AP Euro Semester 1 Final

Spinning Jenny

James Hargreaves simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine

House of Stuart

James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II are all apart of this family house

James II

The King who followed Charles II and decided to be an idiot who fought with parliament. He was catholic and declared religious toleration and appoints Catholics to high positions

James I

The King who reigns after Elizabeth. He was originally the king of Scotland as an absolute monarch, but he eventually ruled England as a constitutional Monarch. During his time as king of England he was not good at working with people. He believed that parliament should just listen to him and do whatever he tells them. He argued with parliament instead of working with them. "who's your daddy"

the Inca

- small community under Pachakuti - launched campaign of conquest and brought entire region under their control HIGHLY CENTRALIZED - 24,800 miles of road - suspension bridges

Napoleon Bonaparte

He is technically a noble, but not thought as one. The people of the French Revolution turn to him to overthrow the Directory. He also took on the duties of a general and won almost every war. He then began to ask the people if he could be consul, then emperor. As Emperor he began to conquer Europe.

Edward VI

He is the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, who takes the throne at the age of 9. Since he was 9 England was ruled by Regents. He was never a healthy kid, and ended up dying at the age of 16

Pre-Columbian Slavery

It existed, but was rare and not the main labor force. It was also not racial.

Autocracy

It literally means government by a single individual. It is only really used to refer to the absolute monarch of the tsars of Russia

Indulgences

It was a letter that you could purchase, and by having it you were forgiven from your sins. They supposedly shorten your time spent in Heaven. You could purchase them before even committing a sin.

Catholic Reformation

The catholic church abandoned several different measures to battle against the Protestant challenges. Some were internal reforms, some military confrontations

Waterloo

The city where Napoleon was defeated.

Gentry

The class of people in England who were country, landowning farmers; gentlemen but not nobles

George Washington

The commander of the Continental Army which was authorized by the 2nd Continental Congress. He was a good choice who motivated his soldiers even though they were inexperienced.

Roman Inquisition

The condemnation of Copernicanism.

Relativism

The intellectual movement that tends to view differences between people or cultures as being of little consequences Can be carried to extremes, such as moral

Deism

The intellectual philosophy of the 1700s that argued against the Christian understanding of god. Believed that god created the world and then walked away; is not involved in our daily lives "God is a watchmaker"

the Grand Tour

The journey that young nobility took in order to become adults.

Regicide

The killing of a king

Louis XVI

The king that was executed during the French Revolution. He attempted to side with the First and Second Estates, which led to his demise.

the National Assembly

The legal order created by the Third Estate when they rebelled against the first two Estates after they decided to vote by order rather than by head.

the Estates-General

The legal order made up of representatives from three orders to make legal decisions. It was replaced by the National Assembly after the Third Estate rebelled against the "voting by order" decision made by the First and Second Estates.

Paris

The location of the center of the enlightenment

Inoculation

The medical practice of using needles to inject patients with medicine

Bloodletting

The medicinal act of draining a small amount of blood from someone who is ill with the hope of improving the patient's condition

Alchemy

The medieval forerunner of chemistry; it is based on the supposed possibility of transforming one substance into another

Scientific Method

The method Scientists use to gather data and conduct experiments.

Rationalism

The philosophical theory that all knowledge should stem from reason rather than emotional impulses such as religion

Pacifism

The philosophy of rejecting violence of any kind, even for personal protection

the Bastille

The place that peasants took over after the King increased the number of troops with the peasantry, which did more harm than good as it increased mob activity. The peasants captured the Invalides (an armory) and then attacked this prison/armory. The commander wouldn't fire his cannon, which led to it's fall and it became a symbol of triumph for the peasantry.

Divine-right

The political idea that a monarchs authority comes directly from God

Universal manhood suffrage

The political idea that all adult males should have the power to vote

Absolutism

The political idea that gained broad support during the 1600s that supported the idea of total power resting in the hands of the king

Balanced polity

The political idea that power is divided, roughly equally, between two different branches of government

Urban Poor

The poor people in the city that did not wear fancy pants, and were the more extreme commoners in the revolutiob

Celibacy

The practice of Catholic clergy to abstain from marriage and sexual relations

Pluralism

The practice of holding more than one religious office at the same time

Moral Economy

The price that is fair because people need to afford your product.

