AP EURO SEM 1

Seventeenth-century French painters, sculptors, and architects developed which style of art that came to be known as the French national style? Select one: a. Classicism b. The baroque c. Realism d. Impressionism

Classicism

What controversial agricultural practice in England that eliminated community grazing rights normally required an act of Parliament? Select one: a. Selective livestock breeding b. Enclosure c. The open-field system d. The use of mechanized machinery

Enclosure

What steps did England take to reduce Catholic Ireland to the status of a British colony in the wake of the Jacobite uprising of 1689? Select one: a. England began systematically importing Irish Catholics to work as indentured servants for British families b. England began sending prisoners to Ireland, using it as a prison colony much like Australia c. England confiscated Catholic lands and imposed laws limiting the rights of Catholics, including their right to bear arms, educate their children, and participate in politics d. England used Catholic forced labor to exploit Ireland's natural resources without any compensation for the use of land and materials

England confiscated Catholic lands and imposed laws limiting the rights of Catholics, including their right to bear arms, educate their children, and participate in politics

In their quest to revive the cultural glory of the ancient world, Renaissance humanists focused much attention on: Select one: a. ancient Roman law and jurisprudence b. classical architecture c. classical history and literature d. mathematics and astronomy

classical history and literature

The uprising of French peasants against the nobility in the summer of 1358 was known as: Select one: a. the Jacobin Rebellion b. Wat Tyler's Rebellion c. the Fronde d. the Jacquerie

the Jacquerie

In 1494, Christopher Columbus became one of the first European explorers to propose: Select one: a. an expedition to circumnavigate the globe b. the establishment of a regular slave trade based in Hispaniola c. a sea route from Spain to India as a way of avoiding conflict with the Ottomans, who dominated the land routes to Asia d. a permanent European presence in the Americas

the establishment of a regular slave trade based in Hispaniola

European missionary strategies in other parts of the world: Select one: a. were similar to one another in planning and attitude, in negotiations with local elites, and in the treatment of indigenous peoples b. were very open-ended, with missionaries given total control over both theology and the practice of conversion c. were diverse, being dependent on the country sending out missionaries, the missionaries' attitudes toward local elites, and their willingness to train indigenous peoples as clerics d. were directed from the distant European capitals, with few or no changes made to those strategies by missionaries within the localities

were diverse, being dependent on the country sending out missionaries, the missionaries' attitudes toward local elites, and their willingness to train indigenous peoples as clerics

Following Henry VIII's break with Rome and his adoption of Protestantism, the English government promoted an English-language Bible based on a translation by William Tyndale, Select one: a. who had been burned at the stake as a heretic some years before b. who later, as archbishop of Canterbury, became one of the chief proponents of the new faith in England c. whose friendship with Martin Luther served to enhance the new Bible's legitimacy d. who had begun his career as a Catholic prelate

who had been burned at the stake as a heretic some years before

What did the Oxford scholar John Wycliffe argue? Select one: a. Pious monks needed to oust corrupt and materialistic churchmen from their high positions in the church hierarchy b. The Greek Orthodox church and not the Roman Catholic church was the rightful heir to the keys of St. Peter c. The true church was a community of believers, not an ecclesiastical hierarchy d. The papacy had lost its moral authority for not having settled the Hundred Years' War

The true church was a community of believers, not an ecclesiastical hierarchy

Which of the following is regarded as a signal innovation in Renaissance art? Select one: a. The use of oil on canvas b. The depiction of mythical figures c. The introduction of pointillism d. The use of linear perspective

The use of linear perspective

Which of the following best describes the origins of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)? Select one: a. A conflict over succession to the French throne following the assassination of Henry IV in 1610 b. A combination of religious dispute, ethnic competition, and political weakness in central Europe c. A long-standing dispute over the borders of France and the Holy Roman Empire that drew in nearly all the countries of Europe d. The defeat of the Spanish Armada at the hands of Queen Elizabeth I's navy, and Spain's desire for revenge on England

A combination of religious dispute, ethnic competition, and political weakness in central Europe

Which of the following was a result of the flood of precious metals from the Americas and the tremendous growth in population that took place during the sixteenth century? Select one: a. Increasing wealth for urban workers, whose wages skyrocketed b. Building programs to create new roads and canals to transport people and goods c. A drastic inflation of food prices that reached up to 400 percent d. The expansion of Spain's wealth to its highest level ever by the end of the sixteenth century

A drastic inflation of food prices that reached up to 400 percent

Which of the following factors helped lead Spain and France to end sixty years of warfare with the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559? Select one: a. Spain's interest in diverting resources to overseas exploration b. A royal marriage alliance c. Looming financial bankruptcy d. The Ottomans' victory at Mohács and the fear that all of Europe might fall to the Ottomans

A royal marriage alliance

Which of the following was argued by the French scholar René Descartes (1596-1650)? Select one: a. Alchemy and astronomy are part of natural magic and are valid subjects for scientific exploration b. A scientific approach to knowledge could lead to a secure understanding of nature, human behavior, and politics c. The only thing that is certain is that nothing in life is certain; therefore, man should lead a life of pleasure d. Scientific learning might very well undermine religious faith, which would lead to the downfall of the Catholic church

A scientific approach to knowledge could lead to a secure understanding of nature, human behavior, and politics

Why did constitutionalism undermine rather than strengthen the state in seventeenth-century Poland-Lithuania? Select one: a. A single negative vote in the legislature acted as a veto, deadlocking parliamentary government b. The presence of religious and ethnic factions prevented an effective majority from forming c. Elections proved so expensive that candidates were often bankrupted d. The nobles who sat in the Sejm (parliament) were easily corrupted by Russian bribes

A single negative vote in the legislature acted as a veto, deadlocking parliamentary government

What was the Atlantic system? Select one: a. A new system of international diplomacy that helped regulate colonial expansion in the New World b. A web of trade routes that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas and became the hub of European expansion throughout the world c. A new series of cultivation techniques that were adapted from New World plantations and that revolutionized European agriculture d. A series of treatises written by moral philosophers and religious leaders that laid out a justification for plantation slavery in the New World

A web of trade routes that bound together western Europe, Africa, and the Americas and became the hub of European expansion throughout the world

When he reportedly uttered the phrase "L'état, c'est moi" ("I am the state"), Louis XIV demonstrated his attachment to what form of rule? Select one: a. Fascism b. Socialism c. Constitutional monarchy d. Absolutism

Absolutism

What explains the predominance of women among those accused of witchcraft in Europe and North America in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? Select one: a. A series of plague-like illnesses swept through Europe and North America, afflicting mainly men, which led people to believe that witches were causing them b. The rising number of women's social groups formed to pursue political rights led to a fear of covens c. The rise in infant and child mortality due to the severe famines of the era was blamed on jealous childless women d. Accusers tended to single out the poorest and most socially marginal people in their community, i.e., elderly spinsters and widows, who were thought to be seeking revenge on the wealthy

Accusers tended to single out the poorest and most socially marginal people in their community, i.e., elderly spinsters and widows, who were thought to be seeking revenge on the wealthy

Why did Louis XIV place such immense importance on court ritual at the palace of Versailles? Select one: a. He believed that court ritual was a means of attracting a beautiful wife from one of the other ruling families of Europe b. He saw court ritual as a means of demonstrating that he had better manners than the other rulers in Europe and therefore deserved more political power c. He had no real political ambition and saw the royal court at Versailles as his major sphere of influence in Europe d. After his experience with the Fronde, he sought to domesticate the warrior nobles by replacing violence with court ritual.

After his experience with the Fronde, he sought to domesticate the warrior nobles by replacing violence with court ritual.

What was the general response of the European population to the famine that arose in Europe between 1594 and 1597? Select one: a. Although revolts did occur, most people simply took to the road in search of food and charity b. They turned to religion and superstition as a means of explaining their bad fortune, and churches subsequently became very wealthy c. Europeans engaged in massive, widespread revolts that brought down both local and national governments d. They began turning on each other, and civil wars broke out across Europe as small disputes became cause for violence

Although revolts did occur, most people simply took to the road in search of food and charity

Why did plantation slavery replace indentured servitude as the major economic anchor of the Atlantic system? Select one: a. Although they were often overworked, indentured servants were much more expensive than African slave labor b. African slaves were better able to withstand the heat of the Caribbean climate and died off in fewer numbers than European indentured servants c. African slaves were more docile, while indentured servants were always trying to rebel and disrupt the Atlantic economy d. Nearly all indentured servants were women, making them unsuitable for the type of agricultural labor that fed the Atlantic economy

Although they were often overworked, indentured servants were much more expensive than African slave labor

Which of the following was characteristic of the rococo style of painting that developed in the eighteenth century? Select one: a. A focus on symmetrical shape and simplicity of form b. The importance of piety and religious themes and an extreme emphasis on detail c. An emphasis on irregularity and asymmetry, though on a small, ornamental scale d. The importance of monumental, emotional grandeur and large-scale works

An emphasis on irregularity and asymmetry, though on a small, ornamental scale

The legacy of Sir Robert Walpole (1676-1745) can be described as the establishment of which of the following? Select one: a. A professional British diplomatic service through the creation of the office of foreign secretary and an extensive network of embassies around the world b. An enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which a prime minister from the majority party guided legislation through the House of Commons c. The first public elementary school system in Europe d. The first, albeit rudimentary, social security system in the Western world

An enduring pattern of parliamentary government in which a prime minister from the majority party guided legislation through the House of Commons

What caused secular governments in both Catholic and Protestant regions of Europe to begin to assume the responsibility for public charity? Select one: a. Competition between Protestant and Catholic regions over how best to minister to the poor and increase the size of their communities in these contested regions b. An overall increase in poverty and hardship and the rise of a work ethic that included growing hostility toward the poor c. The discovery and introduction of scientific and quantitative approaches to solving the problem of poverty d. Pressure from the popes and from local rulers who had come to sympathize with the poor and downtrodden in society

An overall increase in poverty and hardship and the rise of a work ethic that included growing hostility toward the poor

