacy and strong alliances were more useful than romantic proclamations and rebellions

what did Camilio di Cavour believe regarding nationalism

gave the nobles more privileges and absolute power over their estates and serfs

what did Catherine the Great do to prevent anymore rebellions after Pugachev Rebellion

that Italy should be free from foreign control. cavour united the north and supported garibaldi in the south.

what did Cavour and Garibaldi agree on

had an ambitious reform program including building railroads and expanding commerce and modernized Piedmont army

what did Cavour do to strengthen Piedmont

Petition of Right 1628

what did Charles I agree to in exchange for money that had 2 key provisions: no one should be compelled to pay taxes or loans without consent by Parliament and no one should be imprisoned without process of law

Navigation Act of 1651

what did England pass that barred Dutch ships from carrying goods between other countries and England. this designed england to have greater control over its American colonies

the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester (the heart of the spinning and weaving industry)

what did English entrepreneurs want the railroad line to connect

unified ppl dedicated to overthrowing tyranny; unity was brief

what did Eugene Delacroix portray in his painting of the three day revolt (July rev)

blitzrieg aka lightning war

what did Germans use to attack poland on sept 1 1939

-when he took power the soviet union was still the most feared and powerful totalitarian dictator in the world but he sensed something was wrong. -blamed poor living conditions on the country's rigid political system and still economy -launched reforms

what did Gorbachev recognize with the Soviet Union, what did he blame and what did he do as a result

recognizing that the majority of France was catholic, he converted to Catholicism "Paris is worth a mass" and issuing the Edict of Nantes

what did Henry IV do that saved France and paved the way for the resurgence of royal power in the 17th century

The Communist Manifesto

what did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish in 1848 that asserted that "The history of all hithero existing societies is the history of class struggles"

a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat

what did Karl Marx believe would lead to the "dictatorship of the proletariat"

would lead to the "abolition of all classes and to a classless society" in which there would be no private ownership of the means of production

what did Karl Marx say that the "dictatorship of the proletariat" would be a transitional phase to

workers would unite to overthrow the bourgeoisie. but, as capitalism matured working conditions improved

what did Karl marx believe would happen as the workers became more exploited? what actually happened

-he knew he needed to make a retreat -March 1921 made the New Economic Policy

what did Lenin do after Russia's civil war

importance of modernization; economic policies: -railroad mileage increased -moderate free trade policies that doubled exports -industrial production doubled, enriching the middle class -legalized trade unions and improved public housing for the working class

what did Louis Napoleon recognize the importance of and how did he make economic policies accordingly?

Palace of Versailles

what did Louis XIV construct to symbolize his absolute power; Louis understood the power of propaganda and art that cultivated a public image

they realized destroying machines wouldn't improve their lives so they built labor unions to fight for higher wages and better working conditions

what did Luddites do after Parliament passed a law that made the destruction of machines a capital offense

abolished feudalism and granted peasants freedom from manorial duties

what did Napoleon do for serfs and peasants

he dissolved it and solidified the previously independent German states into a French dominated Confederation of the Rhine

what did Napoleon's victories allow him to do to the HRE

-shifting resources towards producing more consumer goods -curbing the power of the secret police -granting more freedom to writers and intellectuals

what did Nikita Krushchev's program of de-Stalinization include

The Commonwealth (1649-1653); this abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. now Cromwell and a one house parliament had political power

what did Oliver Cromwell establish after killing Charles I and gaining power

Potsdam Declaration

what did Pres Truman issue on July 26, 1945 that called upon Japan to suurender or 'suffer the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland"

his financial dream of creating a Republic of Virtue

what did Robespierre continue to chase after he crushed internal disagreement and the First Coalition

1793 Committee of public Safety proclaimed a "levee en masse" and its citizen-soldiers defeated the First Coalition's professional armies

what did Robespierre do about the threat of the First Coalition

rejected: enlightenment's stress on REASON to understand nature emphasized: emotion, intuition, subjective feelings

what did Romantics reject and what did they emphasize

economic and political rev

what did Social Democrats in Russia work for

created the Federal Republic of Germany aka West germany and soviet responded by establishing the Easat German state aka German Democratic Republic

what did US, Britain, France do after the Berlin Airlift and how did the soviet union respond

he tried to impose the English Prayer Book on the Scottish Presbyterian Church

what did William Laud do in 1639 that caused Scots to form an army and occupy northern England

called for constitutional reform; they attempted to take control of the russian gov

what did a group of army officers rebel and call for after the death of Tsar Alexander I in December 1825

draft a constitution for all Germany; these reformers were stopped by Frederick William who rejected the assembly's plan for a constitutional monarchy (said he refused to "pick up a crown from the gutter")

what did an assembly in Frankfurt, Germany meet to do? what was the result

redesigned paris by -replaced narrow streets -filled working class neighborhoods with wide avenues, public monuments, and parks

what did baron geroges haussmann do

simple church architecture devoid of ornaments and images because they distract worshippers

what did calvinists favor in the arts

empire that included Spain, Milan, Naples, Netherlands, Americas

what did charles V leave for his son Philip

enlightened despotism

what did divine right of monarchy develop into in the 18th century

allowed landowners to rapidly implement ag innovations and encouraged development of market oriented ag production

what did enclosed lands allow for

formed an alliance with Prussia to implement its policies of maintaining a balance of power in the continent

what did england do during the diplomatic rev

series of wars

what did england do that weakened the dutch

men dominated public sphere and women dominated private sphere, there are "natural" differences between men and women, women should concentrate their talents on the domestic sphere as wives and moms

what did enlightened thinkers believe about women and their role

spirit of individualism and curiosity and a renewed interest in ancient writings (gave explorers info on geography, astronomy, math)

what did explorers, renaissance artists, and humanist scholars share

that economic cooperation would be the key to future prosperity between France and West germany. led to Schuman Plan which led to creation of ECSC (european coal and steel company)

what did french economic planner Jean Monnet convince Robert Schuman of after WWII (economic wise) and what did it lead to

excluded women from voting and holding office

what did french laws do for women in the late 18th century

gained: increased rights to inherit property and to divorce NOT gain: right to vote or hold office

what did french women gain and NOT gain in the 18th century

lost: individual liberties gain: security, stability, prosperity

what did frenchmen lose and gain with Napoleon as their leader

they announced a 10 year nonaggression pact and secretly agreed to divide eastern europe

what did germany and the soviet union do in august 1939 that shocked the world

Luther believed painting and sculpting could help spread the word of God to the illiterate and could be more meaningful than sermons. favored music in church services like hymns

what did martin luther think about the arts

they assumed that each estate would get one vote

what did members of the first and second estate assume that would allow them to impose their will on the third estate

wanted to build strong, self sufficient economies

what did mercantilists want

-outlawed all political parties except fascists -used propaganda to ensure italians trusted him w/o question -"Mussolini is always right" banners everywhere

what did mussolini do when he was named prime minister

enacted policies designed to transform france into an efficient modern state

what did napoleon do when his power was secure

unification in italy and germany (revs of 1848) and thus ended the Concert of Europe created by the congress of vienna, break up of ottoman empire and transformation of austrian empire

what did national aspirations specifically lead to

reason; reason meant informed thinking about social problems. rely on reason not miracles

what did philosophes believe humans should rely on

natural laws that could be found through reason

what did philosophes believe regulated the universe and society

economic activities should be freed from artificial restrictions. govs should allow a laissez faire policy of non interference with the economy

what did physiocrats claim

allowed for other nations to take it over easily

what did poland's lack of central power cause

wanted to avenge pearl harbor but he knew hitler was a bigger threat so he allied with winston churchill to defeat hitler first (Grand Alliance)

what did president roosevelt recognize in WWII and what did he do as a result

discouraged paintings, used woodcuts to share religious messages (famous Albrecht Durer)

what did protestants favor in the arts

they said rational decisions made by the conscious mind ;he said human psyche includes 3 parts: id, ego, superego

what did psychologists and romantics believe human behavior was based off of (before Freud) and what did Fred believe

objectively described social realities

what did realists achieve to do

commissioning art, building St. Peter's, enhancing their family's power (ex: Julius II)

what did renaissance popes focus on

build railroad locomotives

what did steam power allow inventors to do

-allies failed to agree on a peace treaty w germany -1945 divided allies into germany into 4 sections for US, Britain, France, Soviet Union -Berlin was inside the soviet union zone -berlin was divided into 4 zones -soviet union was afraid of a germany regaining power so soviets cut off western land access to west berlin THIS PROVOKED THE FIRST COLD WAR TEST OF WILLS BETWEEN CSSR AND US

what did the Allies do that led to the Berlin Airlift

reaffirmed their demand for the surrender of germany and japan

what did the Big Three do in a Nov 1943 meeting in Tehran, Iran

good faith and GOOD WORKS

what did the Catholic church say salvation could be achieved by

Robespierre executed the queen, his rivals, and thousands of "dangerous" class enemies

what did the Committee of Public Safety do during the Reign of Terror

united the Netherlands against the Spanish, many showed opposition to Spain by converting to Calvinism

what did the Duke of Alva's actions cause?

