AP Euro Schmitt Exam NOT FINISHED YET!!!
D
1. Who invented the spinning jenny? a. Richard Arkwright b. Samuel Crompton c. Andrew Ure d. James Hargreaves
B
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that? A. wages always move in proportion to productivity in the workplace B. the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence DIFF: Level C. wages of the working class always rise as a percentage of the wages of the upper classes D. population growth creates more highly talented people who produce greater profits
A
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the A. industrial dominance of Britain. B. half-century of labor reforms in Britain C. creation of German Zollverin D. launch of the Great Eastern Railroad
D
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain? A. Factory Act of 1833 B. Mines Act of 1842 C. Coercive Acts of 1766 D. Combination Acts of 1799
C
What did Henry Cort develop? A. The first locomotive, after much experimentation B. The first commercial steam ship, initially used in North America C. The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke D. The steam engine, which became a major factor in the Industrial Revolution
A
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located? A. The Ruhr B. Prague C. Berlin D. Paris
B
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright? A. Spinners were producing far more thread than weavers could use B. A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed C. Neither spinners nor weavers could keep up with the enormous demand for cotton cloth D. Merchants who ran the putting-out system required a better system of transportation of raw materials and finished goods
B
What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature? A. Industrialization of the Continent B. Establishment of limited liability investment C. Recruitment of bank deposits from landed aristocracy D. Influx of British investment
A
How did industry grow in continental Europe? A. Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production. B. Following the Napoleonic War, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production. C. Russia industrialized very rapidly once the serfs were emancipated in 1861 D. Austria-Hungary made almost no progress in industrialization in the nineteenth century
B
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent A. was much cheaper than it had been in Britain. B. featured varying degrees of government involvement. C. was generally the work of private entrepreneurs D. generally followed the British pattern
C
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to A. punish France for its role in the recent wars B. extract war reparations C. avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France D. create a number of new nation-states
C
Who were the Luddites? A. Irish peasants who formed secret societies against British landowners B. The chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England C. British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work D. Scottish Highlanders who formed community groups that worked building railroads across Great Britain
A
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies A. were guided by the principle of the balance of power B. resurrected the Holy Roman Empire C. treated France harshly D. established constitutional monarchies in the areas conquered by Napoleon
D
Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coalmining? A. Pottery, iron, and machinery B. Machinery and consumer goods C. Machinery, hardware and iron D. Textiles, iron and machinery
A
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths? A. They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment. B. The required women to offer proof of virginity in order to obtain a position in a factory C. They established stiff fines and punishments for extramarital sex D. They required factory owners to build workers' dormitories with strict curfews
D
In their war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greeks ultimately won the support of A. Austria, Prussia, and Russia B. Austria C. the Netherlands and Great Britain D. Great Britain, France and Russia
B
Thomas Malthus argued in his Easy on the Principle of Population (1798) that A.the productivity of the Industrial Revolution would result in a rise in the standard of living B. population trends to increase beyond the means of subsistence C. government programs are necessary to prevent distress D. capitalism will prevent distress through an increase of productivity
D
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton? A. Skilled Workers B. Precision parts C. Contacts with government officials D. Capital and skills in salesmanship
C
Who was William Cockerill? A. The inventor of the spinning jenny B. The chief financial backer of the first commercial railway in England C. An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium D. The prime minister of Britain who opposed the Factory Act of 1833
A
Why did the eighteenth- century Britain have a shortage of wood? A. Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry B. The new industrial pollution began to destroy traditional old-growth forests C. The vast expansion of the British navy in the wars against France led to a problem of deforestation D. The widespread of building canals and roads required large amounts of wood and had caused many forests to be cut through
C
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work? A. Artisans and skilled craftsmen B. Factory and industrial labor C. Farming and agriculture D. Transportation
B
On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area? A. London B. The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool C. The area surrounding Sheffield D. The area surrounding Bristol
C
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe? A. There were still many opportunities for active participation in the business world B. Formal education, from which they were excluded, had become very important as a means of success and advancement in he business world C. There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories. D. Governments passed legislation forbidding middle-class women from working in offices and factories
C
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution? A. Industrial workers were forced into every-larger factories that provided the opportunity for them to recognize their common plight B. Forward-thinking radicals educated the laboring classes in the Marxists doctrine C. As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling. D. The government acted to protect the position and wealth of new industrialists
B
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit? A. The use of Irish laborers in English mines B. Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten C. Night work in the mines D. Work shifts longer than eight hours
B
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it A. allowed children ten and older to work only if they worked with their family B. banned children under nine years of age from employment. C. banned children under fourteen years of age from employment D. allowed children age fourteen to eighteen to work a maximum of eight hours a day
A
What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833? A. It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories. B. It required employers to keep logs of all work-related injuries and accidents and provide copies to local authorities C. It established the first minimum wage for workers, although it did not apply to children D. It authorized workers to form unions if the factory had more than twenty-five employees
A
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century? A. The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products B. Government-funded research led the way in development of inexpensive processes for the production of iron products C. British capitalists used new techniques developed in the American iron foundries to increase the manufacture of inexpensive iron products D. Breakthroughs in Russia iron production dramatically lowered the price of iron early in the nineteenth century
C
How did the cotton transform the textile industry? A. Cotton provided a more secure of raw material for textiles than wool or flax, since it was less susceptible to yearly changes in weather and environment B. Cotton was far less expensive than wool or flax, permitting a significant decrease in the cost of new textiles C. Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production D. Cotton could be produced in far greater quantity than flax or wool because it could be grown in many of British colonies
B
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories? A. They were terrible but gradually improving B. They were not harsh and even quite good C. They were so bad as to require government intervention D. They were problematic only because the workers were lazy and ignorant
C
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought A. to demonstrate that widespread economic growth could be achieved through agricultural development without having to develop industry B. to develop a private academy that would train engineers for industrial production C.to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense. D. to lead a revolt by artisan craftsmen against the introduction of machine technology
B
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships, A. women were expected to produce sufficient income for the family to provide for themselves. B. women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born. C. men took on significant childcare and domestic roles so that women could work outside of the home. D. women increasingly gained access to employment opportunities that had traditionally been reserved for men.