Which of the following best characterizes the French government's implementation of the new economic doctrine of mercantilism in the mid-seventeenth century? Select one: a. Arguing that governments should stay out of trade completely, mercantilists supported free trade and fought to remove all tariffs and customs fees b. Arguing that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible, mercantilists rescinded customs fees and enacted high foreign tariffs c. Arguing that France could not compete with Britain and the Netherlands in trade, mercantilists sought to remove France from overseas trade and change its focus on agriculture d. Focusing on increasing national wealth through taxation, mercantilists sought to limit foreign travel and trade and encourage internal production

Arguing that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible, mercantilists rescinded customs fees and enacted high foreign tariffs

How did warfare change during the Hundred Years' War? Select one: a. Knights on horseback played a decisive role b. Armies relied on conscripts c. Armies became more professional and centralized d. It became increasingly chivalrous

Armies became more professional and centralized

How did the Dutch scholar Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) define natural rights? Select one: a. As life, health, law, and justice b. As life, labor, property, and respect c. As life, body, mind, and soul d. As life, body, freedom, and honor

As life, body, freedom, and honor

In what way may the Hundred Years' War be seen as a world war? Select one: a. It lasted for more than a century b. Both the English and the French hired mercenaries from other countries c. It was fought on multiple continents d. Its outcome had global significance

Both the English and the French hired mercenaries from other countries

Between 1384 and 1476, what state filled the territorial gap between France and Germany but was, unlike most other European states, an artificial creation whose existence depended entirely on skillful rulers? Select one: a. Genoa b. Burgundy c. Guyenne d. Venice

Burgundy

Which French Catholic ruler ushered in the French Wars of Religion after a disastrous attempt to play rival factions against one another? Select one: a. Charles IX b. Catherine de Médicis c. Henry of Navarre d. Henri de Guise

Catherine de Médicis

What occurred in Paris on August 24-26, 1572? Select one: a. Huguenots rioted after King Henry II was assassinated during a jousting tournament b. Marguerite de Valois, the sister of the French king, married Henry of Navarre in a lavish three-day ceremony c. A French Protestant mob smashed Catholic church windows and statues d. Catholic mobs murdered some three thousand Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catholic mobs murdered some three thousand Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

What actions did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the French king Francis I take that shocked the Christian world? Select one: a. Charles V made an alliance with the Ottoman sultan in order to end fighting in the east so that he could concentrate on France, while Francis I, believing that God was punishing him, ordered the execution of all Jews and Protestants who refused to convert b. Charles V seized Rome and allowed his troops to sack the city in 1527 to punish the pope for siding with France, while Francis I later made an alliance with the Turkish sultan against the emperor c. Charles V agreed to grant all Protestant princes their independence, but only after they helped him defeat France, while Francis I made an alliance with Henry VIII of England, a ruler he considered a heretic d. Charles V invited all European Jews to come to his empire so that he could profit from their wealth, while Francis I instituted toleration for all Protestants who joined the French army

Charles V seized Rome and allowed his troops to sack the city in 1527 to punish the pope for siding with France, while Francis I later made an alliance with the Turkish sultan against the emperor

Why did clothing develop special importance in eighteenth-century cities? Select one: a. Clothing became a reliable indicator of people's social status and occupation, further distinguishing the social classes b. In response to the church's complaints about consumerism, a large segment of the upper classes adopted a monastic style of dress c. As urbanization progressed and cities became dirtier, the upper classes adopted simpler, more utilitarian clothing, which led to a blending of social classes d. As the economy faltered and people had less income to spend on clothing, they relied on mass-produced materials and styles

Clothing became a reliable indicator of people's social status and occupation, further distinguishing the social classes

What did Frederick William of Brandenburg-Prussia give his nobles in exchange for allowing him to collect taxes in their provinces? Select one: a. Greater influence in government through representative assemblies b. Complete control over their enserfed peasants and personal exemption from taxation c. A monopoly on foreign trade and the taxes collected from commerce d. Exemption from dues as well as all military and civil service

Complete control over their enserfed peasants and personal exemption from taxation

What was the name given to runaway serfs and poor nobles who formed outlaw bands in the no-man's-land of southern Russia and Ukraine? Select one: a. Chechens b. Muscovites c. Cossacks d. Boyars

Cossacks

Which of the following elements were featured in the typical seventeenth-century opera? Select one: a. Dance, drama, and spectacular scenery b. Original characters and complex, suspenseful stories c. Themes designed to appeal to the largely Lutheran audiences d. An orchestra of sixty instruments and a chorus of forty voices

Dance, drama, and spectacular scenery

Although serfdom had virtually disappeared in western Europe by the seventeenth century, where did it intensify? Select one: a. The Ottoman Empire b. Southern Europe c. Eastern Europe d. The Spanish Empire

Eastern Europe

The Protestant cause finally took firm hold in England during the reign of which of the following English monarchs? Select one: a. Edward VI b. Mary Tudor c. Elizabeth I d. Henry VIII

Elizabeth I

What prompted Philip II to send his Spanish Armada against England and Elizabeth I in 1588? Select one: a. Elizabeth's rejection of an offer of marriage from Philip b. Elizabeth's execution of her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots c. Elizabeth's alliance with the House of Orange and her support for the Dutch rebellion against Spain d. Elizabeth's public remark that the pope had the faith of a pirate, the courage of a nun, and the soul of a Turk

Elizabeth's execution of her Catholic cousin Mary, Queen of Scots

After some two hundred years of tolerating and even supporting piracy, why did the English and Dutch governments suddenly try to stamp it out around 1700? Select one: a. It became increasingly hard to retain maritime personnel for the unpleasant work on slave ships when sailors had the option of a more lucrative life as pirates b. English, Dutch, and French bands of sailors began to form associations of pirates, especially in the Caribbean, that preyed indiscriminately on shipping lines of every national origin c. Protestant governments in particular began to look upon their association with such "criminal elements" as antithetical to cherished Christian values d. The presence of an increasing number of women travelers gave rise to growing clamor for their protection from possible mistreatment by pirates

English, Dutch, and French bands of sailors began to form associations of pirates, especially in the Caribbean, that preyed indiscriminately on shipping lines of every national origin

In 1667, Stenka Razin led a legendary rebellion in Russia against what social and political practice? Select one: a. Military conscription b. Jewish pogroms c. Enserfmen d. Polygamy

Enserfmen

Why is the mid-fourteenth century regarded as an era of crisis in the West? Select one: a. Global warming led to devastating droughts and the introduction of tropical diseases b. Europe was plagued by devastating outbreaks of the plague as well as by destructive wars c. Europe was threatened by renewed invasions from the Magyars, Saracens, and Vikings. d. Ottoman invasions threatened to topple the pope from his throne in Rome

Europe was plagued by devastating outbreaks of the plague as well as by destructive wars

Why was the Enlightenment a key historical moment in the discussion of the "woman question" in European society? Select one: a. Male Enlightenment writers fully embraced feminism, and women's emancipation became a major platform of the movement b. The Enlightenment emphasis on reason and scientific inquiry proved that women were not capable of higher education c. It was the first time that women writers had published books in Europe and were considered part of intellectual society d. Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time, representing a fundamental challenge to traditional ways of society

Feminist ideas were presented systematically for the first time, representing a fundamental challenge to traditional ways of society

What was one of the most significant steps in Peter the Great's project to Westernize Russia? Select one: a. Undertaking extensive colonization efforts in Africa to obtain the raw materials that provided so much of western Europe's wealth b. Founding new technical and scientific schools for elites that were run by Western officials c. Making up for the lack of a Russian middle class by encouraging noblewomen to learn foreign languages and become involved in science, education, and trade d. Appointing a chief minister of French origin who managed court affairs, made political appointments, and oversaw mercantile policy

Founding new technical and scientific schools for elites that were run by Western officials

How did the absolutist monarchy of Frederick William of Hohenzollern differ from that of Louis XIV? Select one: a. In addition to focusing more on arts and culture, Frederick William had less interest in consolidating the state bureaucracy and centralizing state power than Louis b. While warfare and expansion were top priorities for Louis, Frederick William had no interest in military affairs c. While Louis promoted himself as the Sun King, Frederick William modeled his reign after Ivan the Terrible d. Frederick William allowed his nobles more independence than Louis, and he rebuffed the ostentation of the French court, welcoming Huguenot refugees from France

Frederick William allowed his nobles more independence than Louis, and he rebuffed the ostentation of the French court, welcoming Huguenot refugees from France

At the center of his theology, Calvin placed the doctrine of predestination, which argued that: Select one: a. every man, woman, and child who truly believed in Christ and his teachings was destined to enter heaven b. God had preselected every human being for either damnation or salvation, and that those elected to be saved were known only to God c. the lives of all people were predestined, except for their choice between good and evil d. God had predestined Calvin and his followers to practice true Christianity

God had preselected every human being for either damnation or salvation, and that those elected to be saved were known only to God

What sorts of professions made up the developing urban middle classes of the eighteenth century? Select one: a. Government officials, merchants, professionals, and small landowners b. Artisans, shopkeepers, and those organized in professional guilds c. Journeymen, apprentices, servants, and laborers d. Landed nobles, political leaders, and high court judges

Government officials, merchants, professionals, and small landowners

What was the staple food of European peasants in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries? Select one: a. Cheese b. Grain c. Meat d. Vegetables

Grain

Which of the following was a revolutionary breakthrough in seventeenth-century medicine? Select one: a. Galen's discovery that the umbilical cord carries nourishment to the fetus b. Paracelsus's On the Construction of the Human Body c. Vesalius's thesis on pharmacology, which was published across Europe d. Harvey's discovery that the heart worked as a pump

Harvey's discovery that the heart worked as a pump

Why did King Henry IV declare "Paris is worth a Mass"? Select one: a. As a southern French Protestant, he detested Paris and mocked its cathedrals and Catholic traditions b. He was a Huguenot but agreed to a Catholic wedding to please his Catholic fiancée and his Catholic subjects c. Despite his personal skepticism, he ordered masses and prayers of protection for Paris d. He converted to Catholicism to ensure his control over France, believing that he needed to place the interests of the state ahead of his Protestant faith

He converted to Catholicism to ensure his control over France, believing that he needed to place the interests of the state ahead of his Protestant faith