-called for tariff-free trade in coal and steel among France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands -was successful -1957 the six member nations signed the Treaty of Rome that created the EEC aka Common Market (european economic community)

what did the ECSC do

-eliminated trade barriers among its members, resembling a tariff union -emerged as the driving force behind economic integegration in western europe

what did the EEC aka Common Market do

-justified Monnet and Schuman's vision of a united european economy that allowed free movement of goods, labor, capital and services -Jan 1 2002, 12 of the member nations adopted the euro as common currency -2009 EU countries were a new "euro-zone"

what did the EU do

to preserve traditional privileges like freedom and open debate and immunity from arrest and a stronger voice in politics

what did the House of Commons want

believed Girondists as counterrevolutionaries and expelled them from National Convention, sans culottes

what did the Jacobins think of Girondists and who agreed with Jacobins

Girondists: favored imprisonment Jacobins: executed as a tyrant and a traitor

what did the Jacobins want to do with Louis XVI and what did the Girondins want to do after the september massacres

give women the right to vote, abolish private property

what did the National Assembly NOT do

Committe of Public Safety

what did the National Convention establish to defend France and safeguard the rev after being faced with foreign alliance threats and domestic rebellion

-temporary compromise w capitalism -small business were denationalized (public to private) -peasants could establish free markets in Ag products -communist party maintained control over large industries like steel and oil -revived the russian economy

what did the New Economic Policy 1921 do

forbade jews from holding public office and deprived jews of german citizenship and required them to wear a star of David as ID

what did the Nuremberg Laws of 1933 germany do

they surrounded Vienna

what did the Ottoman Turks get in 1683

family; marriage should be loving relationship like Martin luther and Kathernia (wife)

what did the Protestants place at the center of human life

-created new districts representing urban areas -doubled the number of voters to include middle class men -resulted in the supremacy of the House of Commons over the House of Lords

what did the Reform Bill of 1832 do for England

extended the suffrage to most of Britain's urban workers ;Conservatives (Tories)

what did the Reform Bill of 1867 do and which group supported it

Terror crushed domestic disagreements and Robespierre turned to the threat of the First Coalition

what did the Reign of Terror accomplish and what did Robespierre turn to after

-proposed a 3 yr ban on making reparation payments -french occupied ruhr valley and seized goods as payments

what did the Weimar republic do about the reparations it had to pay (bc of the treaty of versailles) what was the result

enhanced his prestige as champion of Catholicism

what did the battle of lepanto do for Philip of Spain

size of middle class increased larger than every country except Dutch.

what did the commercial rev do for English middle class in 17th century

france had to return to its 1790 borders and pay 700 million francs. france kept most of its overseas possessions, army and independent gov.

what did the congress of vienna decide to do with france

the congress strengthened the circle around france: -austrian netherlands was united with dutch republic to form a single kingdom of netherlands -39 German states were united and created the German Confederation and was dominated by Austria -recognition of Switzerland as a neutral and independent nation -Sardinia in Italy was strengthened by the addition of Piedmont and Savoy

what did the congress of vienna do to stop france from gaining more power

House of Orange in Holland and House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont

what did the congress of vienna restore

reaffirmed that works of art should be used to stimulate piety and deepen religious experience. artists spoke to the faithful with dramatic works

what did the council of trent do for arts

did: satisfied the magyars didnt: solve the nationalities problems; Slavics wanted but didnt get a triple monarchy. slavic discontent threatened future of Austria hungary and european peace

what did the dual monarchy of austria and hungary do and not do

didnT: change womens salaries to equal mens; still underpaid did: prompted fight for "equal pay for equal work", generous maternity leave and affordable day care, liberalize divorce laws, legalize abortion, inspired the LGBT and disability community to speak against discrimination and harassment

what did the feminist movement do and not do

cancel legal inequalities especially womens suffrage

what did the feminist movement of the 19th and 20th centuries focus on

-protests escalated to a major crisis when liberal Communist leader Imre Nagy promised free elections and called for the removal of soviet troops -khrushchev responded by ordering the Red Army to invade Hungary, fighting, execute Nagy

what did the hope for de-stalinization cause in hungary? how did khrushchev respond

the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as king "by the grace of God and the will of the nation"

what did the italian parliament proclaim in march 1861

bombed pearl harbor, surprised and angered americans. america united and entered WWII determined to crush japan and germany

what did the japanese do on Dec 7 1914 and how did americans respond

japanese forces invaded French Indochina and Roosevelt ordered a total embargo (ban on trade) with japan

what did the japanese do on july 1914 and how did president roosevelt respond

wanted to weaken france so they could no longer wage wars and threaten the balance of power, but they didn't want to impose a treaty that would humiliate france

what did the leaders at the congress at vienna want to do with france to maintain a balance of power

determine their location at sea

what did the magnetic compass and the astrolabe allow sailors to do

1. nationalism: german national honor would be avenged by retaining the lands taken by the treaty of versailles 2. master race: germans were a master race that needed land in east euro and russia 3. anti-semitism: jews were inferior caused germans problems 4. anticommunism: marxists were responsible for labor unrest. jews were responsible for rise of communism 5. fuhrer: parliamentary gov was weak and germany needed an absolute leader (fuhrer) to rep the national will

what did the nazi program include

abandoned: politics of idealism adopted: tough minded, shrewd diplomacy and military force called Realpolitik

what did the new generation of european statesmen adopt in the mid 19th century and what did they abandon

- clarifying Church doctrine and practices - keeping control of Protestant challengers - reforming church practices - enforcing strict morals - reaffirming papal auhtority - re sparking religious experience - creating new religious orders

what did the new generation of popes commit themselves to (started with Pope Paul III 1534-1549)

-austria hunagry was dissolved and the habsburg monarchy was eliminated -austria and hungary became separate states -territories of austria hungary was given to czechoslovakia and yugoslavia -serbs dominated yugoslavia -finland and 3 baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania ) emerged from the tsarist empire

what did the new map of europe look like after the treaty of versailles

Abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic

what did the newly elected National Convention do after the september massacres

built fortified trading posts ; most important located at Goa (Indian coast), Malacca (Malay Peninsula) , Macao (southern coast of China)

what did the portuguese do to control trade routes

transformed paris into a symbol of france's properity and greatness and made it harder for rioters to block streets

what did the rebuilding of paris by baron georges do

-dominated influence in eastern euro/more land -winston churchill warned america that "an iron curtain has descended across the Continent" -truman used containment as a foreign policy to contain/block soviet expansion -containment became the primary US foreign policy from The Truman Doctrine 1947 to end of soviet union 1991

what did the soviet union dominate and how did america and britain respond

ended religious differences being a source of conflict, began the rise of religious toleration in Europe

what did the thirty years war end and what did it begin

workers: republic bourgeoisie: constitutional monarchy -bourgeoisie prevailed, with their support Louis Phillipe (Duke of Orleans) became "king of French" he prided himself on being a "citizen king" who supported France's business interests

what did the workers and what did the bourgeoisise want out of the 3 day revolt (july rev) ? who got what they wanted?

devastated its economy, decreased population due to fighting and disease/famine

what did thirty years war do to Germany

Rousseau's ideas of natural education described in his book "Emile"

what do these describe: -children are naturally good and should have a education that emphasizes freedom and happiness -education must be individualized because everyone has a mind of their own -children should draw conclusions from their own experience aka "discovery learning"

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (august 1789)

what document.. -claimed that all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights." had natural rights of liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression -provided freedom of religion, freedom from arbitrary arrest, freedom of speech and press and right to petition the gov

the policy of post world war II nations to establish safety nets for their citizens in health care, disability insurance, old age, unemployment

what does "welfare state" refer to

the 19th century view that the ideal middle class wife was an angel in the house who turned her home into a refuge from the hard and impersonal urban world in which her husband worked

what does the "angel of the house" refer to

whose the region, his the religion; thirty years war reaffirmed and extended this

what does the principle of "Cuius reigo, eius religio" mean and what reaffirmed it

Dawes Plan (1924)

what does this descibe: -end of 1923 experts led by american charles dawes made a plan to reesablish German currency and reduce reparation payments -provided a series of american loans to germany -fusion on american money rejuvenated german economy and ended the inflation

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

what does this describe: -1700 Peter the Great sends his army to end Sweden's dominance of the Baltic sea -Peter wins and gains the warm waters of the baltic sea -sweden's defeat makes them decline as a major european power -russia becomes dominant power in euro politics

Paris Peace Conference

what does this describe: -30 countries were represented but Britain, france and US made the major decisions -germany and austria-hungary were not allowed to attend -russia was in the middle of a civil war and was not invited

Intendant System (France)

what does this describe: -Richelieu wanted to weaken the nobility -France divided into 32 districts -replaced nobles with royal officials who carried out royal orders -middle class ppl or from nobility of the robe -strengthened royal power -didn't lessen noble economic or social privileges -lessened noble political power

Directory (1795-1799)

what does this describe: -dominated by rich bourgeosise -corrupt and unpopular -public discontent grew as this failed to deal with inflation, food shortage, corruption

Bolshevik Revolution (1917) in Russia

what does this describe: -lenin sensed that it was time to act -"history will not forgive us if we do not seize power now" -Nov 6 1917 Bosheviks occupied gov buildings -nov 7 1917 lenin claimed the establishment of a new bolshevik gov

Bill of Rights 1689

what does this describe: -Parliament has right of free debate -Taxation requires Parliament consent -laws could only be made with Parliament consent -monarch couldn't be Roman Catholic -Parliament holds frequent sessions -Parliament can only be dissolved by their own consent -no one can be arrested without legal consent

open field system used by peasants in the early 1700s

what does this describe: -animals grazed on open lands -villagers divided remaining land into long narrow strips

HRE, Republic of Poland, Ottoman Empire; they were all decling because they lacked central authority and efficient system of gov and had diverse ethnicities and languages

what eastern european territories occupied the area from the french border to russia in 1648

Adam Smith's Laissez-faire, supply and demand would be the invisible hand and selfish acts would benefit all of society, free market, didn't want the gov involved in economy

what economic theory did the british collectively agree on during the ind rev

he crushed royalist uprising in Ireland, Protestant landlords replaced Catholic owners, half of Ireland pop died of plague and starvation

what effects did Oliver Cromwell impose on Ireland

Pugachev's Rebellion (1773-1775)

what ended Catherine the Great's attempt at enlightened reforms

Assasination of Tsar Alexander II and rule of Alexander III and Nicholas II who wanted traditional autocracy and Russification, encouraged anti semitic attacks aka pogroms which prompted russian jews to migrate to western euro and usa

what ended russia's period of reform

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

what ended the cold war , marked the Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

robespierre's death

what ended the radical phase of the French rev

second

what estate is described: -2-4% of pop -owned 25% of land

third

what estate is described: -95% of the pop -diverse group of peasant farmers, urban workers, middle class shop keepers, wealthy merchants -resented aristocratic privileges

first estate

what estate is described: -Catholic church has 20% of land -french clergy paid no direct taxes, they gave the gov a "free gift" which was about 2% of their income

Glorious Revolution

what event does this describe: James II first wife raised her daughter Mary as Protestant who married William of Orange (Dutch leader). Whigs and Tories invited Mary and William to overthrow James for the sake of Protestantism. James fled to France

Storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789)

what event is described: -Louis XVI wanted to reassert royal authority so he ordered a mercenary army to march to Paris and Versailles -in paris angry mobs were protesting the high bread prices, tensions rose, mob stormed Bastille,a a royal fortress and a prison -mob freed prisoners and took the Bastille's supply of gunpowder and weapons