C
2. How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century? a. family members increasingly adopted new machines that reduced the time of household labor significantly b. husbands became more involved in managing the household c. family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages d. family members increasingly scattered to diverse places of employment, rarely working together
D
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located? A. Bordeaux, Nantes, Mulhouse B. Le Havre, Rouen, Paris C. Lille, Paris, Nantes D. Paris, Lyons, Lille
D
How did railroads affect the nature of production? a) The speed of rail travel required manufacturers to adopt more regularized work routines. b) Railroads permitted factories to be established anywhere, without concern for access to other resources. c) The availability of raw materials became more secure, supporting greater investment in machinery. d) Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
D
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed? A. More industrialists emerged from the working classes as they became familiar with the new machine technology B. More industrialists emerged from the working classes, as creditors recognized the vast profits in new enterprises and were willing to assume more risk in new ventures C. Industrialists increasingly emerged from the migrant communities, who carried new technologies across borders D. It become harder to form firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth
B
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that A. the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery." B. in general, the living conditions of the working class were slowly improving. C. the class-consciousness of the working class would lead to social revolution. D. the working class was itself responsible for most of the problems its members faced.
A
In the nineteenth century, Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued A. as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state B. only in those regions of the nation where natural resources were easily available C. through the laissez-faire tradition of free trade and independence from government interference D. as a supplement to agricultural development but never as a goal in itself
B
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor A. stagnated or even deteriorated until around 1850 B. improved only after 1820. C. deteriorated throughout the nineteenth century D. changed little during the nineteenth century
D
The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 A. established a free trade zone within the German Confederation and offered economic privileges to member states B. created a legislature that united all of German states but left real decision making authority with local rulers C. defined an idea of German nationalism built around a common language, culture, and set values D. required members of the German Confederation to root our subversive ideas and to spy on liberal and radical organizations.
A
The reformer Robert Owens sought to A. create a single large national union for British workers. B. defend the rights of private property against socialist claims. C. free laborers from the restrictions of the Factory Acts. D. form a committee of industrialists to advise the government on industrial policy.
B
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was? A. a government sponsored response B. usually a response to the wishes of the families C. replaced by the system of pauper apprenticeship D. outlawed by the Combination Acts
B
What was the function of the Crystal Palace? A. It was the Tsar Alexander I's answer to Versailles B. It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London. C. It was the nickname for the Archbishop of Canterbury's new cathedral D. It was an architectural masterpiece constructed entirely of marble
D
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement? A. employers be required to provide basic education for child workers under the age of ten. B. all women be paid equally to men. C. Britain permit the import of grain without duties attached in order to keep food prices low. D. all men be given the right to vote.
D
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution? A. Thomas Newcomen's 1705 steam engine B. The development of the internal combustion engine C. The use of running water to power cotton-spinning machinery D. James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
A
What was the result of the development of the British economy 1780 and 1851? A. Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth. B. The large increase in wages resulted in a vast increase in personal consumption C. Average consumption per person decreased as industrial work drove drown wages D. The large growth in population caused the gross nation product to remain stagnant
B
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization? A. France, after a generation of revolution and war, was not in a position to industrialize B. France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation. C. The large British lead in industrial technology discouraged the French throughout most of the nineteenth century D. The French economy, which was overwhelmingly agricultural and concentrated on small-scale farming, did not lend itself to industrialization
B
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages? A. Cottage workers like the paternalistic relationship they had with the merchant capitalist B. In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo C. Working in a factory meant getting up very early every day D. Cottage workers wanted to remain close to their local parish church
A
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"? A. The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality. B. Men, as breadwinners for their families, demanded the best and highest paying jobs C. Governments, concerned that the factory work would interfere with the growth of the nation population, increasingly regulated what women could do D. Most religious condemned work outside the home for women