What steps did the duke of Orléans (1674-1723), regent to Louis XV, take to shore up France's crumbling finances? Select one: a. He imposed high tariffs on British agricultural imports, particularly wool and cotton textiles b. He founded a state bank to help the government service its debt, only to see the bank crash within a few months in the wake of a speculative bubble c. He cancelled plans for further colonial expeditions in the New World d. He doubled the land tax, leading to widespread protests in rural areas throughout the kingdom

He founded a state bank to help the government service its debt, only to see the bank crash within a few months in the wake of a speculative bubble

Why did Henry VIII take the first steps that would ultimately result in severing the English church's ties with Rome in 1527? Select one: a. He had been persuaded to convert to Protestantism after a personal meeting with Martin Luther b. He wanted to divorce his aging wife and marry again so that he could produce a male heir to the throne c. He had experienced a vision that told him he had to set up his own church independent of Rome or face military defeat and humiliation d. He believed that this would strengthen his position in his struggle with Parliament for power

He wanted to divorce his aging wife and marry again so that he could produce a male heir to the throne

Why was Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) put on trial before the Inquisition in 1633? Select one: a. He openly stated that his new invention, the telescope, would allow believers to see the angels in heaven b. He was accused of disobeying the Catholic church's order that he not teach that the earth revolves around the sun, a discovery that conflicted with the church's long-held position on planetary movement c. He refused to acknowledge the existence of hell since it could not be observed through his scientific devices d. Although he had taken money from the Catholic church for his scientific experiments, he was discovered to be a Calvinist who disavowed the authority of the pope

He was accused of disobeying the Catholic church's order that he not teach that the earth revolves around the sun, a discovery that conflicted with the church's long-held position on planetary movement

Why did Jan Hus's ideas gain such a large number of followers in Bohemia? Select one: a. Church leaders tolerated the spread of Hus's ideas b. His ideas tapped into the resentments of the Czech majority against the dominant and largely urban German-speaking minority c. John Wycliffe's ideas had spread throughout Bohemia several decades earlier, thus providing fertile soil for Hus's ideas to grow in d. His doctrine of justification by faith minimized the ecclesiastical power of the unpopular Bohemian church hierarchy

His ideas tapped into the resentments of the Czech majority against the dominant and largely urban German-speaking minority

Why did Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan (1651) enrage both royalists and supporters of Parliament? Select one: a. Hobbes argued in favor of pluralism, a maximizing of the social classes and religious sects represented in the House of Commons b. Hobbes called for a confederation of England and France as a correction to the "unsatisfactory" settlement of the Thirty Years' War c. Hobbes favored a social contract as the basis for governmental legitimacy while championing absolutist rule (by either king or Parliament) d. Hobbes championed the concept of "divine right," but only for Catholic monarchs who received the blessing of the pope

Hobbes favored a social contract as the basis for governmental legitimacy while championing absolutist rule (by either king or Parliament)

Which of the following was declared by the first Mexican Ecclesiastical Provincial Council in 1555? Select one: a. Native or mixed-race people were not allowed to take communion b. Indians should not be baptized until they had been taught to speak Spanish c. Holy orders were not to be bestowed on Indians or people of mixed-race heritage d. Intermarriage between Europeans and Indians was banned

Holy orders were not to be bestowed on Indians or people of mixed-race heritage

Historians have advanced several different ideas about the increase in the slave trade during the seventeenth century. Which of the following factors might explain this increase? Select one: a. More Europeans began using slaves as household servants and as factory labor, doubling the demand for slave labor b. European governments instituted an international law legalizing the slave trade, making it much easier for traders to buy and sell slaves c. Improvements in muskets, the rising price of slaves, and growing conflict between African tribes made slave capture easier and more profitable d. Africans stopped resisting European slave traders, making it much easier to capture and transport slaves

Improvements in muskets, the rising price of slaves, and growing conflict between African tribes made slave capture easier and more profitable

Which of the following did Louis XIV employ as a counter to the parlements, provincial estates, aristocratic governors, and hereditary officials, many of whom had purchased their offices? Select one: a. Mobile royal courts b. Royal militias c. Intendants d. Regents

Intendants

Principia Mathematica (1687), which synthesized the laws of movement and universal gravitation, was the work of what great scholar? Select one: a. Sir Francis Bacon b. Johannes Kepler c. Marie Curie d. Isaac Newton

Isaac Newton

How did the Rump Parliament respond to the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649? Select one: a. It appointed Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector b. It disbanded in the face of popular outcry against the execution c. It abolished the monarchy d. It acknowledged the king's son, Charles II, as the new king

It abolished the monarchy

How did Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694) challenge the subservient roles traditionally ascribed to women? Select one: a. It argued for the establishment of writers' colonies where women could work in peace, free from the constraints of men and family b. It called for the widespread adoption of contraception and other family planning measures as a way of empowering women c. It called for sweeping reforms of English divorce and inheritance laws d. It advocated the founding of a private women's college to remedy women's lack of education

It advocated the founding of a private women's college to remedy women's lack of education

What was the significance of Cardinal Richelieu's decision to aid the Lutheran king Gustavus Adolphus's invasion of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War? Select one: a. It demonstrated that political interests had come to outweigh religious concerns b. It betrayed France's military weaknesses and left the country open to an invasion by the Spanish military c. It illustrated the extent to which Protestants had taken over France, as they had sided with the Lutherans in the religious conflict d. It showed that the French were so desperate to defeat the Germans that they would give money to Sweden, their long-standing enemy

It demonstrated that political interests had come to outweigh religious concerns

How did the Russian tsar Peter the Great's imposition of the Table of Ranks in 1722 affect Russian society? Select one: a. It upset the leaders of the Russian Orthodox church, as it placed the tsar above the church patriarch in both secular and religious matters b. It upset the fledgling entrepreneurial class in Russia, encouraging a damaging drain of talent to the West c. It assigned a complex hierarchy to the Russian courtiers in his court as a means of regulating their frequently bloody competition for high office d. It divided the Russian nobility into compulsory military, administrative, and judicial service categories

It divided the Russian nobility into compulsory military, administrative, and judicial service categories

Which of the following is true of the seventeenth-century Protestant revival known as Pietism, which became popular in the German Lutheran states, the Dutch Republic, and Scandinavia? Select one: a. It encouraged an intense emotionalism, even ecstasy, in religious worship as well as participation in daily catechism instruction and frequent prayer meetings b. It promoted a fatalist belief in the imminent end of the "corrupt and evil" world by fire c. It rejected all congregational or group functions, churches, or clerics, advocating a deeply private, individualistic form of prayer and devotion d. It advocated intensive Bible study and the use of reason to suppress unruly emotions and impulses

It encouraged an intense emotionalism, even ecstasy, in religious worship as well as participation in daily catechism instruction and frequent prayer meetings

How did the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV in 1598, end the French Wars of Religion? Select one: a. It established the Bourbons as heirs to the Valois throne, thus nullifying any Guise family counterclaims b. It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration, such as freedom to worship in specified towns and the right to retain their own troops, courts, and fortresses c. It declared Catholicism the official religion of France, thereby undermining popular support for the Guises and their Spanish allies d. It legalized Protestantism and granted Protestants the same rights and freedoms as Catholics throughout the realm

It granted Protestants a large measure of toleration, such as freedom to worship in specified towns and the right to retain their own troops, courts, and fortresses

Why was the code of 1649 critical to Russia's political and social development? Select one: a. It reduced the domestic power of the nobles in exchange for lucrative foreign campaigns b. It opened civil service positions to people on the basis of merit rather than family connections c. It impeded social change by imposing a fixed, inherited, and hierarchical social structure d. It rejected Catholicism in favor of strict adherence to Greek Orthodox beliefs

It impeded social change by imposing a fixed, inherited, and hierarchical social structure

How did the economic crisis of the early seventeenth century affect the status of the peasantry in northern Europe? Select one: a. It enhanced the status of peasants, as governments provided subsidies to agricultural workers to feed civilians b. It led to the disappearance of the peasantry, as impoverished peasants were forced off their land, often into homelessness and debt c. It led to a growth in the peasantry, as urban workers saw agriculture as their best chance for survival d. It pushed peasants to seek jobs in factories or emigrate to the New World as a means of survival

It led to the disappearance of the peasantry, as impoverished peasants were forced off their land, often into homelessness and debt

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)? Select one: a. It made Lutheranism a legal religion in the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but it did not extend recognition to Calvinism b. It barred Protestant princes from participating in the election of the Holy Roman Emperor c. It stipulated that Lutherans pay their tithe to the Catholic church d. It required Lutherans in the Holy Roman Empire to live in principalities headed by Protestant princes

It made Lutheranism a legal religion in the predominantly Catholic Holy Roman Empire, but it did not extend recognition to Calvinism

Why do some historians view the English civil war of 1642-1646 as the last great war of religion? Select one: a. It pitted Puritans against those trying to push the Church of England toward Catholicism b. It ended when all Protestant sects were forced to convert to Catholicism under threat of torture and death c. It had no political element but was merely a theological conflict between Puritans and Catholics d. It was fought between the Catholic clergy and Huguenot refugees who had fled the French Wars of Religion a century before

It pitted Puritans against those trying to push the Church of England toward Catholicism

Which of the following did the Peace of Lodi (1454) accomplish? Select one: a. It led to a truce between Venice and the Ottoman Empire and the division of the Adriatic Sea into separate zones for Venetian and Ottoman commercial traffic b. It established permanent boundaries between the Papal States and the northern Italian city-states c. It put an end to the conflict between Venice and Milan that had been raging since 1450 d. It established a truce between the kingdoms of Naples and Aragon and allied them against the Ottoman Turks

It put an end to the conflict between Venice and Milan that had been raging since 1450

How did the Thirty Years' War affect European civilians? Select one: a. It resulted in widespread suffering and devastation and led to peasant revolts and even outbreaks of plague b. It impoverished those in battle zones but greatly enriched merchants and privateers who profited from the prolonged warfare c. It solved the problem of overpopulation, leading to higher wages and better diets for both the rural peasantry and urban populations d. It left most civilians materially better off but ambivalent toward their governments, which had pushed them into the war

It resulted in widespread suffering and devastation and led to peasant revolts and even outbreaks of plague