-jews were small and vulnerable minority -propaganda convinced germans that jews were inferior -secret police stifled opposers -nazis had collaborators in occupied territories

what factors contributed to the Holocaust

-periodic crop failures led to famine -epidemic diseases like bubonic plague decimated euro pop. -frequent wars destroyed crops and spread disease ex: Thirty Years War reduced pop. of German states by at least 1/3

what factors limited population growth in the 18th century

-ag rev allowed more abundant food supply -potato became staple in 18th century (one acre could feed a family for a year) -advance in transportation reduced impact of local crop failures -18th century wars were fought by professional armies with economic and geographic motives so they were less destructive than 17th century religious wars -medical care improvement (edward jenner vaccination reduced small pox deaths) -commercial capitalism led to more prosperity therefore the ability to afford to have more kids -powerful monarchs suppressed civil wars so pop could increase

what factors promoted pop growth

hosting salons; salons gave educated women a voice in cultural affairs.

what gave women a key role in the enlightenment

fear and doubt replaced optimism

what general spirit of the 1930s replaced the spirit of 1920s

weakening the habsburgs, keeping the HRE weak and divided

what goals did france achieve in the thirty years war

young germans; dissapointed in the congress of vienna, they formed student associations to discuss their concerns

what group hoped for liberal reforms and a united germany? what did they do as a result

peasants

what group made up 4/5 of France

Christian Democratic Parties

what group played a key role in supporting welfare state programs, euro integration, national health insurance, farmers aid, political democracy

Constitutional Democrats aka Kadets

what group wanted a constitutional monarchy in Russia

african slaves who worked on profitable Caribbean sugar plantations serfs who worked in the grain producing regions of eastern europe

what groups supported England's key commodities in 1715-1740 (period of prosperity and peace)

the more changes he introduced the more he aroused the people. when ppl realized that the tsar still had a tight grip on power disillusioned intellectuals referred to themselves as "nihilists" aka believer in nothing. they formed the "People's Will" and a member bombed Alexander's carriage

what happened as a result of alexander II's reforms

gov troops mobbed paris for 2 months then finally crushed the Communards, leaving a legacy of hatred that poisoned french politics

what happened as a result of the formation of the Communards

-millions of east germans fled to west germany by crossing into west berlin -1961 east germans with the support of Khrushchev constructed a concrete berlin wall between the borders of east and west berlin -berlin wall stopped refugees and became a symbol of communist oppression

what happened between 1949 and 1961 that resulted in the berlin wall

france offered russia financial investments and diplomatic friendship, russia accepted, formed Franco-Russian Alliance 1894

what happened between france and russia 1894 that william II wanted to prevent

-after WWII he imposed 5 Year Plan emphasize extensive industrialization -he insisted on absolute obedience. disagreement brought imprisonment, slave labor, death -his long reign of terror came to end when he died 1953 -Nikita Krushchev emerged as Soviet Union's unrivaled leader

what happened in Stalin's last years

Women's March on Versailles; thousands of women marched to versailles demanding cheap bread and insisting that the royal family move to Paris

what happened in france on October 5, 1789

british merchants had capital for investment, britain had the most highly developed banking system in euro

what happened in the commercial rev that helped britain be first place in the ind rev

lost half of it to taxes; feudal taxes to nobles, tithes to church, royal taxes to king's agents, land tax aka taille

what happened to French peasant's incomes during the old regime

he was shipped to St. Helena and died in 1821

what happened to Napoleon after he renounced his throne the second time

new emperor Leopold II made the nobles happy by repealing Joseph's reforms ;serfdom and robot system remained in effect until 1848

what happened to austria after Joseph II's death

increased bc of declining death rates, improved ag and industrial production; urbanization

what happened to british pop in the 19th century

it increased but it was still too small to maintain and defend a global commercial empire (2 million)

what happened to dutch republic population in 1700

their demands exceeded their supply; new monarchs of Spain and Portugal wanted direct access to Asian markets

what happened to european demand for asian spices and luxury .14th century

spain began to decline in political and economic power and dutch began golden age of commercial and artistic properity

what happened to spain after Philip's defeat and what happened to Dutch

proestants wanted people to read the bible and said mothers should teach their kids how to read

what helped emphaize womens literacy increase in protestant reformation

the basic liberal principles of government by consent

what idea gained influence as the middle class grew in size, wealth, and influence in the revs of 1848

Bartholomew's Day Massacre 1572

what ignited a bloody civil war between Catholics and Huguenots that lasted for 15 years

-undermined Enlightenment belief that humans are inherently rational -introduced that humans are capable of destroying themselves and society -emphasis on uncontrollable power and drives provided an explanation to horrors of WWI -unconscious mind theory affected art and literature

what impact did Freud's theories have on society

-ppl lived in an uncertain universe where everything was relative or dependent on the observers viewpoint -did not immediately affect the average ppl -undermined the optimistic confidence of a rational world w few uncertainties

what impact did einsteins theory of relativity have on intellectuals and popular writers

new foods (like potato) and better farming techniques

what improved the diet of the poor in the 18th century

1957 Krushchev announced the soviet union had lanched a 184lb satellite called ____ into orbit around the earth. it became a symbol of soviet tech advance. it played a key role in the space race between soviet union and US

what is Sputnik

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Alliance

what is being described -10 western euro countries joined w US and Canada to form a defensive military alliance -this coordinated defense prep among western euro nations -showed American commitment to permanent station troops in western euro -ended American isolationism

Marshall Plan (1947)

what is being described -a program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of euro from war and prevent soviet influence -was a part of Truman's policy of containment -increased american political and economic influence in western and southern euro

Cuban Missle Crisis (1962)

what is being described: -Khrushchev caused this by constructing nuclear missiles in cuba -Krushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in exchange for US promise not to attack Fidel Castro (a Cuban communist) -this undermined Krushchev credibility and led to his decline in power 1964

debate about women

what is querelle de femme

WWI term referring to when the war becomes very long and slow. The armies had to begin to be creative with war tactics since neither side would leave their trenches.

what is stalemate

the conflicting force to the dominant thesis. the resulting clash of the thesis and the antithesis lead to the synthesis

what is the antithesis in Karl Marx's dialectal process

1946-1991

what is the cold war's start and end date

Hanseatic League (Hansa)

what is the confederacy of Baltic towns that dominated northern European trade in the 1400s known as

old: 16/17th century. dutch republic, portugal, england build trading posts along coasts of africa, india, indonesia, spain empire in central america new: 1870. euros increased control over asia and africa. established protectorates (dependent country has its own gov but is subject to authority of imperial power) -euro now wanted to directly rule vast regions of the world not just trade with other countries

what is the difference between old and new imperialism

1847 "the Princess"

what is the name of the poem in which alfred tennyson expressed european views on gender roles by stating "man with the head and woman from the heart. man to command and woman to obey"

Decolonization

what is the process by which colonies gained their independence from the imperial powers after WWII

the new state of affairs that is a result of the clash of the thesis and antithesis

what is the synthesis in Karl Marx's dialectal process

the dominant state of affairs and gives rise to to the conflicting force called the antithesis

what is the thesis in Karl Marx's dialectal process

Proletariat

what is the working class that the industrial rev caused the formation of also known as

Joint Stock Companies

what is this describing: investors bought shares of ownership. if the company went bankrupt, owners lost their investment. if companies prospered, investors share of ownership allowed them to have a proportional share of the profits

mercantilist theory

what is this explaining: colonies should export raw materials and import finished goods. this would create a favorable balance of trade and result in growth in gold and silver

weak, incapable who pursued misguided and ineffective policies

what kind of rulers did spain have during the 17th century

Sudetenland that had 3 million german speakers. Munich Conference to negotiate Hitler's demand that Czechoslovakia give up Sudetenland. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed he could preserve the peace by giving hitler what he wanted.

what land did Hitler want to capture after austria and what happened as a result

austria

what land did hitler annex (add) to germany in 1938

death of Catherine Medici and assasinations of Catholic Duke of Guise and King Henry III

what led Henry of Navarre (leading politique) to become Henry IV in 1589

his foreign policy miscalculations, failure to reform the collective farms, attacks on the privileges of the party elite

what led to Khrushchev's removal of power in 1964

-germany had to fight France on its western border and Russia on its eastern front (france and russia were allies against germany) -to prevent a 2 front war Alfred von Schlieffen had a master plan that called for an all-out attack on france -schliefflen plan hoped to knock france out of the war before russia could fully mobilize its forces -attack on france meant invading neutral belgium -germany's attack on belgium enraged Britain -august 4, 1914 britain declared war on germany -schlieffen plan failed

what led to the Schliffen Plan

-poorly equipped russian army wasn't a match for war machine germany -nicholas II was a bad leader; when battle losses rose and food shortened he moved his headquarters to the front to try and rally his troops -1917 food shortages in Petrograd (formerly St. Petersburg) led to spontaneous demonstrations and strikes -nicholas ordered his troops to restore orders and shoot if they need to but troops joined the demonstrators -march 12, 1917 nicholas II renounced throne, ending romanov rule

what led to the russian revolution/end of Romanov Rule (russian royalty) in 1917

-difficult to unify -greece admission into EU -greece had trade and budget shortages -recession in the US 2008 worsened these problems -euro banks loaned bailout funds that delayed but didnt solve the greek debt crisis

what main problem did/does the EU face and what specific 'event' is an example

On June 28, 1914, the Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated by 19yr old Slav nationalist Gavrilo Princip; caused a sequence of events that pushed euro to war. august 1914 millions soldiers marched to battle convinced it would be a quick fight

what major event caused the outbreak of WWI

inventions/machines

what marked a shift from human and animal power to mechanical power in the 19th century

Austrian forces with Poles and Germans repelled the Turks

what marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire's decline in power

"september massacres"

what marked the beginning of the Second French rev dominated by radicals

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

what marked the beginning of the french rev

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

what phase is this: King Christian IV (Lutheran ruler of Denmark) is supported by Dutch and English to support Protestants. Imperial armies led by Albert of Wallenstein crush Protestants and Ferdinand declares Edict of Restitution restoring Catholic properties that were taken by the Protestants.