Standing army

The professional military of any nation; one that is constantly on duty and prepared to fight

Calvinism

The protestant Church created by John Calvin. It has very strict morals and believes that anything made for the sole purpose of pleasure need to be banned. You are allowed to have fun, but only if it is with something that was not intentionally made to give you pleasure. This religion gives Nobles support because they believe that God smiles upon the successful and this religion produces many Nobles because they are all work no play

New model army

The puritan military force built by Oliver Cromwell during the English civil war. It played a major role in defeating the king in the conflict

Renaissance

The rebirth of society through the study of the classics the development of Humanism, Individualism, and Secularism

Principality of Moscow

The region around the Russian capital city of Moscow. It is considered to be the place where modern Russia began to grow into a nation

Franchise

The right to vote

Suffrage

The right to vote

Orange

The royal dynasty of the Netherlands

Bourbon

The royal dynasty that ruled over France from 1589 until the start of the French Revolution. The family of Louis XIV

Stuart

The royal family of Scotland. In 1603, came to throne of England too

Habsburgs

The ruling family of Austria

Act of religious settlement 1559

a law passed by english parliament to Elizabeth I that made the Anglican Church the official state church but granted religious rights to all who put nation above faith

Lorenzo valla

a papal secretary who wrote about restoring latin over the vernacular

Little Ice Age

a period between the 13th and 18th century in which Europe was subjected into a period of harsher winters than the current and past days.

Cottage Industry

a stage in the industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market

Laissez Faire

doctrine of economic liberalism that believes in unrestricted private enterprise and no government interference in the economy

1527 french - spanish wars

duke of milan invited the french to intervene with italian politics who then occupied naples- other italian states turned to the spanish for help and for the next 15 years the french and spanish competed to dominate italy

Principle of Legitimacy

it was necessary to restore legitimate monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions to reestablish peace and stability

Absolutism

form of government where the monarch has the power to rule their land freely, with no laws or legally organized direct opposition in force

French and Indian war 1754-1763

fought in North America between french, canada, and teh english; Another name for the seven years war. What the American colonies called the seven years war

Herbert Spencer

saw the human race as driven forward to ever-greater specialization and progress by a brutal economic struggle that determined the "survival of the fittest"

Edict of Nantes

granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time.

Luddites

group of English workers who broke into textile factories and smashed the machinery because the machines were taking their jobs away

Neoclassical

tradition, order/reason, ancient Greek/Rome painting: Greek/Roman art, ideal/perfect bodies, calm faces/no emotion, smooth/sharp brushstrokes, bright colors, unnatural light source, message literature: world harmony, logical/balanced, based on reason

Peace of Lodi

treaty that ended almost a half century of war in Italy- alliance system that led to workable balance of power

National Insurance Act 1911

unemployment insurance free medical treatment

Moderate liberal republicans

universal male suffrage, only temporary relief, set up national workshops, and established a special commission under Blanc to "study the question"

John hus

urged the elimination of the corrupted clergy and attacked the excessive power of the papacy within the catholic church- went to council of constance to be heard out but they arrested him for heresy and burned him at the stake

Secular

Anything that is not of a religious nature of character

Secular

Anything that is not religious in its character

Arbitrary

Anything that is random without just reason or cause

Temporal

Anything that is related to political power or authority

Jethro Tull

He invented a lot of things such as a new horse collar, and seed drill

Hobbes

"Leviathan" absolute monarchy Humans are at their core, selfish creatures

Bernard de Fontenelle

(1657-1706) -French writer -tried to make science as easy to read as a novel; to appeal to the masses -wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds -skeptical about religion -stressed progress

Moctezuma

- Aztec monarch who friendly welcomed Cortes (offered gold and palace) which led to his demise - thought Cortes was Quetzecoatl

Missionaries

- Catholic= more active in spreading Christianity ( wanted to Christianize natives) - missions enable them to control Indian lives and ensure that they remain submissive

Unam Sanctum

- Document written by Pope Boniface VIII that explained how he did not want King Philip IV of France to issue taxes to the clergy - Boniface excommunicated Philip IV - Philip sent troops after Boniface and captured him, but he was later saved by Italians and then died from shock

Queen Elizabeth

- England rose to prominence and experienced a cultural Renaissance under this person - religious policy based on moderation and compromise - doesn't want country torn apart over religion - creates a new act of Supremacy that does not say "Supreme head of Church" in order to not upset Catholics - made revisions to Book of Common Prayer to be acceptable by Catholics -religious settlement Protestant, but it was moderate and avoided subtle distinctions (smothered religious differenced) - handled Parliament really well

Boccaccio

- Florentine writer who contributed to Italian vernacular - wrote prose romantics - most famous was Decameron, which was about civilians who fled Black Death and told stories to pass time - non-religious view of society