How did the Peace of Westphalia influence future European disputes? Select one: a. It forced European monarchs to appeal to a committee of European leaders for all major financial and political decisions b. It forced the losing parties to take all blame and punishment for the conflict, creating a model that would last well into the twentieth century c. It served as a diplomatic model for resolving disputes between warring nations, as it brought all parties together to design a settlement d. It laid out the terms for naval warfare, particularly regarding the burgeoning Atlantic trade and the rise in privateering

It served as a diplomatic model for resolving disputes between warring nations, as it brought all parties together to design a settlement

Which of the following statements about the Swiss Confederation is true? Select one: a. It was created by the cities of the Alpine region of the Holy Roman Empire b. It was dominated by the landed nobility c. It was conquered by the duke of Burgundy d. It was formed to facilitate the hiring out of mercenaries to the rulers of Europe

It was created by the cities of the Alpine region of the Holy Roman Empire

Why did Philip II's Spanish Armada carry religious as well as political significance? Select one: a. It carried large numbers of Jesuits on a mission to reconvert the English to Catholicism b. It was sent by a Catholic king to defeat the Protestant queen who had beheaded his Catholic cousin c. It was sent by Philip after his wife Mary, queen of Scots, was forced to convert to Protestantism d. It attracted large numbers of Catholics from all over Europe to fight the English Protestants

It was sent by a Catholic king to defeat the Protestant queen who had beheaded his Catholic cousin

What did critics of the Enlightenment find so dangerous about the new intellectual movement? Select one: a. Its proponents encouraged amateur scientific exploration, which led to dangers such as unlicensed surgeons and pharmacists b. Its proponents discouraged formal education by placing enormous value on the self-taught individual c. Its proponents actively supported lower-class revolt against factory owners and wealthy elites d. Its proponents subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority

Its proponents subjected everything to criticism and challenged both political and religious authority

What term was used for the European Christian boys who were forced to convert to Islam and made up the core of the Ottoman army? Select one: a. Osmans b. Janissaries c. Sultans d. Millets

Janissaries

Which of the following astronomers provided mathematical backing for heliocentrism and was the first to assert that planetary orbits are elliptical? Select one: a. Galileo Galilei b. Nicolaus Copernicus c. Johannes Kepler d. Tycho Brahe

Johannes Kepler

At Reims, with Joan of Arc at his side, the dauphin was anointed and crowned as: Select one: a. King Louis X of France b. King Charles II of Burgundy c. King Charles VII of France d. King Philip VI of France

King Charles VII of France

What caused the mass exodus of Moriscos from Spanish territory to North Africa between 1609 and 1614? Select one: a. King Philip III expelled them in retaliation for their revolt forty years earlier in which some fifteen hundred Christians were killed b. They were defeated in a battle against the Spanish army after siding with Turkish forces that had invaded the territory c. An outbreak of the plague forced them to flee to the deserts of the Sahara d. They were chased from Spain after accusations were made that they practiced witchcraft and sorcery against the Spanish people

King Philip III expelled them in retaliation for their revolt forty years earlier in which some fifteen hundred Christians were killed

How did outbreaks of the plague lead to the founding of new universities in Europe? Select one: a. Searching for the causes of the plague led to major scientific discoveries and the creation of new universities to train future scientists b. Local princes received money and property from those who had perished, and they used this income to become patrons of education c. The plague forced more than eighty percent of existing universities to close their doors, necessitating the creation of new institutions d. Mass death led many wealthy noblemen to lose faith in the church, and they opted to will their resources to secular institutions rather than to the church

Local princes received money and property from those who had perished, and they used this income to become patrons of education

What did Louis XIV's palace at Versailles symbolize both to his subjects and to foreigners during his reign? Select one: a. Louis's success in reigning in the nobility and dominating Europe as well as a style that was imitated around the world b. An outmoded style of architecture and court ritual that was overshadowed by the growing popularity of English manners c. Louis's lack of success in leading France and his need to flee Paris and hide out in the countryside d. Louis's decadent lifestyle and the excesses of the French court

Louis's success in reigning in the nobility and dominating Europe as well as a style that was imitated around the world

Why did Luther so bitterly resent the issuing of indulgences? Select one: a. The church had failed to apply uniform standards to their sale, allowing salesmen like Johann Tetzel to even sell indulgences for sins not yet committed b. Luther believed that the sale of indulgences needed to be regulated by church councils and not by the papacy, an institution that he had come to loathe c. Luther believed that indulgences trivialized and ultimately corrupted the practice of penance, a practice that needed to be upheld d. Luther believed that humans could be saved through faith alone, and indulgences made a mockery of salvation

Luther believed that humans could be saved through faith alone, and indulgences made a mockery of salvation

Why Luther did escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms? Select one: a. Luther was German and had protection as a subject of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V b. Luther did not insist on receiving the Eucharist as both the bread and the wine c. Luther enjoyed the protection of a powerful prince, Frederick the Wise, the elector of Saxony d. Luther was too widely known and far too popular to be openly tried or executed

Luther enjoyed the protection of a powerful prince, Frederick the Wise, the elector of Saxony

Under pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund to resolve the Great Schism, Pope John XXIII convened a church council at Constance in 1414, which elected a new pope, Select one: a. Clement VII b. Alexander V c. Martin V d. Gregory XII

Martin V

Which Ottoman sultan succeeded in conquering the city of Constantinople in 1453, thus administering the deathblow to the Byzantine Empire? Select one: a. Mehmed II b. Murad I c. Osman I d. Mehmed I

Mehmed II

The French Catholic lawyer Jean Bodin (1530-1596) is perhaps best known for his defense of what doctrine? Select one: a. Heliocentrism b. Monarchical absolutism c. Religious toleration d. Mercantilis

Monarchical absolutism

Which Italian writer wrote The Prince, a primer for those seeking to hold on to political power? Select one: a. Niccolò Machiavelli b. Baldassare Castiglione c. Poggio Bracciolini d. Ludovico Aiosto

Niccolò Machiavelli

Why did the balance of economic power shift to northern Europe in the seventeenth century? Select one: a. Southern Europe experienced a heavy population migration to the New World after the discovery of gold and silver, which left few workers to plow the fields b. Northern Europeans invested in new agricultural techniques and the robust Atlantic trade, eclipsing southern Europe's Mediterranean trade and population decline c. Northern European privateers plundered the ships filled with gold from Spain and Portugal's New World colonies, leaving those Iberian countries bankrupt d. Northern Europeans began industrializing with factories and heavy industry, while southern Europeans maintained an agricultural economy

Northern Europeans invested in new agricultural techniques and the robust Atlantic trade, eclipsing southern Europe's Mediterranean trade and population decline

Seventeenth-century women became the most prolific authors of what form of writing? Select one: a. Essays b. Poetry c. Novels d. Reviews

Novels

What was established in Brandenburg-Prussia under Frederick William of Hohenzollern to aid in communication? Select one: a. One of the first state postal systems in Europe b. A government newspaper c. A network of suggestion boxes outside public buildings d. A network of government-sponsored coffee shops

One of the first state postal systems in Europe

Although in Britain's constitutional system the monarch ruled with Parliament, power was still contained within a very small elite in the eighteenth century. What was the reason for this? Select one: a. Both Protestant and Catholic churches encouraged believers to stay out of politics to avoid rekindling the conflicts that had fed the English civil war b. Only a few hundred thousand propertied men could vote, and most members of Parliament came from the landed gentry c. The middle and lower classes had little interest in politics, as they were more concerned with the new consumer revolution d. Since so small a percentage of the population was literate at that time, even those who wanted to engage in politics had little means to do so

Only a few hundred thousand propertied men could vote, and most members of Parliament came from the landed gentry

Why did witchcraft trials begin to decline in the mid-seventeenth century? Select one: a. Enlightened rulers saw the trials as a threat to order and stability b. People began to lose confidence in their ability to recognize witches c. Science had proved that belief in the devil was not logical d. Protestant leaders ridiculed witch trials as one of the errors of Catholicism

People began to lose confidence in their ability to recognize witches

What 1571 event ended Turkish dominance of the Mediterranean Sea? Select one: a. Philip II's naval victory at Lepanto off the Greek coast b. The revolt of the Moriscos at Tunis c. Philip II's conquest of the Ottoman-controlled Balkan states d. Emperor Ferdinand II's victory over the Turks at White Mountain in Hungary

Philip II's naval victory at Lepanto off the Greek coast

The peace treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession set forth what condition for Philip, grandson of Louis XIV, to be confirmed as king of Spain? Select one: a. Philip was required to cancel his plans to marry the Habsburg archduchess Maria Theresa b. Philip had to provide massive reparations payments to the French and Habsburg monarchies c. Philip had to renounce any future claim to the French throne d. Philip had to first repress revolts in Andalusia and Aragon

Philip had to renounce any future claim to the French throne

What was one of Louis XIV's first goals when he assumed direct control as king of France? Select one: a. Reactivating the parlements b. Making a good marriage alliance c. Reigning in France's unruly nobles d. Redistributing the tax burden

Reigning in France's unruly nobles

How did the long-term process known as secularization affect the study of science and the natural world? Select one: a. Religion became a matter of private conscience rather than public policy, thus allowing people to seek nonreligious explanations for natural phenomena b. The various branches of science (astronomy, biology, medicine, etc.) were able to develop fully and become discrete disciplines c. It created a new class of scientific elites who were supported and endorsed by religious elites for their experimental proof of Christian doctrine d. Scientific progress was hindered, as scholars whose scientific findings seemed to contradict biblical teachings were labeled as heretics by religious officials

Religion became a matter of private conscience rather than public policy, thus allowing people to seek nonreligious explanations for natural phenomena

After the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War in 1648, what largely disappeared as a major cause of war among European states? Select one: a. Economic conditions b. Territorial disputes c. Dynastic transitions d. Religious differences

Religious differences

How did the breakdown of constitutionalism, the violence of the Cossack revolts, and a Russo-Polish war affect religious toleration in Poland-Lithuania? Select one: a. Religious toleration ended, as Jews fled to shtetls and Protestants fled Catholic reprisals for their support of Sweden during the war b. All of the major religious groups of the region signed on to a new peace treaty that guaranteed religious freedom to all c. There was mass discrimination against Catholics and Russian Orthodox Christians, who had supported the uprising against the constitutional government d. The citizens of Poland-Lithuania generally became more tolerant of Jews and Protestants who had suffered under Russian repression