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

what phase is this: thirty years war is considered a religious civil war in Bohemia between Catholic League led by Ferdinand II and Protestant Union led by Frederick V. Ferdinand forces win victories leaving the Habsburgs and Catholics in control of Bohemia

Corn Laws of 1815

what placed a high tariff on imported corn, wheat, and other grains. it benefited large landowners by providing them with a protected market for their crops

welfare state policies

what policies were a respond to the socialist demands for social justice and concerns over the strength of communist parties in west euro

English entrepreneurs financed joint stock companies

what promoted English colonies in North America in 17th century

improved sanitation and science of immunology (vaccines)

what reduced death rates in 18th century

Dutch East India Company

what replaced the Portuguese and gained control of the spice trade in the East Indies

crop rotation; allowed for fewer farmers to feed more ppl

what replaced the open field system and what was the result

the Restoration

what restored the monarchy, Church of England, and Parliament

recruits rushed back to Paris and sang the Marseilllaise, a stirring appeal to save france from tyranny. french forces were rejuvenated and they stopped the austro-prussian army

what saved the French rev from tyranny after they were defeated

both only made changes that helped the higher levels of society; serfs in Prussia and Russia were tied to the land and dominated by nobles

what societal changes did peter the great and frederick the great make to their countries

his victory at Austerlitz

what solidifed Napoleon's reputation as a military genius

the king rejected the third estate's request for all estates to meet together so the third estate declared itself as National Assembly of France. they got locked out of their official meeting place so third estate met in an indoor tennis court where they took an oath not to disband until they drafted a constitution

what specific event happened that caused the Tennis Court Oath

the mechanization of spinning and weaving process in the TEXTILE industry

what specific industry ushered the ind rev

Girondists and royal catholics rebelled against the tyranny of radical Jacobins

what specific internal strife threatened the National Convention

-newly independent serbia led Pan-Slavism -hoped to unite slavs -austria was threatened by growth of slavic nationalism -1908 austrians infuriated the serbs by gaining bosnia and Herzegovina -serbian nationalism threatened austria and offered slavic-russia an opportunity to advance its interests in the balkans -russia and austria-hungary were on a collision war in the balkans -balkan crises continued; europe on the brink of war

what state became the leader of the Pan-Slavic movement and what did it hope for and how did other countries react

Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

what strengthened the support for cheaper imported grains

putting out system

what system did the factory system replace

russia: got more Polish land sweden: kept Norway Prussia: got 2/5 of Saxony and land in the Rhineland along France border austria: got the north italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia as compensation of loss of Belgium britain: got Malta, Cape of Good Hope, Trinidad and Tobago

what territorial settlements were a result of the congress of vienna

Lord Nelson's naval victory at Trafalgar

what thwarted Napoleon's goal of controlling the seas and mounting an invasion of Great Britain

Eighteenth Century

what time period was it that nuclear families were common, couples postponed marriage until late 20s, and young peasant women left home to work as indentured servants

treaty of rome

what treaty created the EEC

Treaty of Maastricht (1992)

what treaty transformed the EEC into the EU (european union)

Tories and Whigs

what two groups divided Parliament over James II's successing Charles II ; first political parties in English

working class (proletariat) and middle class (bourgeoisie)

what two social classes did the ind rev create

Sistine Chapel Ceiling and St. Peter's Basilica

what two structures provide visual symbols of power of Renaissance papacy

state portraits

what type of paintings became popular in 15th century. they celebrated the power of the aristocratic elite

entrepreneurs

what type of people were enticed by the growth of commercial activity that caused large geographic markets in the commerical revolution

secret treaties and a desire to punish germany

what undermined wilson's idealistic policies 14 points

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

what war are these key points from? -Austrian Prussia rivalry -frederick the great ignored the pragmatic sanction and seized Silesia from Maria Theresa -frederick of prussia kept Silesia -anglo french rivalry -French supported Prussia -english supported austria -treaty of Aix la Chapelle -diplomatic rev

Crimean War 1853-1856

what war is described : -the major action of this war was a year long siege of Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula -lined up most european powers against russia -france, britain, turkey and army from Piedmont-Sardinia captured the Russian forces at Sevastopol -austrians didn't actually fight -tsar alexander II sued for peace at the fall of Sevastopol in 1855 -this war killed 500,000+ lives due to disease and inadequate medical care

global demand for cotton cloth was huge, they were prompted by huge potential profits so British entrepreneurs financed new ways and inventions of spinning and weaving cotton

what was Britain's motivation to advance the textile industry in the 19th century

that women were exploited by men and capitalists

what was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel's perspective on women

to strengthen Prussia

what was Otto Von Bismarck's goal

refused their proposals but it resulted to be that most of the Charist reforms would be accepted

what was Parliament's reaction to the Chartist's proposal? what was the ultimate result?

any action required the unanimous consent of each member. if one person opposed, he could break up/explode the diet

what was Poland's central diet policy

positive: at first precious metals increased Spain's economy negative: overflow of imports caused inflation which increased the cost of textiles and products so Spanish exports declined

what was a negative result in spain from the gold and silver mines in Mexico and Peru and what was a negative result

the king gave in and moved to paris and the National Assembly went to Paris too

what was a result of the Womens March on Versailles

created a growing market that stimulated production; a cause of British lead in Ind Rev

what was a result of the population explosion in the 19th century for britain

success: commitment to a program w massive large scale industrialism allowed the soviet union to be a major industrial power 1940 not success: collectivize ag didnt work bc conservative russian peasants opposed joining a collective farm. stalin named them "kulaks" and forced officials to liquidate them as a class. they were executed and sent to forced labor camps

what was and wasnt successful with the 5 yr plan

-liberalism is misguided and foolish and he declared "the great questions of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes-that was the great error of 1848 and 1849- but by blood and iron"

what was bismarck's view on liberalism and describe his blood and iron speech on the faults of liberalism

hard line policies led to a long period of political repression and economic stagnation

what was brezhnev's rule like and what was the result

a means of expressing opposition to Valois kings

what was calvinism seen as in France

balance of power

what was created when Louis XIV's planned to make a "universal monarchy" in which other nations would be subordinate to France's political will. no single country was match for france but joining together they could even exceed france power

-early factories exposed workers to dangerous machines and disease -labored for 14 hours/day -demand for cheap labor led to women and kid workers -no health care and little job security

what was factory life like in the ind rev?

-germans helped Lenin return to Petrograd and he urged his followers to overthrow the provisional gov

what was germany doing while the russian army was falling apart

germany was divided into 300 sovereign states each with the right to ratify laws, collect taxes and wage war, delayed German unification for 2 centuries

what was germanys political state after the peace of westphalia

"Peace, Land, Bread"

what was lenin's slogan that captured the popular imagination and allowed the Bolsheviks to win support (Bolshevik REV)

They were exempt from paying taxes, they resisted all attempts to reform the tax system

what was life like for french nobles in the early regime

metternich was alarmed and persuaded the major german states to issue the Carlsbad Decrees

what was metternich's reaction to the young German students and their actions

-most young married euros lived in nuclear families -most couples postponed marriage until mid-late 20s -couples delayed marriage to acquire land or earn a trade -parental authority and laws had tight control over marriage

what was norm for marriages and families before 1750

importance of ending the strained relationship between the French gov and Catholic Church

what was one major key concept that Napoleon understood

Tennis Court Oath

what was signed in June 1789

Spanish Armada (1588)

what was the "thing" called that Philip II sent to invade England for Elizabeth's interference.

shipbuilding; their fleets were the largest in the world

what was the Dutch's key industry in 17th cetury economy

1928 launched by Stalin, designed to transform the Soviet Union's economic and social structure

what was the Five-Year-Plan

Bismarck PROVOKED austria into declaring war on prussia bc prussia could easily crush the austrians

what was the Seven Week's War 1866

-goal was to stop soviet expansion into greece and turkey -truman asked COngress for $400 million in economic aid for greece and turkey and justified it by saying the US would support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugations by armed minorities or by outside pressures" -this pledge/quote became known as truman doctrine

what was the Truman Doctrine 1947 and what was its goal

by forming the secret society known as "the People's Will" they aimed to overthrow the gov

what was the aim of the nihilists in the late 1870s

ruling aristocracy of landed gentry and wealthy merchants dominated parliament

what was the aristocracy's role when England was ruled under Robert Walpole

-suffered humiliating military defeats from France/Piedmont and Prussia -biggest problem was discontent of many nationalities living under Habsburg rule -Magyars were the largest and hardest to control nationality

what was the austrian empire's conditions in 1860s

cause: it was clear that war wouldn't be over quickly so gov mobilized human and industry resources to wage total war consequence: gov controlled the news, and used propganda to rally public morals and arouse hatred for enemy

what was the cause for total war and what were the consequences of total war

-lenin realized that the survival of the Bolshevik regime relied on ending the war w germany -march 1918 bolsheviks agreed to treaty where russia lost a quarter of euro territory and 1/3 of pop -(later russia renounces treaty and declared it void by the Allies)

what was the cause of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

-quarrels over politics and ideology -truman told stalin to allow free elections in eastern euro -stalin refused and said that freely elected gov would be anti-soviet

what was the conflict between US and soviet union after the decline of nazi germany (cold war era)

the Crimean peninsula, part of the russian empire that goes out into the black sea

what was the crimean war (1853-1856) named after

October 31, 1517 is also known as "Reformation Day"

what was the day Martin Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Castle Church in Wittenburg

The intendant system was based on strengthening royal power while the fronde was based on weakening royal power

what was the difference between the intendant system and the fronde

after a long debate, he was put to death. Jacobins

what was the end result for Louis XVI? which radical group wanted this

Poland China

what was the first country to feel Gorbachev's reforms

Levee en Masse 1793 in France in reaction to First Coalition

what was the first example of the complete mobilization of a country for war

Crimean War (1853-1856)

what was the first great power conflict since the congress of vienna in 1815

edward jenner's vaccination of smallpox

what was the greatest medical triumph of the 18th century

New Model Army

what was the group called that Oliver Cromwell organized that consisted of enthusiastic Protestants

saved millions of lives, decline in death rates, lived 15 yrs longer, urban residents benefited the most in public health

what was the impact of the bacterial rev

domestic or putting-out system

what was the industry during the commerical revolution that came up with advances in cloth and manufactured goods

lived in crowded slums, lacked sanitation, families lived in one room

what was the living situation for workers in the ind rev

grain shortage led to increase prices on bread, high bread prices were major discontenment

what was the major cause of discontent in the french peasants during the old regime

WSPU member Emily Davison threw herself in front of the king's horse at the 1913 Epsom Derby. at her funeral thousands of women wore white and had banners that demanded the right to vote

what was the most popular event in the Womens Suffrage Movement

monarchial system

what was the most prevalent form of gov in the 18th century

"Young Italy" movement; Giuseppe Mazzini

what was the movement that sought to establish a liberal republic embracing all Italy and who led it

mother, wife, and homemaker

what was the nazis party ideal german woman

Weimar Republic (1919-1933)

what was the new german republic known as after WWI and treaty of versailles

realism

what was the new literary and artistic style that reflected a growing disappointment with romanticism in the 19th century

they lived in village communities and farmed most of the land

what was the peasants' major role in western europe in early 1700s

-new farming methods produced more food -medical advances reduced death rate (Ex: Edward Jenner discovering small pox vaccine)

what was the population explosion in the 1750's due to?