Religious toleration ended, as Jews fled to shtetls and Protestants fled Catholic reprisals for their support of Sweden during the war

Why did Ferdinand and Isabella establish the Inquisition in Spain in 1478? Select one: a. The Cathar heresy had not been completed eliminated in the Spanish Pyrenees b. Resentment was growing at the success of those Jews who had converted to Christianity c. The papacy had put pressure on them to establish religious homogeneity on the Iberian peninsula d. The Ottoman Empire had forged an alliance with the king of Granada to regain territories lost in previous centuries as part of the Christian reconquista

Resentment was growing at the success of those Jews who had converted to Christianity

Why did the Great Schism inadvertently provide a boost to Renaissance composers? Select one: a. Rival popes attempted to outdo one another in the realm of pageantry and sound b. The popes enlisted a large number of musicians in their struggle against heresy c. Local lords and kings attempted to steal away the finest composers from Rome and Avignon and employ them in their courts d. All of the popes wereserious musicians themselves and sought to reinvigorate the church's musical heritage

Rival popes attempted to outdo one another in the realm of pageantry and sound

One important element of the French king's campaign to consolidate and strengthen the monarchy was Gallicanism, which was characterized by which of the following? Select one: a. The rejection of further territorial expansion in favor of securing and developing the territories within current state borders b. Royal control over ecclesiastical revenues and the appointment of all French bishops c. A state-sponsored propaganda effort linking the current French monarchy with the legacy and glory of the ancient Roman Empire d. The establishment of a centralized bureaucracy, with its seat in Paris, that was in charge of all provincial tax, administrative, and military responsibilities

Royal control over ecclesiastical revenues and the appointment of all French bishops

In which regions was widespread literacy among the lower classes first achieved? Select one: a. Scandinavia, Scotland, and parts of Switzerland b. The German states of the Holy Roman Empire c. Spain and Portugal d. France and the Netherlands

Scandinavia, Scotland, and parts of Switzerland

Why did the invention of the printing press potentially challenge political and religious authorities? Select one: a. The majority of the population suddenly had direct access to subversive political and scholarly texts b. Scholars were no longer dependent on patrons, local rulers, and church officials for their texts, thereby allowing for a wider circulation of ideas c. It directly undermined the need for popular forms of piety, including processions, pilgrimages, and processions d. Traditional religious texts, including the Bible, were immediately translated and published in the vernacular, thereby decreasing the dependence of the laity on the clergy

Scholars were no longer dependent on patrons, local rulers, and church officials for their texts, thereby allowing for a wider circulation of ideas

What does Molière's play The Middle-Class Gentleman (1670) reveal about seventeenth-century manners? Select one: a. That the aristocracy's refined manners were grotesque and elitist b. That the middle classes were imitating the aristocracy's manners and tastes c. That the aristocracy had begun to treat the middle classes with more respect d. That middle-class upstarts had no interest in aristocratic manners

That the middle classes were imitating the aristocracy's manners and tastes

What legislation passed by Parliament in 1534 made Henry VIII head of the Church of England? Select one: a. The Recognition and Invalidation Act b. The Act of Supremacy c. The Anglican Church Act d. The Henrician Recognition Act

The Act of Supremacy

What October 18, 1534, act of Protestant provocation unleashed persecution by Parisian Catholics of all Protestants and religious dissidents? Select one: a. The Luther Affair b. The Affair of the Placards c. The Institutes Crisis d. The Huguenot Conspiracy

The Affair of the Placards

The artistic style known as the baroque was most closely tied to which religious movement? Select one: a. The Puritans b. The Protestant Reformation c. The Catholic Counter-Reformation d. The Renaissance

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Why was European contact with China so limited in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Select one: a. The Chinese distrusted the European "barbarians" and allowed them to trade only in the city of Canton b. European traders discovered that they could purchase cheaper and better-quality silks and spices in India c. The Chinese banned all European traders once they learned that Westerners were also trading with China's mortal enemy, Japan d. European traders realized that the goods produced by China were not worth enough to make the long voyage economically feasible

The Chinese distrusted the European "barbarians" and allowed them to trade only in the city of Canton

What council is most closely associated with the movement for Catholic renewal in the sixteenth century? Select one: a. The Diet of Worms b. The Council of Pisa c. The Council of Constance d. The Council of Trent

The Council of Trent

What country was the English Navigation Act of 1651 primarily intended to damage? Select one: a. The Dutch Republic b. Spain c. France d. America

The Dutch Republic

Which of the following was the only European state to emerge unscathed from the economic downturn of the early seventeenth century, thanks to its growing population and a tradition of agricultural innovation? Select one: a. The Dutch Republic b. The Holy Roman Empire c. England d. France

The Dutch Republic

Why did France join in the Thirty Years' War in 1635, more than twenty years after the war began? Select one: a. Spain, its Catholic neighbor, needed financial and military assistance to defeat Protestant forces in northern Europe b. The French king Louis XIII hoped to profit from Spain's troubles in the Netherlands and from the Austrian emperor's conflicts with Protestants in his empire c. Louis XIII was secretly a Protestant and hoped to overthrow the Habsburg monarchy in favor of Calvinist governments d. The French king and his ministers hoped to quell domestic unrest by focusing attention on the war abroad

The French king Louis XIII hoped to profit from Spain's troubles in the Netherlands and from the Austrian emperor's conflicts with Protestants in his empire

Which of the following initially precipitated the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)? Select one: a. The English king Edward III decided to march from Guyenne into Languedoc, which enraged the French king Philip VI b. The French king Philip VI laid claim to Guyenne, a fief of the English king Edward III c. King Edward III of England invaded France at Calais and laid claim to the French crown d. The duke of Burgundy attempted to seize English lands in Normandy

The French king Philip VI laid claim to Guyenne, a fief of the English king Edward III

Which forces were represented in the Schmalkaldic League, which was defeated by Emperor Charles V? Select one: a. Hungarian princes allied with the Turkish sultan b. The German Protestant princes and most of the imperial cities c. France, England, and Scotland d. The most prominent Italian city-states, the pope, and France

The German Protestant princes and most of the imperial cities

Following the deaths of William and Mary and their successor Anne (Mary's sister), the English turned to which dynastic house for their next ruler, King George I (r. 1714-1727)? Select one: a. The German house of Hanover b. The Dutch house of Orange c. The Austrian Habsburgs d. The French Bourbons

The German house of Hanover

Which European ruling family had lost a significant amount of political and economic power by the end of the seventeenth century? Select one: a. The House of Orange b. The Habsburgs c. The Bourbons d. The Valois

The Habsburgs

What alliance brought together many cities in northern Germany and the Baltic for the purposes of trade and defense? Select one: a. The Holy Roman Empire b. The Delian League c. The Burgundian League d. The Hanseatic League

The Hanseatic League

What precedent was set by Luther's position during the Peasants' War of 1525, as well as by his subsequent teachings? Select one: a. The Lutheran church would depend on the state—that is, on established political authority—for its protection and would in turn support the state b. Such things as religious conviction, passion, faith, and zeal would be prized above extensive knowledge of church dogma c. Religious disputes would henceforth be settled through repression and warfare in Protestant lands d. The laity was given a greater role in church affairs; no longer would both policy and religious practice be under the exclusive control of an ecclesiastical hierarchy

The Lutheran church would depend on the state—that is, on established political authority—for its protection and would in turn support the state

In the year 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella succeeded in reunifying Spain by conquering what kingdom on the Iberian peninsula? Select one: a. The Christian kingdom of Portugal b. The British outpost on Gibraltar c. The Jewish kingdom of al-Andalus d. The Muslim kingdom of Granada

The Muslim kingdom of Granada

The 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz marked the beginning of the decline of what empire? Select one: a. The Ottoman Empire b. The Habsburg Empire c. The Russian Empire d. The Holy Roman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

The Thirty Years' War ended in 1648 after the signing of which of the following documents? Select one: a. The Edict of Nantes b. The Edict of Restitution c. The Thirty-Nine Articles d. The Peace of Westphalia

The Peace of Westphalia

What compelled Charles I to call a session of Parliament in 1640 after refusing to do so for eleven years? Select one: a. The conversion of his brother and heir, James, to Catholicism b. The monarchy's desperate need to raise tax revenues to put down a rebellion in Ireland c. The formation of representative governing bodies in the North American colonies d. The Scots' invasion of northern England over being forced to use the Book of Common Prayer

The Scots' invasion of northern England over being forced to use the Book of Common Prayer

The 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, which recognized the right of Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa to inherit Habsburg lands, ended which European war? Select one: a. The War of the Austrian Succession b. The Thirty Years' War c. The Franco-Prussian War d. The War of Polish Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession

French Catholic writer Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592) broke with staunch Protestants and Catholics by endorsing what controversial belief? Select one: a. The divine right of kings to rule over their subjects with total authority b. Heliocentrism, or the belief that the planets revolve around the sun c. The ancient doctrine of skepticism, which held that total certainty is never possible d. International law should govern the use of torture and the treatment of prisoners of war

The ancient doctrine of skepticism, which held that total certainty is never possible

What was the role of the arts in Louis XIV's regime? Select one: a. The arts served as a diversion from the hardships of everyday life because they allowed ordinary people to engage with beauty b. The arts were a means to glorify God, as Louis invested large amounts of state money in religious art c. The arts were used as a political tool to enhance Louis's prestige and were even treated as a branch of the government d. The arts helped finance his European wars, as he sold off the royal collection after the state went bankrupt

The arts were used as a political tool to enhance Louis's prestige and were even treated as a branch of the government

Why did the plague spread so rapidly on the European continent in the mid-fourteenth century? Select one: a. Europeans had yet to learn about quarantines or other measures that could effectively halt the spread of disease b. The fighting during the Hundred Years' War allowed the disease to erupt among wounded and exhausted soldiers c. Invading Ottoman troops spread the disease to Europe during their siege of Constantinople and their attacks on the Balkans d. The bacterium that likely caused the disease, Yersinia pestis, followed major trade routes to and across the continent

The bacterium that likely caused the disease, Yersinia pestis, followed major trade routes to and across the continent

Why did women in Protestant areas find their roles increasingly limited to the family and the household? Select one: a. The closing of convents meant that women lost significant options for their lives and careers b. Reformers like Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli were threatened by calls for women's emancipation and attempted to put the brakes on this movement c. Protestant women had featured prominently in the losing side of the Peasants' War d. All New Testament passages insisted on subordinate roles for women in society, the family, and the church

The closing of convents meant that women lost significant options for their lives and careers

Why did many European powers overextend their budgets and flirt with bankruptcy in the sixteenth century? Select one: a. Kings and princes failed to undertake measures to ease the shortfall, including devaluing the currency and raising taxes b. Because of marriages between rival dynasties, the cost of maintaining lavish royal courts and palaces had increased dramatically c. Maintaining overseas colonies proved to be a significant drain on the royal budgets d. The cost of waging war had risen as a result of the need for larger armies and more expensive military technology

The cost of waging war had risen as a result of the need for larger armies and more expensive military technology

What was one result of Louis XIV's 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes? Select one: a. The conclusion of a concordat with the papacy and Pope Innocent XI's subsequent offer of assistance in France's war against the Dutch b. An influx of Protestants into the upper echelons of monarchical administration in France c. An upsurge in the persecution of Jews, particularly in the south and southwest of France d. The creation of a highly educated and influential opposition group willing to express its criticism of monarchical absolutism in writing

The creation of a highly educated and influential opposition group willing to express its criticism of monarchical absolutism in writing

Which of the following was a consequence of the early-eighteenth-century consumer revolution in Europe? Select one: a. Millions of Europeans lost their jobs as the influx of colonial products reduced the need for European-made goods b. Productivity and wealth decreased as a result of the influx of goods like coffee and opium that promoted leisure and often led to intoxication c. The gap between rich and poor widened dramatically as the wealthy became conspicuous consumers, while the poor could not afford to buy goods d. The demand for consumer goods such as housewares rose dramatically as ordinary people gained more disposable income, leading to job creation

The demand for consumer goods such as housewares rose dramatically as ordinary people gained more disposable income, leading to job creation

The revival of Jansenism, which centered on miracles that allegedly happened at the grave of a Jansenist priest, is evidence of what development within French Catholicism? Select one: a. Parisians' general ignorance of most of the basic doctrines of Catholicism b. The desire of ordinary people to connect themselves to what they saw as the direct work of God c. The Catholic church's reluctance to investigate alleged miracles for fear that doing so would reignite religious hostilities between Protestants and Catholics d. The pope's ongoing attempts to wrest control of the Catholic church in France from the monarchy

The desire of ordinary people to connect themselves to what they saw as the direct work of God

Toward the end of the Hundred Years' War, which of the following shifted support from England to France? Select one: a. Bavaria b. The Papal States c. The duchy of Burgundy d. Aragon

The duchy of Burgundy

What triggered the Great Schism in 1378? Select one: a. Challenges to scholasticism posed by William of Ockham b. The refusal of the patriarch of Constantinople to obey the Roman pontiff c. The election of Urban VI, an Italian, as pope d. Disputes over how severely to treat those whose ideas were deemed heretical

The election of Urban VI, an Italian, as pope

Which of the following contributed to rising prosperity in England during the fifteenth century? Select one: a. The expansion of the cloth industry b. The absence of warfare on English soil c. The growing role of the peasantry in politics d. Increased trade with eastern Europe

The expansion of the cloth industry

Seventeenth-century absolutism and constitutionalism were political responses to which of the following developments? Select one: a. The rise of the middle classes, who threatened to seize power from monarchs and aristocrats b. The fear of disorder and breakdown that was the legacy of the French Wars of Religion c. Louis XIV's elaborate rule and attempts to conquer western Europe d. The Catholic church's renewed efforts to assert its control over northern Germany

The fear of disorder and breakdown that was the legacy of the French Wars of Religion

What is Francesco Petrarch best known as? Select one: a. The husband of Laura, to whom he dedicated many romantic poems b. The lover of Beatrice, about whom he wrote extensively c. The first humanist d. A victim of the Babylonian captivity

The first humanist

What triggered Wat Tyler's Rebellion in 1381? Select one: a. Widespread famine and rumors that barons were hoarding grain b. The teachings of John Wycliffe, who held that the people, not the king, owned the land c. King Richard II's imposition of military conscription d. The imposition of a universal tax to raise revenue for the Hundred Years' War

The imposition of a universal tax to raise revenue for the Hundred Years' War

Why did Britain and France turn their attention to occupation of the Caribbean islands in the 1620s and 1630s? Select one: a. The islands were ideal for the new plantation economies of tobacco and sugarcane that were developing with labor from African slaves b. They provided a base for further inland exploration of both North and South America for the legendary gold and silver mines c. The natives on these islands provided a ready labor source for mining and agriculture, industries that provided raw materials for European goods d. Because of ocean currents, it was easier to navigate to these islands than to sail the northern Atlantic to colonies like Plymouth or Canada

The islands were ideal for the new plantation economies of tobacco and sugarcane that were developing with labor from African slaves

What does the "Columbian exchange" refer to? Select one: a. The systematic exploitation of Africans and Native Americans made possible by Columbus's voyages and subsequent European conquests b. Columbus's trade with the Arawaks and Caribs during his four voyages to the New World between 1492 and 1504 c. The movement of peoples, plants, animals, precious metals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the New World d. The expansion of the slave trade to the New World

The movement of peoples, plants, animals, precious metals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the New World

Although William Shakespeare did not set plays like Hamlet (1601) in his own era, they nevertheless reflect what primary concern of his age? Select one: a. The conviction that great wealth or power leads to moral corruption or even madness b. The nature of power and the crisis of authority c. The problem of uncertainty as the scientific revolution led to skepticism d. The reassertion of masculinity among elites after women such as Elizabeth I took authority

The nature of power and the crisis of authority

By the eighteenth century, many Europeans began to try to provide a rationale for the institution of slavery based predominantly on what grounds? Select one: a. The purported mental—and thus racial—inferiority of African people b. The claim that contact with European religion and culture had a civilizing effect on so-called primitive peoples c. Religious beliefs, as many asserted that African "heathens" deserved to be enslaved d. Historical precedent, pointing to slavery as a "natural" practice that dated back to ancient Rome

The purported mental—and thus racial—inferiority of African people

What were the consequences of Louis XIV's revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685? Select one: a. The rights of all Calvinists were revoked, their churches and schools were closed, and they were forced to convert to Catholicism, leading thousands to flee the country b. A period of great religious toleration commenced during which Protestants and Jews enjoyed complete freedom of religion in France c. Protestants were deported en masse to France's colonies in the New World so that they would no longer disrupt political affairs in France d. Catholics began to massacre Protestants throughout France, forcing Louis XIV to imprison all Protestants to keep the peace

The rights of all Calvinists were revoked, their churches and schools were closed, and they were forced to convert to Catholicism, leading thousands to flee the country

In 1517, Martin Luther wrote ninety-five theses or questions for debate that attacked: Select one: a. The sale of indulgences and the purchase of church offices b. Pope Leo X, whom Luther described as the Antichrist c. the despotic behavior of John Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli d. the doctrine of the Trinity and infant baptism

The sale of indulgences and the purchase of church offices

Enlightenment writers saw the solution for all social problems in which of the following systems of thought? Select one: a. The reform of Christian religious institutions b. The scientific method c. Absolute monarchy d. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy

The scientific method

What factors contributed to Britain's agricultural revolution in the 1700s? Select one: a. The selective breeding of animals, the planting of fodder crops, and an increase in the amount of land under cultivation b. The introduction of new crops imported from the New World, particularly potatoes and corn c. The invention of new machinery, particularly plows and reapers, that improved agricultural efficiency d. The discovery of new chemical agents that were more effective at reducing the impact of pests on crops

The selective breeding of animals, the planting of fodder crops, and an increase in the amount of land under cultivation

What divided the northern and southern provinces of the Netherlands even after they drove out the Spaniards in 1576? Select one: a. The southern provinces remained largely Catholic and French-speaking and were suspicious of the strict Calvinism of the northern Dutch provinces b. The northern provinces built their wealth from slave trading, while the more religious southern provinces were morally opposed to the practice c. The Spanish government paid the southern provinces to revolt against the north in order to destabilize the rebellious Protestant territories d. The two provinces could not agree on which form of government to institute after they gained their independence from Spain

The southern provinces remained largely Catholic and French-speaking and were suspicious of the strict Calvinism of the northern Dutch provinces

What determined the balance of white and black populations in each of the New World colonies? Select one: a. The colony's proximity to Africa b. The staple products that a particular colony produced c. The laws governing slave labor in a particular colony d. The climate and tropical diseases that Europeans could not withstand

The staple products that a particular colony produced

What helped European missionaries like Francis Xavier win large numbers of converts in Asia? Select one: a. Their reliance on European military superiority b. The support offered by the network of Spanish merchants and traders c. Their respect for and willingness to work with Asian cultures and civilization d. Widespread fear of Islam in South and East Asia

Their respect for and willingness to work with Asian cultures and civilization

On what topic did Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) and Martin Luther (1483-1546) differ? Select one: a. Clerical celibacy b. Their understanding of communion c. The purpose of confession d. The need for an ecclesiastical hierarchy

Their understanding of communion

How did European rulers justify the growth of state authority and the expansion of government bureaucracies in the wake of the Thirty Years' War? Select one: a. They argued that the state was the only means through which order and prosperity could return to Europe b. They claimed that it was necessary to build a larger civilian authority in order to prevent a military coup c. They carefully cultivated their royal images in order to outwardly demonstrate their authority d. They built up large military reserves of returning soldiers to quell civilian unrest and support their policies

They carefully cultivated their royal images in order to outwardly demonstrate their authority

In what ways did European states engage in economic and political competition in the New World? Select one: a. They chartered private joint-stock companies to import new goods and natural resources, and they invested in the burgeoning slave trade and plantation economies in the New World b. They began to colonize the African coastline and interior in order to set up stronger bases for slave and commercial trade with the New World c. They organized special shipping routes that provided a means of tourism for wealthy European elites in addition to bringing goods and raw materials back from the New World d. They began organizing mass emigration to the New World in order to gain a foothold in the newly discovered territories