Napoleon III surrendered, King William I was proclaimed the German emperor at the Palace of Versailles, Bismarck forced France to pay a huge indemnity and give Alsace and Lorraine to German empire. france lost deposits of coal and iron resulting in a blow to french economy and pride. the unification of germany created a new european balance of power. as germany industrialized it became the strongest state and rival to britain.

what was the result of Prussia's war with France in 1870

it deprived spain of merchants and skilled workers

what was the result of ferdinand and isabella exiling the jews and muslims

three days of rioting in July 1830 (july rev)

what was the result of people's discontent with Charles X

reduction in demand for Spanish goods

what was the result of spanish population decline in 1660

austrians were too powerful and the italians were too divided

what was the result of the "young Italy" movement

french voters overwhelmingly elected Louis napoleon as president of the Second French Republic who promised to restore order at home and glory abroad

what was the result of the bloody confrontation between workers and the capitalist gov

-made both sides make an elaborate system of trenches stretching from english channel to swiss border -trench warfare produced a stalemate that lasted 4 yrs and caused many casualties

what was the result of the schlieffen plan on trench warfare

-austria agreed to the dissolution of german confederation -austria was excluded from german affairs so bismarck organized a North German Confederation -Italy gains Venetia as Prussia's ally

what was the result of the seven week's war 1866

french and piedmont allies armies defeated the austrians and italian nationalists revolted across northern italy. sardinia addedd all of northern italy except venetia

what was the result of the war with austria 1859 (italy and france vs austria)

combat ignorance and superstition by eliminating irrational customs, promoting religious toleration, reforming legal codes, supporting education

what was the role of enlightened despots

-millions of women replaced men in jobs -WWI was the first time women were needed to sustain the total war effort -Emmeline Pankhurst paused women suffrage activities and urgd women to focus on contributing to the war

what was the role of women during the total war of WWI

most aggressive form of new imperialism was for africa. it became so crazy that Bismarck called for an international conference in Berlin. 14 nations that attended established rules for dividing Africa. Led by Britain, Germany and France it was successfully divided except for liberia and Liberia and ethiopia (abyssinia) that remained independent

what was the scramble for africa and what resulted

-House of Commons was less representative of the British than any point in history -boroughs (electoral districts) were sparsely populated and some didn't have anyone -new industrial cities like Manchester had no representatives

what was the situation in england before the Reform Bill of 1832

German Peasants' War (1525)

what was the war in which german peasants supported Martin Luther but Martin Luther told the nobility to surpress them and that everyone should follow social order

-produced 2.5 times more than it had before WWII -west germany economy dominated chemical, automobile, steel, electrical industries -1950-1980 west germanys GDP rose to $828 billion

what was western europes economical conditions in 1963

nobles were exempt from taxes so most of the burden was on peasants

what was wrong with France's financial system

US; atomic bomb Britain: radar germany: jet aircraft

what weapons did US, britain and germany create during WWII with Big Science

-steel industry (Bessemer process increased steel production and reduced costs. 1900 steel replaced iron in construction) -chemical industry (led by germany. inventions of dyes, fertilizers, and explosives)

what were 2 new industries in the Second Industrial Rev

-germany was politically divided into states that all guarded their independence -German Confederation was a loose grouping of 39 German states dominated by Austria -france supported german rivalries and opposed german unity

what were Germany's obstacles to unity in 1860

program of modernization, construction of St. Petersburg, victory over Sweden in the Great Northern War

what were Peter the Great's successes?

teaching, nursing, social work

what were educated women opportunities limited to in the 19th century

-"breeding ground for pestlience and hate"- churchill -hunger and desperation -millions of homeless euros were seen as "displaced persons" -euro had a remarkable recovery "economic miracle"

what were europe's conditions after WWII

lands where they could establish sugar plantations

what were europeans hoping to find to suit their growing demands of sugar

european liberals supported the french rev and wanted the fall of the old regime

what were europeans' first reactions to the french rev

-italy entered WWI hoping to win mandates and territory -treaty of versailles rejected them leaving italian nationalists bitter -faced an economic crisis -soaring inflation, unemployment, national debt -upper and middle class afraid economic crisis would lead to communist revolt (like russia)

what were italy's conditions after WWI

-rivalry between US and Soviet Union dominated the Cold War Era in europe -cold war divided europe into a prosperous, capitalist West Germany and poverty, Communist East Germany -fall of Berlin, collapse of Communism in eastern europe, disintegration of soviet union ended the cold era

what were key trends in the cold war era

said that happiness is an unalienable right in this world

what were philosophes' perspective on happiness?

-unification wasn't complete -venetia was still under austrian control -northern italy was urban and industrialized and southern italy was rural and poor -new gov had heavy debt

what were problems in italy after the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed

-widespread famine -decaying economy -increasing unrest

what were russia's conditions after its civil war

-enacted a settlement that was acceptable to the victors and France -created a balance of power that lasted until German unification 1871 -represented a temporary triumph for conservatives but eventually couldnt resist the forces of nationalism and liberalism caused by french rev

what were the 3 key things that the congress of vienna did

Religious Divisions: 1608 Protestants made Protestant Union to protect their interests, 1609 Catholics made Catholic League Political Divisions: Austrian Habsburgs wanted a strong monarchy, German principalities were jealous of Austrian rights so they resisted centralization International Interference: France opposed policies that would create a strong power in Germany so France allies with Protestant princes (even tho France is Catholic), Lutheran kings of Denmark and Sweden defended Protestant interests in HRE

what were the 3 main causes of the thirty years war

organized a campaign of mob violence aka crystal night against the jews

what were the Nazis doing on Nov 9,10 1938 known as Kristallnacht

disadvantage: created a vast bureaucracy that discouraged innovation and reduced productivity advantage: economic system guaranteed employment disadvantage: the absence of motivation in employment caused waste and inefficiency

what were the advantages and disadvantages of the soviet union's rigid centralized planning

-Churchill and Roosevelt agreed to a division of Germany -Stalin agreed to join the war against japan after the nazis surrendered -stalin agreed that poland should have a rep gov based on free elections

what were the agreements made at the Big Three's last meetings in Yalta

-religious reformers stressed the Devil's powers -women were seen as weak, vulnerable to Devil's temptations -religious wars and economic uncertainty caused social and economic stress so ppl wanted something to blame

what were the causes for the growth of witchcraft hunting

-France was afraid of sudden emergence of agressive Prussia -France opposed German unification -Bismarck exploited a minor dispute between France and Prussia over the search of a new Spanish monarch -Napoleon III declared war on Prussia July 19,1870

what were the causes of Prussia's war with France in 1870

-conservative leaders didn't address problems caused by industrialization and urbanization -working class radicals and middle class liberals were convinced that Metternich system was useless now -nationalists in italy and germany wanted unification -national minorities in austrian empire wanted independence -crop failures, high food prices, unemployment

what were the causes of the Revolutions of 1848

-overpriced consumer goods -consumers didnt have enough money to buy goods -farmers overproduced ag products, lowering prices and income -american stock market crash caused financial loss and global financial crisis -american bankers returned loans to european banks -austrias largest bank failed, starting a finacial panic in central europe -sharp declines in global trade and manufacturing -US raised protective tariffs, forcing other countries to do the same -gov cut budgets and reduced spending which accelerated the downward spiral

what were the causes of the great depression

russia was geographically and culturally isolated; new ideas of the west barely affected it

what were the conditions of russia before the Romanov Dynasty (1613 to 1917)

portuguese ended Venetian and Muslim monopoly of trade with Asia, center or european commerce went from Mediterranean sea to Atlantic Ocean, new sea routes declined the Hanseatic League

what were the consequences of Portuguese establishing trade routes

-damaged and destroyed native culture -created a global economy -intensified european rivalries

what were the consequences of new imperialism

-opposed church teaching that humans were born naturally sinful -preached education is crucial because humans have unlimited potential

what were the consequences of tabula rasa

1500-1800 millions of africans were transported to the new world through the triangular trade system,

what were the consequences of the columbian trade for africa

new crops revolutionized european diet and fed its growing population, sugar plantations and gold and silver mines brought in wealth to Spain that triggered inflation, wealth generated from New world increased power of western europe

what were the consequences of the columbian trade for europe

european diseases wiped out 90% of native americans 1492-1600, intro of horse transformed culture of Plain Indians

what were the consequences of the columbian trade for the new world?

-Treaty of Brest-Litovsk allowed germans to transfer divisions from the east (that were fighting russia before russia lost its land) and launched an offense -Britain and French troops w support of american troops stopped the german offense -william II realized defeat was inevitable so he renounced his throne and declared germany a republic -nov 11, 1918 WWI (11th hour of 11th day of 11th month)

what were the events that led to the end of WWI

-July rev in france -congress of vienna united austrian netherlands (belgium) with holland to make one kingdom of Netherlands -Catholic Belgium and Protestant Holland had little in common

what were the factors for the discontent and eventual revolution in Belgium

industrialization and liberalism and nationalism

what were the forces of the future

1) Bohemian 1618-1625 2) Danish 1625-1629 3) Swedish 1630-1635 4) French 1635-1648

what were the four phases of the thirty years war

-end the New Economic Policy -create a socialist command economy in which the gov makes all the economic decisions -promote rapid development of heavy industries -collectivize ag

what were the goals of the 5 year plan

-caused death and destruction -overthrew established monarchies and social orders in russia, germany, austria-hungary -led many ppl to question reason, progress, and individual rights leading to age of uncertainty and anxiety -ppl doubted their ability to control their lives -new emphasis on the destructive nature of humans

what were the impacts of WWI on the individual and science

-universal male suffrage: led to creation of mass political parties -trade unions and socialist parties: trade unions gained rights and workers supported socialist political partoes and played big roles in Britain, France, Germany -welfare state: reform demands by political and socialist parties pushed euro govs to enact legislation that would help lower classes. these reforms were the foundation for the welfare state -changing balance of power: unification of Germany and Italy ended the balance of power made by congress of vienna. nationalism, sec ind rev, Realpolitik created unstable balance of power

what were the key trends in the age of mass politics 1871-1914

Enclosure Movement, Agricultural Rev, Population Explosion, Commercial Rev, Enlightenment