They chartered private joint-stock companies to import new goods and natural resources, and they invested in the burgeoning slave trade and plantation economies in the New World

What was the significance of the Church of England's Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion, which were issued in 1563 under the authority of Queen Elizabeth I? Select one: a. They took the power to appoint bishops away from the monarch and gave it to the synod of bishops b. They guaranteed an end to discrimination against Catholics c. They combined elements of Catholic ritual with Calvinist doctrines d. They left Catholic ritual and doctrines virtually untouched but led to a breach between the Church of England and the papacy

They combined elements of Catholic ritual with Calvinist doctrines

Why did seventeenth-century Protestants and Catholics condemn Dutch scholar Hugo Grotius's conception of "natural law"? Select one: a. They were outraged by his claims that humans were soulless and that they reverted to a state of natural law where religion had no bearing b. They disapproved of his belief that natural law was beyond divine authority and that natural law, as opposed to scripture or religious authority, should govern politics c. They were threatened by Grotius's belief that humans did not need an official church structure to achieve salvation d. They rejected his argument that natural law scientifically disproved the Ptolemaic, God-centered universe that the church endorsed

They disapproved of his belief that natural law was beyond divine authority and that natural law, as opposed to scripture or religious authority, should govern politics

Why did Louis XIV persecute the Jansenists and drive them underground? Select one: a. They criticized his lavish and self-indulgent lifestyle b. They were leaders of an underground constitutionalist movement c. They were sworn to put loyalty to the pope ahead of all other loyalties d. They followed their individual consciences over the requirements of the church hierarchy

They followed their individual consciences over the requirements of the church hierarchy

How did European peasants and colonized subjects resist attempts to reform popular religious rituals? Select one: a. They gave their own interpretation of religious festivals and combined Christian symbols with their own b. They formed armed bands and looted churches to steal money and valuable artworks c. They refused to attend official churches and formed their own unsanctioned religious organizations d. They petitioned local and national rulers for the right to worship as they pleased, often meeting with success

They gave their own interpretation of religious festivals and combined Christian symbols with their own

In what ways did governments become involved in the sciences during the seventeenth century? Select one: a. They ordered scientists to conform to principles of absolutist rule and established laws governing scientific practices and discoveries b. Seeing the sciences as a threat to their power, they condemned scientific practices and banished scientists to the New World c. They made science the top priority of all government investment, far above the military and other domestic concerns d. They saw science as a means to enhance their prestige and invested monetary and social resources in scientific research

They saw science as a means to enhance their prestige and invested monetary and social resources in scientific research

How did the Dutch respond to their decline in international affairs and manufacturing during the eighteenth century? Select one: a. They withdrew completely from international politics and trade and focused exclusively on domestic affairs b. They shifted their interest away from international power politics and began to focus on areas of trade and finance where they could establish an enduring presence c. They refocused their energy and monetary resources into the arts, leading to the second golden age of Dutch art d. They began to expand their efforts at settler colonialism, particularly in Africa and North America

They shifted their interest away from international power politics and began to focus on areas of trade and finance where they could establish an enduring presence

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese take a sudden interest in overseas maritime expeditions in the fifteenthcenturies? Select one: a. They hoped to conquer the Chinese and Persian empires b. They sought to gain control of the spice trade and use its profits in the struggle against Islam c. Merchants from India and China asked for their help in bypassing the Ottoman armies and navies that had seized control of the caravan routes that linked up to the eastern Mediterranean d. Their governments hoped to use the proceeds from the spice trade to put down uprisings spawned by movements for religious reform in northern Europe

They sought to gain control of the spice trade and use its profits in the struggle against Islam

How were ambassadors chosen for the new diplomatic services that France and other European states created in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Select one: a. They were selected by the host country from among a list of expatriates of the home country b. They were discovered through a national exam that promoted government bureaucrats with exceptional language skills c. They were chosen from among nobles of ancient families and royal officials who could pay for their own staff d. They were trained from a young age in schools that were designed specifically to prepare diplomats

They were chosen from among nobles of ancient families and royal officials who could pay for their own staff

Why did the French attempt to establish colonies in what eventually became Canada? Select one: a. They hoped to use the sparsely populated lands in Canada as a "dumping ground" for the poor and indigent on the French mainland b. They hoped to use Canada as a base from which they could defeat the Spanish in the New World and annex the Spanish colonies c. They hoped to Christianize the Arawak and Aztec peoples on the North American mainland d. They were hoping to find a "northwest passage" to China

They were hoping to find a "northwest passage" to China

For what purpose did George Frideric Handel infuse operatic drama with a religious theme in his 1741 oratorio Messiah? Select one: a. To enliven what he saw as dry and stodgy church liturgy b. To introduce opera into Britain for the first time c. To combine musical materials into a dramatic form that would touch the emotions of the new concert-going public d. To win over the bishop of London, who was attempting to eliminate music from church services

To combine musical materials into a dramatic form that would touch the emotions of the new concert-going public

What was the purpose of Louis XIV's expansion and professionalization of the French military? Select one: a. To keep domestic peace in the wake of new religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics b. To expand French power in Europe and increase France's territorial holdings on the continent c. To expand France's overseas empire, specifically in North America and the Caribbean d. To pursue the conquest of the Holy Land and retake Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire

To expand French power in Europe and increase France's territorial holdings on the continent

What was one of the chief goals of Ivan the Terrible and his successors? Select one: a. To convert western nobles to Orthodox Christianity and absorb the newly converted territories b. To secure direct access to the Baltic Sea and a port directly connected to the sea lanes of western Europe c. To tightly restrict economic, social, and intellectual contact with the "ungodly" West d. To weaken the Holy Roman Emperors enough to take Hungary away from them

To secure direct access to the Baltic Sea and a port directly connected to the sea lanes of western Europe

In his 1721 book Persian Letters, the baron of Montesquieu (1689-1755) used what genre of writing to satirically explore good government and morality? Select one: a. Travel literature b. The serialized novel c. Literary criticism d. Dramatic theater

Travel literature

Who was the most influential writer of the early Enlightenment? Select one: a. Voltaire b. Bayle c. Newton d. Bossuet

Voltaire

Why did the Dutch Republic develop a policy of religious toleration? Select one: a. The bankrupt government could no longer afford the costs of prosecuting and imprisoning minority religious groups b. With its decentralized government and diverse population of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, religious toleration was the most practical option c. As a small, independent country, the Dutch Republic could not afford to alienate any potential allies, so it chose to remain as neutral as possible d. Dutch leaders decided to model their new republic after Henry IV's Edict of Nantes to show their solidarity with France

With its decentralized government and diverse population of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, religious toleration was the most practical option

The population explosion that took place in Europe around the turn of the eighteenth century can be attributed to Select one: a. a decline in the death rate thanks to better weather, improved agricultural techniques, and the disappearance of the plague b. mestizo children and the offspring of Europeans and African slaves being counted as "European" in census tallies for the first time c. a massive rise in the birthrate throughout Europe and fewer deaths in infancy and childhood due to better prenatal healthcare d. a marked growth in the prosecution of infanticide, which had been prevalent across the European continent before the eighteenth century

a decline in the death rate thanks to better weather, improved agricultural techniques, and the disappearance of the plague

Conciliarism can be understood as: Select one: a. a schismatic movement within the Roman Catholic church b. a process through which cardinals sought to appease, or conciliate, the papacy c. a movement to assert papal superiority over monastic orders d. a movement to have the cardinals or the emperor convene a church council

a movement to have the cardinals or the emperor convene a church council

Although John Milton's Paradise Lost explores the fall of Adam and Eve, it can also be seen as Select one: a. a condemnation of the Test Acts, which barred Puritans from public office b. a commentary on the new dissenting sects such as the Quakers and Baptists c. a response to the turmoil of the English civil war d. praising Charles II for his toleration of Catholics

a response to the turmoil of the English civil war

The Protestant reformers Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther, and John Calvin shared a belief in the importance of education and: Select one: a. the equality of men and women b. a passion for classical philosophy and literature c. a willingness to use violence to enforce their beliefs d. the sanctity of individual rights

a willingness to use violence to enforce their beliefs

The Münster Anabaptists believed that the end of the world was near and therefore: Select one: a. allowed Jewish communities back into Münster to hasten the second coming b. urged their followers to eat, drink, and be merry c. abolished traditional marriages and allowed men to have multiple wives d. led invading armies into the Netherlands and Switzerland to defeat the followers of reformers they deemed heretical

abolished traditional marriages and allowed men to have multiple wives

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced Emperor Charles V to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire: Select one: a. and legalized other dissenting sects, such as the Anabaptists and the Mennonites b. but retained Bavaria and Swabia as exclusively Catholic domains under Charles V's direct control c. and gave princes the sole right to determine the religion practiced in their lands d. but reasserted the inviolability of property owned by the Catholic church

and gave princes the sole right to determine the religion practiced in their lands

The series of revolts in France known as the Fronde (1648-1653) broke out when Cardinal Mazarin Select one: a. forced government creditors across France to extend payment deadlines by two years b. arrested his opponents for demanding that the parlements be given the right to approve new taxes c. announced the conscription of 100,000 men between the ages of seventeen and thirty d. persuaded Anne of Austria not to sign the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

arrested his opponents for demanding that the parlements be given the right to approve new taxes

Between 1649 and his death in 1658, Oliver Cromwell Select one: a. became highly unpopular for his dictatorial behavior, which included abolishing Parliament, raising taxes, and persecuting dissenters b. became extremely popular for saving England from despotism and preserving its representative institutions c. transformed England into a Puritan state that resembled the Dutch Republic in its toleration of both Catholics and Jews d. mostly kept England out of foreign wars while he focused on expanding the government's bureaucracy

became highly unpopular for his dictatorial behavior, which included abolishing Parliament, raising taxes, and persecuting dissenters