what were the main reasons for Britain taking first place in the Industrial Rev

-find new sources of raw materials -find new markets for finished goods -Social Darwinists believed strong nations had natural right to dominate the weaker ppl -missionaries and christians believed their duty to spread christianity to less fortunate ppl

what were the motives for new imperialism

-telephone became essential to modern life (linked families and business transactions) -internal combustion engine allowed mechanics to build gas powered automobiles

what were the new forms of communication and transportation in the second ind rev

printing press created international market for books, new ocean trading routes sparked a rise in shipbuilding, emergence of nation states supported the large scale manufacture of cannons and muskets

what were the new industries the commerical revolution sparked

-enclosed fields -continuous crop rotation -manure as fertilizer -planting variety of crops -use of drainage to reclaim marshes

what were the new innovations in the Low Countries

electricity, oil, and gasoline powered more intricate machines. ESPECIALLY electricity bc it lit homes and powered EVERYTHING

what were the new sources of power in the second ind rev

-austria controlled lombardy and venetia and other small italian states -reactionary Bourbon regime controlled kingdom of Two Sicilies -Pope Pius IX opposed the cause of Italian unification

what were the obstacles to italian unification

-Germany hated its harsh terms, called it a diktat(imposed settlement) -US rejected Treaty and followed isolationism -France was determined to enforce the treaty and make germany pay for the damage it caused -communist russia remained outside the international system

what were the perspectives that countries had regarding the Treaty of Versailles

a still economy, political corruption, economic mismanagement, expensive war in Afghanistan

what were the problems the soviet union faced when Brezhnev died 1982

-weaknes of weimar republic made the public want a strong leader who would restore german pride -hitler said he wouldnt take over by revolutionary means but rather be elected legally -denounced the weimar republic and treaty of versailles -used propaganda to convince ppl of his rightful leadership -offered an ideology that exploited their fears aka nazi program

what were the reasons hitler rose to power

Habsburg power was set back after the thirty years war and there was extinction in the Habsburg line in Spain

what were the results for the habsburgs in the thirty years war

Spain had an american empire 20x its size, aztecs and natives converted to christianity and became subjects of the Spanish king

what were the results of spain's conquests in america by the end of the 16th century

romantics believed in revolutionary movements that would give people more freedom and control over their lives. writers could learn more about their heritage by studying the past.

what were the romantic's view on nationalism

1. imperial powers were devastated by WWII so they couldn't support themselves or their colonies 2. horrors of WWII weakened euro confidence and moral justification for imperialism 3. demand for self determination rose in asia and africa

what were the three key factors that contributed to the rapid pace of decolonization

Catholic education: founded schools for middle and upper class boys Missionary work: missionaries preached Christianity in Americas and Asia Combating Protestantism: countered revival of Catholicism in Bavaria, southern Netherlands, and Poland

what were the three main activities of the jesuits

Glasnost ,Perestroika, Demokratizatsiya

what were the three reforms Gorbachev made

Upper Class: 1-2% of pop, lived "on a golden cloud", mansions, spent money without care Middle Class: 20-25% of pop, merchants doctors factory workers etc, cheaper foods and increase wages allow them to buy labor saving items like washing machine, street cars allow them to commute, increased lesisure time Working Class: 75-80% of pop, on edge of poverty, little access to medical advances, trade unions and high wages didnt improve their lives

what were the three social divisions in the "Belle Epoque"

-monarchy -aristocracy -church -patriarchal family -conservatism

what were the traditional institutions of power

1. US, canada, western europe 2. soviet union and 7 eastern european countries

what were the two rival groups in the Cold War

Grand Alliance; these nations were afraid that France would take over as a universal monarchy

what were these countries apart of: England, Holland, Austria, Brandenburg, Italian duchy of Savoy what caused them to join together?

the provisions made at westphalia

what were these: 300 German states got the right to conduct diplomacy and make treaties, rulers could decide religious faith of their land, calvinism is acceptable, independence of Dutch and neutrality of Switzerland recognized, French annexed pieces of Alsace and Loraine, Sweden got territory around the Baltic Sea

as more women worked, they faced discrimination and wage gaps

what were womens working conditions post WWII

cost of fighting in Seven Years War and financing the American War for Independence

what worsened france's massive debt besides excessive spending

Great Britain, 1750s

when and where did industrial rev begin

1838; working class leaders

when and who drew up a People's Charter that demanded universal manhood suffrage, secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of property requirements for membership in House of Commons

1640-1648; Charles I was desperate for money to fight the Scottish.

when and why did the Long Parliament take place

1936 when nationalist forces led by fransisco franco rebelled against the republic

when and why did the spanish civil war begin

1875

when did British trade unions win full legal status including the right to strike

1556

when did Charles V renounce his throne, leaving territories in Austria, Bohemia, Hungary to his brother Ferdinand

after 1815

when did Continental Europe begin to industrialize

January 1649

when did Cromwell and New Model Army execute King Charles I

1796

when did Edward jenner perform the first smallpox vaccination

1789; the Assembly of Notables refused Louis XVI's tax reform program forcing him to call a meeting of the Estates General

when did French gov face the threat of bankruptcy and what happened as a result

4 years after the he was elected the new president of the Second French Republic aka 1852; a mass majority of the French people endorsed these proclamations

when did Louis Napoleon crown himself emperor and how did the French people react

December 2, 1804

when did Napoleon crowns himself emperor

1689

when did Parliament require William and Mary to accept the Bill of Rights

1846; marked a victory for Britain's urban population and for the proponents of free trade

when did Parliament vote to repeal the Corn Laws and what did this mark?

during WWII

when did US, britain and germany combine theoretical science and sophisticated engineering to produce new weapons

end of 19th century

when did educated middle class "new women" enjoy independent lifestyles with their own apartments, smoking in public, cutting hair short

1870 and 1914. wanted to acquire raw materials, develop profitable foreign markets, protect strategic sea lanes, introduce their tech to less advanced ppl

when did euro nations led by britain and france bring most of the world under their control. what were they motivated by

may 1860

when did garibaldi and the Red Shirts invade and liberate (to free) the kingdom of Two Sicilies

1933

when did germany withdraw from the league of nations

1964-1982

when did leonid brezhnev led the soviet union with the communist party

after 1750

when did marriage/family patterns look like this: -arranged marriage decline bc of income raise -cottage industry growth allowed increase income and young ppl to be financially independent -increased mobility reduced parent and village control -young peasant women left home to be domestic servants

1848-1870

when did nationalism dominate european politics

April 12, 1945; President Truman learned that US had developed the atomic bomb

when did pres. roosevelt die and what was discovered 2 weeks after

1848; he issued a series of reforms including calling a Prussian assembly to draft a new constitution

when did riots break out in Berlin and how did Frederick William IV (reign 1840-1861) react

1830

when did riots in belgium turn to widespread demand for independence

1600s

when did the Dutch Republic support artists like Rembrandt, Frans Hals, and Jan Vermeer. This was a period when Dutch enjoyed golden age of artistic achievement

Battle of Waterloo (June 1815)

when did the Grand Alliance defeat Napoleon after he escaped from Elba and formed a new army

March 1814; Napoleon renounced his throne and was exiled to the island of Elba

when did the Grand Alliance enter Paris and what happened as a result

1804-1815

when did the Napoleonic Empire last

1701-1713

when did the War of Spanish Succession begin and end

1642-1649

when did the english civil war take place

1609, under terms of truce 7 northern Calvinist provinces became known as Dutch and 10 southern provinces became known as Spanish Netherlands

when did the war for control of the Netherlands end and how

joint-stock company

when international trade needed capital to arm ships, buy privileges, and build trading posts the Dutch and English merchants formed this to maximize profits and limit risks

Britain: 1857 France: 1884

when was divorce legalized in Britain? France?

1956-1964

when was the soviet union under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev

1881

when were divorce and property rights taken away from The Napoleonic Code fully restored

during 16th and 17th centuries

when were hundreds of thousands of ppl being tried for witchcraft

before 18th century because of high infant mortality rates

when were parents NOT reluctant to become emotionally attached to their kids

in the community

where did Rousseau claim the general will to be found

looked at Piedmont-Sardinia bc it was the only Italian state ruled by an Italian dynasty. 1852 Piedmont's king Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camilio di Cavour his prime minister

where did italian nationalists lookto for leadership and why? who became prime minister

Low Countries and England

where did most of the enclosure of common land take place in most of the 18th century

France and Germany

where did peasants resist enclosure of open fields

rome to pay for St. Peter's Basilica

where was the money from indulgences going to

new world to old world

where were these items coming from and going to? Agriculture: potatoes, maize, tobacco, vanilla, chocolate Animals: Turkey Diseases: syphilis

old world to new world

where were these items coming from and going to? agriculture: coffee, cane sugar, wheat , rice animals: cows, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, chicken disease: smallpox, measles, diphtheria Humans: euro colonists and african slaves

socialism

which -ism believed in these beliefs -the existing distribution of wealth is unjust -"haves" possess more than they need and "have nots" possess barely enough to survive -resources and means of production should be owned by the community -profits of human labor should be equally distributed

Capitalism

which -ism is based on the private ownership of property like land, raw materials, and equipment

Leopold II of Austria and Frederick William II of Prussia

which 2 leaders issued the "Declaration of Pillnitz" on August 1791 declaring that the restoration of absolutism in France was of "common interest to all sovereigns in Europe"

Demokratizatsiya

which Gorbachev reform is described -Gorbachev knew for economy to thrive the communist party would have to loosen its grip on the soviet society -1989 new policy translates to "democratization" -called for election of a new legislature which was the 2,250 member Congress of People's Deputies

Glasnost

which Gorbachev reform is described: -before Gorbachev, soviet leaders like Lenin and Brezhnev controlled media and restricted human rights -1986 Gorbachev introduced this policy that translates to 'openness' -encouraged soviet citizens to discuss ways to reform their society and complain about the economy -citizens learned the truth about poor harvests, inefficient state monopolies, and Chernobyl nuclear disaster

Perestroika

which Gorbachevn reform is decribed -1986 this literally translates to restructuring -restructured the economy by removing bureaucratic (ppl in charge make decisions not elected officials) control over business and provided incentives (a payment to stimulate output) for more productivity

cubism

which art style: -presented multiple views of the same object -fragmented forms into flat, jagged shapes -flat 2D space without linear perspective

Bourgeoisie (new middle class entrepreneurs)

which class expanded as commerical capitalism expanded in the age of discovery

Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria

which countries took advantage of Napoleon's weakness, formed the Grand Alliance and defeated him at Battle of Nations in Oct 1813

Low Countries; because they were most densely populated region in europe, dutch farmers had maximum yields from their fields, low countries had a growing urban pop that demanded farm products

which countries took leadership in farming in the early 1700s and why

Russia, France, britain

which countries were a part of the triple entente

great powers: britain, france, austria, russia, prussia not: spain, holland, poland, sweden, ottoman empire

which countries were considered the great powers of europe in the 18th century? which countries were not?

Great Britain

which country emerged as Europe's leading commerce nation

upper middle class parents

which group began to place greater emphasis on raising kids better

philosophes

which group dedicated themselves to exposing social problems and proposing reforms based on natural laws

bourgeosise

which group enjoyed prosperity, political power, leisure time during the ind rev

philosophes

which group is described: -believed liberty and equality should be granted to women -women should access education and intellectual life -women should have political equality

moderates

which group sat and took up a large space in the center of the Legislative Assembly

Radicals who distrusted the king and wanted the Revolution to continue

which group sat on the left of the Legislative Assembly

conservatives who supported the king

which group sat on the right at the Legislative Assembly

wealthy business and industrial leaders. to justify their success and others failure. supported laissez faire economics and opposed social welfare programs

which group used social darwinism and why

elderly, widowed women

which group was most likely accused of witchcraft

nobles because they lost many privileges

which group was the most upset with Joseph II's reforms

liberals and nationalists. there were uprisings in spain and italy, suppression in Germany, Decembrist Revolt in Russia

which groups did the congress of vienna dissapoint and what happened as a result

factory owners and merchants

which groups pressured Parliament to pass the Reform Bill of 1832

1763-1789

which period had enlightened despots between the great powers in the 18th century

1715-1740

which period had peace between the great powers in 18th century

1740-1763

which period had warfare between the great powers in the 18th century

William Gladstone (1809-1898); alliance of conservatives and anti-home rule Liberals defeated his home rule bills in 1886 and 1892. Gladstone's support for home rule split the liberal party, allowing the conservatives to take power. parliament passed an irish home rule bill in 1914

which prime minister supported irish home rule and what was the result

Girondins

which radical group wanted to involve France in a war that would discredit the monarchy and extend France's revolutionary ideals across Europe

Jacobins

which radical group wanted to overthrow the monarchy and create a republic. key leader was Maximilien de Robespierre

Dutch 1581

which territory in the northern provinces could not be won back their loyalty to Spain. when did they claim their independence from Spain

alexander II issued an emancipation act freeing the serfs but peasants still didn't own the land

who and what emancipated the serfs in 1861

Oliver Cromwell, 1653

who and who took the title Lord Protector and established a one man rule that was supported by the army

merchants and bankers because the commerical rev replaced the town and guild system creating a nation centered economic system

who and why emerged as influential and successful entrepreneurs in the commerical rev

Jean Jacques Rosseau (1712-1778)

who argued that a "natural education" should replace rigid schooling

Queen Elizabeth I of England

who assisted the dutch rebels of Spain with money and troops and encouraged English sea captains to raid Spanish ships

France and England. French occupied Dutch land and forced Dutch to open their dikes (walls that prevent sea coming in) to save Amsterdam

who attacked Dutch Republic in 1670? what were the results

puritans

who attempted to impose strict moral codes that censored press, banned sports and close theaters in England

Mussolini

who believed in a corporate economy: -Corporate (Joined/united) economy -capitalists and workers must cooperate for the good of the state -22 state corporations to run all parts of the italian economy - corporations outlawed strikes and set wages -combined private ownership with state control over economic decisons

Baron de Montesquieu

who believed in separation of powers and that the ideal gov would be separated into: executive, legislative, judicial branches. this allowed no one branch to get full power. influenced American Constitution

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

who believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis

Stuart kings

who believed their authority came from God and therefore wanted no Parliamentary restraints in the monarchy

Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1830

who captured the 3 day riot against Charles X

John Calvin (1509-1564)

who coined pre destination that stated that humans are naturally sinful so we can't achieve salvation; God already chose who is damned

Cavour; Realpolitik

who combined power politics and secret diplomacy and what was it called

muslims and venetians

who controlled the trade routes to the east in the 14th century

Puritans

who demanded changes in the Anglican Church aka Church of England

William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury)

who did Charles I encouraged to transform Church of England into a Catholic CHurch without a pope

Philip of Anjou/Philip V of Spain AKA Louis XIV's grandson

who did Charles II leave his huge Spanish throne to in 1700

Duke de Sully

who did Henry IV appoint that made French tax system more efficient, reduced royal debt, built roads and canals, revived industry and agriculture, encouraged colonization in New World

Leon Trotsky: believed russia should support communist revolutions around the world Joseph Stalin: said communism should first gain a firm hold in russia before supporting a global revolution Stalin was ruthless and cute trotsky from the communist party and he stood alone as the Soviet Unions leader

who did Lenins death in 1924 cause a power struggle between and compare them

Baron Georges Haussmann

who did Napoleon assign to redesign paris

Austria, Prussia, Russia

who did Napoleon defeat between 105-1807 in series of military victories

leaders of French and American revs and 20th century dictators who justified their rule by claiming to embody their nation's general will

who did Rousseau's concept of general will influence

neoclassic: Greece and Rome Romantics: medieval period

who did neoclassical artists look to for models of order and clarity? who did romantics look to for models of heroes, miracles, and unsolved mysteries?

Dutch Republic and France; Spanish economy suffered, armies defeated,

who did spain fight long wars with and what were the results

-reformers in Czechoslovakia wanted to break away from the soviet union -Vaclav Havel led a general strike that resulted in the collapse of the communist gov -ethnic differences between Czechs and Slovaks prevented the creation of a stable united state -1993 Czech Republic and slovakia peacefully split into 2 countries

who did the fall of the berlin wall inspire and what happened as a result

-inspired ppl of east germany and they demanded change in their gov -Nov 9 1989 East german leader opened the berlin wall -reunification of germany happened a year later -this marked the end of the cold war

who did the protesters in Poland against Communism inspire and what happened as a result

Jean Jacques Colbert

who does this describe -believed mercantilism was the best way to increase French power and wealth -followed economic policies that gave france a favorable balance of trade -granted monopolies and enforced high tariffs

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)

who does this describe -established the Fifth French Republic 1958 -served as president until 1969 -followed an independent course that opposed ties with america and continued european political and economic union

Klemens de von Metternich (1773-1859)

who does this describe: -Austrian foreign minister of host of Congress of Vienna -conservative -saw liberalism and nationalism as threats to european stability and austrian empire survival

Frederick the Great of Prussia (reigned 1740-1786)

who does this describe: -called himself "first servant of the state" -invited voltaire to live in his palace -supported scientific agriculture -prepared a unified national code of law -abolished torture except for treason and murder -encouraged Huguenots and Jews from Poland to immigrate to Prussia -strengthened Junkers privileges and gave them full control over their serfs -believed in social order

Joseph II of Austria (reign 1780-1790)

who does this describe: -abolished serfdom and feudal dues -abolished forced labor aka the robot -proclaimed religious toleration for jews and christians -reduced the influence of the church -reformed the judicial system -abolished torture and ended death penalty -most radical, least effective

Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-1796)

who does this describe: -talked with Voltaire and invited Denis Diderot to their court -supported Russia's first printing press -provided formal education for daughters of the nobility -restricted torture -allowed limited religious toleration of Jews -called for a legal commission to draft a new enlightened law code but nobles didn't want to give up privileges so little was achieved

wealthy bourgeoisie; rejected working class to join them and said "enrich yourself and you will have the vote"

who dominated France during the reign of Louise Phillipe (1830-1848) and how did they respond to working class wanting to be a part of it

austrians dominated. italian nationalists called "carbonari" (charcoal burners) hoped to drive out the Austrians and unify Italy

who dominated northern italy and what happened as a result?

Gentry, merchants, lawyers

who dominated the House of Commons

Frederick William I (Reigned 1713-1740) Prussia

who doubled Prussia's army to over 80,000 men.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

who encouraged parents to provide a nurturing home environment for their kids

Portuguese

who established trading posts along the West African coast where gold and slave business thrived

Puritans

who favored a Presbyterian form of church organization that allowed church members to run the church and express opposing views

Fransisco Franco

who favored a fascist style gov and was supported by army leaders, clergy and aristocracy in Spain

Stuart kings

who favored the established episcopal (governed by bishops) church organization in which the king, Archbishop of Canterbury and bishops determined doctrine

Rousseau

who foreshadowed the romantic reaction to the enlightenment by claiming that emotions and sudden feeling should be trusted, not science and reason

Frederick William (The Great Elector) reigned 1640-1688 Prussia

who forged the Hohenzollern territories into a strong power, recognized a well equipped army would protect territories, had loyalty from Junkers (german landowners who had power over the serfs)

Prominent industrialists who advocated a free trade policy that would lower the price of food and increase the profits of industry

who formed the Corn Laws and what did they advocate

italy, prussia, austria-hungary

who formed the triple alliance

wealthy merchants

who had political power in Dutch provinces

medieval philosophers like Aristotle and Ptolemy

who had the view of a geocentric universe where earth was a motionless body at the center of the universe and the sun,moon, and planets circled around it perfectly circulary

Louis XIV (Sun King)

who increased the power of intendants, refused to appoint a chief minister, reduced political power of French nobility. excluded nobles from key positions and appointed bourgeoisie instead

aristocrats, nobles, wealthy merchants

who influenced and sometimes dominated monarchs

John Locke's tabula rasa/human potential

who influenced philosophe's emphasis on the importance role of education in shaping social progress

Charles X of France (reign 1824-1830)

who is described: -1824 succeeded his brother louis XVIII -reactionary -opposed liberalism, republics, constitutions

Emmeline Pankhurst

who led British women in waging an aggressive campaign for women's suffrage

Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

who led the Committe of Public Safety that exercised dictatorial power as it carried out the Reign of Terror

Oliver Cromwell

who led the Roundheads in defeating the cavaliers

winsto churchhill

who led the Royal Air Force RAF in attacks on Hitlers germany in july 1940

led by reform popes who wanted to stop spread of Protestantism and reenergize the faithful

who led the catholic counter reformation and what was their purpose

Charles Parnell

who led the irish nationalists who sought to achieve home rule by granting ireland its own parliamnent