In the Act of Union of 1707, Scottish Protestant leaders abolished the Scottish Parliament and agreed to obey the Parliament of Great Britain Select one: a. to make official the shift in power that had occurred long before b. because they feared the threat of Jacobitism in Scotland c. in support of Queen Anne's suppression of a Scottish-Catholic revolt d. because Queen Anne had promised them sinecures and seats as peers in the House of Lords

because they feared the threat of Jacobitism in Scotland

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the poor were no longer perceived as deserving of charity but as Select one: a. godless sinners to be driven out from among the elect into the countryside b. merely unlucky citizens who were to be treated like any other member of the community c. criminals and degenerates in need of moral reform through harsh discipline d. sinfully lazy outcasts who were to be refused any form of assistance

criminals and degenerates in need of moral reform through harsh discipline

John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536): Select one: a. insisted that Christian religion should not be mixed with politics or government b. argued that all Christians should institute governments based on the laws and commandments found in Christian scriptures c. delineated the doctrines, organization, history, and practices of Protestantism in a systematic and logical manner d. argued for religious toleration of "men of faith," whether they were Christians, Jews, or Muslims

delineated the doctrines, organization, history, and practices of Protestantism in a systematic and logical manner

During the upheavals of the civil war in England in the mid-seventeenth century, the fledgling English colonies in North America Select one: a. developed their own representative governments and consistently resisted English attempts to reaffirm royal control b. were as divided as those in Europe and ended up fighting their own version of the civil war, pitting colonies against one another c. nearly disappeared due to starvation and disease after the English government stopped supplying the colonies d. unsuccessfully attempted to secede from England with the support of France and the Dutch Republic

developed their own representative governments and consistently resisted English attempts to reaffirm royal control

Although Tsar Alexei of Russia fashioned his model of absolutism after his western rivals, his government was distinctive in its Select one: a. insistence on a more democratic form of absolutism in which nobles participated directly in state decisions b. desire to maintain a strict separation of church and state through a secular constitution c. complete disinterest in military affairs and its desire to scale back the size of the Russian army d. direct intervention in daily life, including decrees regulating tobacco and alcohol use and even the care of household pets

direct intervention in daily life, including decrees regulating tobacco and alcohol use and even the care of household pets

By the end of the fourteenth century, Lithuania, whose rulers were the last in Europe to remain unconverted to Christianity, had: Select one: a. invaded the Holy Roman Empire b. been conquered and converted by the Teutonic knights c. entered into a union with Poland d. been weakened by nearly constant war with neighboring Russia

entered into a union with Poland

Individuals who sought to appease God by traveling from city to city and scourging themselves with whips were known as: Select one: a. Franciscans b. flagellants c. Waldensians d. mendicants.

flagellants

Many younger Christian humanists, some of whom came to support Luther, became critical of the religious establishment because they believed that the church: Select one: a. had done too little to curtail popular forms of piety that verged on superstition b. had distributed its income unequally, having neglected the monastic orders c. had been corrupted by the nobility and its wealth d. had done too little to support scholarship in the arts and humanities

had been corrupted by the nobility and its wealth

By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the balance of power in Europe Select one: a. was moving away from secular monarchs and into the hands of religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic church b. had completely collapsed, leaving nearly every European country in political and economic turmoil c. had shifted away from the Habsburg powers toward France, England, and the Dutch Republic d. remained in the hands of the Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria despite challenges from Protestant powers such as France and England

had shifted away from the Habsburg powers toward France, England, and the Dutch Republic

In the seventeenth and eighteenth century, English coffeehouses were Select one: a. important places to discuss politics and society b. patronized only by aristocrats because coffee was so expensive c. strictly regulated by the government d. slow to catch on in London but quickly became highly popular in smaller towns

important places to discuss politics and society

In his Handbook of the Militant Christian (1503), Desiderius Erasmus argued: Select one: a. in favor of education, learning, and simple piety as the best ways of realizing a unified, peaceful Christendom on earth b. against spending time on good works and charity, insisting that scriptural study, prayer, and faith provided the only avenues to salvation c. for a campaign to spread the Christian faith to the farthest reaches of the globe d. in favor of military-style training for young missionaries to prepare them for hostility and resistance abroad

in favor of education, learning, and simple piety as the best ways of realizing a unified, peaceful Christendom on earth

In The Praise of Folly (1509), Erasmus: Select one: a. lampooned many of the unchristian values held dear by his Christian contemporaries, such as pomposity, greed, and lust for power b. attacked the papacy for its massive construction projects, such as the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome c. spoke out against the foreign missionary work of groups such as the Jesuits, arguing that Europe needed their work at home d. used quotations from ancient classical works to criticize contemporary views on political and religious issues

lampooned many of the unchristian values held dear by his Christian contemporaries, such as pomposity, greed, and lust for power

In his campaign for greater toleration, French Huguenot refugee Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) published his Historical and Critical Dictionary (1697), which Select one: a. included an analysis of the non-Christian philosophies of Plato and Aristotle so as to reveal superior aspects of their theories b. was an attempt to offer clear definitions of commonly used religious terms that Bayle felt were too often misunderstood, a contributing factor to religious intolerance c. listed the errors and delusions of an entire host of writers on religion in an effort to show that religions must be held accountable to reason d. strove to highlight Protestantism's superiority to Catholicism and the injustice of its suppression in France

listed the errors and delusions of an entire host of writers on religion in an effort to show that religions must be held accountable to reason

Although the publication of William Petty's Political Arithmetick in 1690 raised governments' interest in public health as an element of state power, it had little effect on the health of most people because Select one: a. municipal officials refused to implement state health policies, protesting that such policies would raise local taxes too much b. most people were too poor to buy the new medicines that had been developed from products discovered in the Far East or the Americas c. medicine was not a unified practice, the causes of disease were not known, and many people were not treated d. the new state-run hospitals were more like prisons than places to get well

medicine was not a unified practice, the causes of disease were not known, and many people were not treated

Demographic historians who have studied the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries confirm that in times of economic crisis Europeans tended to Select one: a. coalesce into extended households of some ten to fifteen people in an effort to pool resources b. practice infanticide of girls, who were deemed less able to withstand the heavy labor required in subsistence farming c. postpone marriage, often until their late twenties, and have fewer children d. marry young and have more children in the hope that their children would contribute to the family income

postpone marriage, often until their late twenties, and have fewer children

After Voltaire's Letters Concerning the English Nation was published in the early 1730s, the French government ordered the writer's arrest because the book Select one: a. ridiculed Louis XV, his mistresses, and the entire French court b. suggested that Voltaire had acted as a spy for England during the War of Polish Succession c. praised the British government's toleration and flexibility as a way of condemning the French government d. argued that the Church of England—and Protestantism in general—was more clearly based on scientific principles than was Catholicism

praised the British government's toleration and flexibility as a way of condemning the French government

By agreeing to Parliament's demand for a Petition of Right in 1628, Charles I (r. 1625-1649) Select one: a. consented to restrictions on the king's powers to conscript and station troops b. accepted new constitutional restraints on his ability to direct foreign policy and wars c. promised to call Parliament into session at least once every year d. promised not to levy taxes without Parliament's consent

promised not to levy taxes without Parliament's consent

An indulgence was a certificate offered by the church to: Select one: a. ensure that one would bypass purgatory altogether and enter heaven directly b. grant entry to the sites where sacred relics were held c. vouch that proper baptismal practices had been followed d. reduce the time one spent in purgatory

reduce the time one spent in purgatory

The career of Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642) as chief minister of France Select one: a. transformed European diplomacy as a result of his creation of the Catholic League b. exposed the complete dependence of French kings on the support of the papacy c. reflected a new belief in raison d'état, or the primacy of the state's interest above all else d. epitomized a new preference for administrative brilliance over religious conviction

reflected a new belief in raison d'état, or the primacy of the state's interest above all else

When Louis XIV's wars with much of western and central Europe finally ended with the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, Louis Select one: a. had increased French territory in the west and northwest by 10 percent b. returned much of what he had seized since 1678, with the exception of Strasbourg c. had lost territory along France's borders with the Dutch and Austrian Habsburgs d. was soon at war again, this time with Spain over territories in the New World

returned much of what he had seized since 1678, with the exception of Strasbourg

During the late medieval period, there was both a flowering of vernacular literature and a: Select one: a. rejection of previously popular luxury goods in favor of an austere and simple lifestyle b. decline in the study of the Latin language and literature c. revival of classical learning that led to a new intellectual movement called humanism d. return to the religious traditions of the established church paired with a renewed interest in monasticism

revival of classical learning that led to a new intellectual movement called humanism

The Evangelicals who supported Luther's call for reform in the church included: Select one: a. the new archbishop of Mainz, Albrecht of Brandenburg b. those in the upper echelons of the church c. heretics who had been pushed to the fringes of society d. social groups most ready to challenge clerical authority—merchants, artisans, and literate urban laypeople

social groups most ready to challenge clerical authority—merchants, artisans, and literate urban laypeople

In opposition to Hobbes, John Locke in his Two Treatises on Government (1690) used the concept of a "social contract" to Select one: a. support his argument for constitutionalism b. argue against the institution of slavery c. call into question the notion of a state or "established" religion d. argue in favor of democracy based on universal suffrage

support his argument for constitutionalism

When Luther first launched his effort to reform church practices, he saw himself as: Select one: a. a champion of a pure form of Christianity that would replace Roman Catholicism b. the leader of low-ranking clergy who resented their superiors' lives of luxury and lack of faith c. a militant Christian who was duty bound to attack the Antichrist (the pope) d. the pope's "loyal opposition."

the pope's "loyal opposition."

The political power of the Medici family of Florence stemmed from: a. the family's significant investments in the textile and wool industries of England, North Africa, and France b. the wealth of the Medici bank and its involvement in papal finances c. the support given to the family by the Ottoman Turks d. the Medicis' role in finding overseas routes to Asia that bypassed the Ottoman base in the Middle East

the wealth of the Medici bank and its involvement in papal finances

In The Defender of the Peace (1324), Marsilius of Padua stated that the: Select one: a. king of France had the right to select all churchmen within his realm b. true church consisted of the people, who should elect the pope c. sacrament of Mass was less important than a believer's conscience d. church must be defended from secular rulers by a strong papacy

true church consisted of the people, who should elect the pope