Suleiman the Magnificent (reigned 1520-1566)

who led the ottoman empire

Abbey Sieyes

who led the third estate in rejecting the old method of voting in the estates and demanded that all estates should meet together

the National Assembly

who made these reforms: -created a constitutional monarchy -divided France into 83 departments governed by elected officials -established the metric system to measure -abolished internal tariffs -abolished guilds

peter the great

who made these reforms: -created a standing army in russia -created a russian navy -introduced the potato to russian agric. -strengthened economy by importing skilled workers -liberated russian women by allowing them to not wear veils -shaved nobles long beards

diplomats of Germany, France, Sweden, Spain, Dutch, pope

who met in westphalia

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal (1394-1460)

who organized voyages along the west coast of africa

Florence Nightingale; organized a battlefield of nursing services to care for wounded british

who played a major medical role in the crimean war

Jacques-Benigne Bossuet

who provided the theological justification for the divine right of kings by declaring that "the state of the monarchy is the supremest thing on earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit on God's throne, but even God himself are called gods"

Bismarck; at 1878 Congress of Berlin he tried to reduce tensions by supporting Serbian independence and Austria-hungary's right to "occupy and administer" Bosnia and Herzegovina

who recognized the threat of the balkans (southeastern europe) nationalistic aspirations preceding WWI and what did they do as a result

Pope Pius VI and over half the clergy refused. alienated catholics were persistent opponents of the french rev

who refused to take the oath of allegiance the Civil Constitution of the Clergy required them to take

James I

who reigned England 1603-1625

Charles I

who reigned England 1625-1649. James I son

James II

who reigned England 1685-1688

Napoleon III

who reigned France 1852-1870

Charles II

who reigned england 1660-1685

Oliver Cromwell

who rejected radical groups like Levellers and Quakers

a provisional gov led by alexader kerensy -continued the war w germany despite their losses -this decision weakened the gov and led to their end

who replaced tsar nicholas II and what did they do

wealthy landowners

who resisted all reform proposals like the Corn Laws

Louis XVIII; Bourbon rulers

who returned as the legitimate Bourbon ruler of France? who returned to their thrones in Spain and Naples?

evolutionary socialists led by Edward Bernstein (1899)

who revised Marxian doctrine to adjust to the new economic realities

Greeks

who revolted against the Ottoman Empire in 1821

Habsburgs of Austria

who rivaled with Hohenzollern of Prussia 1740-1763 for power in central europe

Britain

who rivaled with the French 1740-1763 for trade in North America, West Indies, India

Bartholomew Diaz

who rounded the Cape of Good Hope and returned to Portugal in 1488

Louis XVI

who ruled France 1715-1774 and was a weak ruler who was dominated by royal mistresses and court favorites, allowed nobles to regain power

NIcholas I (alexander I's successor)

who suppressed the Decembrists

catholic church

who taught that God had purposefully placed Earth at the center of the universe because thats where are the life is

Sans-culottes (literally "without breeches)

who took control of the Paris Commune (city gov) during summer of 1792 and intimidated the Legislative Assembly into desposing Louis XVI and issuing fro an election of a national convention making a more democratic gov

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

who used controlled experiments to formulate laws of motion and inertia that were expressed in math formulas

Isaac newton

who viewed the universe as a vast machine created by God but worked according to universal laws that could be mastered to improve human life; supernatural and miracles played no role in the universe

Count Kaunitz of Austria; 1756 Diplomatic Revolution

who vowed to recover Silesia from Prussia, formed a coalition with France, Austria, Russia

Puritan members of Parliament

who wanted James I to purify Church of England of "popish ways" including bishop authority

american president woodrow wilson

who wanted a just and lasting peace and created the 14 points

Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1725). visisted Holland and England where he toured shipyards, military equipment, and western customs

who wanted to learn from his rivals in western europe and where did he visit

Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)

who was a Norwegian playwright during the Expressionist movement whose "A Doll's House" criticized conventional marriage roles

John Calvin

who was a Protestant reformer who challenged the pope and and relied upon the Bible as the sole source of religious authority and stressed pre-destination

Cardinal Richelieu (France) and Metternich (Austria)

who was afraid of Germany's unification

the pope; he didnt sign the treaties; shows the high degree of secularization

who was ignored at westphalia

liberal and working class opponents

who was infuriated by Charles X's policies

his brother James II

who was next in line for the throne after Charles II after he didn't have legitimate kids

Mikhail Gorbachev

who was selected by the members of the Politburo (Communist Party's top decision making group) to be the new leader of the soviet union on march 1985

Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)

who was the Spanish soldier that led the Jesuits after resolving to becoming a soldier of Christ by fighting for the pope and Catholic Church

william II (reigned 1888-1918)

who was the german ruler who was arrogant and wanted to rule on his own, forced bismarck to resign in 1890, expanded bismarck's social reforms in which germany's economic and military power grew

philosophes

who was the key group that pushed enlightened despots for change

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

who was the leader of the soviet union

-after franco-prussian war bismarck wanted to isolate france so he allied w austria-hungary 1879 -italy joined austria-hungary and prussia forming the TRIPLE ALLIANCE -italy joined bc it wanted to get whatever they could out of it -1887 prussia bismarck signed a treaty w russia to keep a potential ally for france for themselves

who were bismarck's alliances and why

Georges Braque "Violin and candlestick" Pablo picasso "Guernica"

who were key cubist artists

Claude Monet and Pierre-Auguste Renoir

who were key impressionists

Joseph II (Austria) Frederick II ("the Great") (Prussia) Catherine II ("the Great") (Russia)

who were the 3 best known enlightened despots

Theodor Roosevelt, Winston churchill, joseph stalin

who were the Big Three in WWII

inspired by revs in france and belgium, rebelled, metternich sent in austrian troops to restore order, carbonari's failure left Giuseppe Mazzini as Italy's nationalistic leader

who were the Carbonari inspired by, what did they do, what was the result

led by Lech Walesa ; supported by Pope John Paul II

who were the Polish workers that formed a democratic trade union called Solidarity led by and who provided crucial support to Solidarity

first; clergy second: nobility third: everyone else (common ppl)

who were the first, second, third estates composed of

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and Joseph Lister

who were the main three people in the bacterial rev

French emperor Napoleon III, Italian prime minister Camilio de Cavour, Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck

who were the skillfull practitioners of Realpolitik

James I

who wrote "The True Law of Free Monarchies" where he asserted that "kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth, and sit on God's throne, but even by God himself are called gods"

Niccolo Machiavelli

who wrote "the Prince" in which he described that people are ungrateful and untrustworthy. Urged rulers to study war, avoid unnecessary kindness, and always base policy upon the idea that the result justifies the reasons

Olympe de Gouges

who wrote 'Declaration on the Rights of Women' and demanded that French women be given equal rights as men

Louis XIV of France

who's excessive spending left france in a massive public debt that consumed half the nation's tax revenues

Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970)

whose foreign policies do these describe -granting algeria full independence -withdrawing french military forces from NATO -developing France's own nuclear weapons -opposed Britain's entry into the EEC aka common market

Louis XIV

whose goals do these describe: -wanted to expand France to its natural frontiers along the rhine river ans switzerland -wanted to make france a global power by inheriting the Spanish Habsburg possessions in the New World and Europe

Philip II of Spain

whose goals were to advance Spanish power in Europe, champion Catholicism in Europe, Defeat Ottoman Turks in eastern Mediterranean

Lenin

whose key ideas do these describe: -denounced gradual reform, saying that capitalism could only be destroyed by class conflict -communist rev was possible in a nonindustrialized country like russia -russia's small working class couldn't have a revolutionary class so leadership would come from highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries -led the bolshevik rev

Isaac Newton

whose mathematical formula described all forms of celestial and terrestrial motion

February 1848; was unable to withstand public pressure. as tension filled Paris the liberals, socialists, Bonapartists all yearned for power

why and when did Louis Phillipe's government collapse

he believed that it would destroy royal control of the church/threaten monarchy; "no bishop, no king"

why did James I reject Presbyterian system of church

The Edict allowed for religious toleration of the Huguenots and Louis wanted one religion. Hugeunots fleed france and france lost many skilled workers and business leaders

why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes in 1685? how did he pay the price?

prussia wanted to win 2 border provinces (schlesswig and holstein) and their victory and clever diplomacy allowed bismarck to eliminated austrai from german affairs

why did Prussia (led by Bismarck) wage war against Denmark and what was a result

american isolationists believed US involvement in WWI was a mistake so they wanted to stay out of european affairs and they undermined just how much hitlers thirst was for power and conquest

why did democracies fail to act during hitlers reign

the treaty of westphalia gave control of the rhine river to the dutch

why did germanys long term commerical growth suffer

for economic and territorial objectives (no religious wars)

why did great powers fight in the 18th century

he wanted to test the league of nations' system of collective security. france and britain didnt do anything to stop the invasion bc they hoped that by satisfying mussolini it would maintain the peace

why did mussolini order an invasion on ethiopia on oct 1935 and what happened as a result

educated Europeans turned to rational explanations and logic

why did superstition and witchcraft decline

sea trade routes shifted from Mediterranean Sea to Atlantic Ocean

why did the Dutch replace the Italians as the bankers of Europe

greek had the support of britain, france, russia who all wanted to expand their influence on the Balkans. they were also influenced by public support for greece because it was a historic birthplace of western civilization

why did the Greek revolt against the Ottoman empire work while revolutions in spain and france didn't

the center of european trade shifted to western europe

why did the hanseatic league decline

internal divisions, lack of popuar support outside the cities, continued strength of conservative forces

why did the revs of 1848 fail

they believed the royalists would betray the revolution

why did the sans culottes execute thousands of priests, bourgeoisie, and aristocrats after the summer of 1792 (september massacres)

to demand cheap bread and to force royal family to move to Paris

why did women lead the march to Versailles during the French Rev

the US laid within the soviet sphere of influence

why didnt the US help hungary when it was invaded by khrushchev's army

because czechoslovakia lay within the soviet sphere of influence

why didnt the US take action during the Brezhnev Doctrine

-1979 Brezhnev sent soviet forces to afghanistan to save an unpopular marxist regime, this invasion ended detente and restarted the cold war -Reagan administration responded with an american military that forced the soviets to increase military spending which worsened their economical problems

why was the Cold War reignited. how did america respond. how did their response affect the soviet

after neville chamberlain allowed hitler to capture Sudetenland hitler made plans to attack poland. munich conference became a symbol of surrender and democrats vowed they would never try to satisfy a ruthless dictator again

why was the munich conference a turning point in european history

because the political situation was very unstable

why were the balkans known as the balkan powder keg preceding wwi

Ignatus Loyola

wrote "Spiritual Exercises" discussing a system of disciplined meditation, prayer, and study