Huguenots

- French Calvinists (came from all levels of society) - 40-50% of nobles were ______ (a potential threat to monarchical power) - Calvinist minority, but strong willed and well organized

Predestination

- God not predestined people to be saved and people to be damned - three tests can indicate possible salvation 1) open profession of faith 2) decent and godly life 3) participate in baptism and communion

the Peasant War

- Luther's greatest challenge - peasants turned to Luther because of discontent socially - peasants revolted and Luther openly showed support for the rulers because he knew how the development of his reform demanded their full support - Luther believed it was duty of rulers to stop revolts - war caused Luther to find his huge dependence on state authorities for growth of his reformed Church

Phillip II

- Militant catholicism (ushered in Spain greatness-- politically and culturally) - to consolidate and secure lands-- conformity to Catholicism (Spanish Inquisition) + strong monarch authority - strong monarchical power hard because all states and territories had an individual relationship to king - made monarchy less dependent on the aristocracy - to make Spain dominant (depended on economy) = led to its decline because of the drop in economy (he didn't delegate power well so things got worse= bad economy= more taxes) - "Most Catholic king" good and bad

Papacy of Avignon

- Pope Boniface VIII moved to Avignon - Controversial bc the Pope no longer lived in the capital of the church - People believed the Pope was being held captive by the French bc Avignon was so close to France - Catherine of Sienna was a large influence over Pope Gregory to move back to Rome

the Great Schism

- Pope Gregory moved back to Rome in 1377 - his death (a year later) sparked Roman citizens to threaten to kill all cardinals unless they elect a Roman or Italian as the new Pope - French cardinals later called that pope's (Pope Urban VI) papacy invalid and elected their own pope (Pope Clement VII) - after council was convened, a third pope was elected (Pope Alexander V) and all of them refused to resign - after more time passed, all three of them resign or were deposed and council elected Pope Martin V

Petrarch

- contributed to Italian vernacular - wrote sonnets in which he imported his personality and individuality - less worried about impressing others than immortalizing his thoughts

Northern Renaissance Humanism

- a movement who's major goal was the reform of Christianity (before Martin Luther) - these humanists had knowledge of the classics (something that united all humanists) - reform program= education (especially Christian) could instill an inward religious feeling to bring reform in church and society

Ninety- Five (95) Theses

- abuses in sell of indulgences - Luther did not intend a break within the Church - criticize powers of papacy

Queen Mary

- also known as Bloody Mary -Henry's first daughter = Catholic who intended to restore England to RC Church fold - married Phillip= opposition and hostility and heretics (Protestants) were burned = achieved opposite of intended - England is now more Protestant

religious results of Black Death

- anti-semitic acts (pogroms) - people were obsessed with salvation - people lost faith in the Church itself (not the religion) because they were doing anything to help the people affected by the disease

social results of Black Death

- anti-semitism and pogroms - people lived more recklessly - flagellants - decline in serfdom

Christopher Columbus

- believed circumference of earth was less and Asia was bigger (believed he could reach Asia) - Spain financed his expedition - discovered a new frontier

Join stock company

- bought shares in a company and received dividends on investments (most gain, less risk) - easier to raise capital for trading venues

Indulgences

- can help reduce one's time in purgatory - issued to finance projects of Church - Luther said ppl were assuring eternal damnation not salvation (Led to the 95 theses)

French Wars of Religion

- caused by religion, economics, and politics - Guise massacres at wedding to unite one royal family (Protestant-Catholic) - civil war starts because of the Guise massacres - people were resentful of growing power of the monarchy= jump to revolt (nobility too-- huge opposition to the crown) - presented a major constitutional crisis for France and temporarily halted the development of the French centralized state - unity of France less important than religious truth (This is why Guise opposed the marriage) - Politiques emerged! Believe no religious creed worth political and social disorder of civil war (ultimately prevailed, only since both sides exhausted)

Portolani

- charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians -details and contour, distance between ports= great for voyages - flat scale, no curvature = little use for long voyages

Geradus Mercator

- conformal projection - true shape of landmasses - every straight line= line of true direction

Triangle Trade

- connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americans continents: New Atlantic economy - European gave guns and cloth; Africa slaves shipped to America and sold

Hernan Cortes

- conquistador who wanted to convert the heathen to Christianity; asked rulers if it wasn't there duty to introduce the Mexicans to Faith - made alliances with city states that opposed Aztecs, was believed to be Quetzecoatl by Moctezuma, and diseases - conquered Aztecs (great victory that allowed Spaniards to embark on a new age of destruction)

Chaucer

- contributed to English vernacular - wrote Canterbury Tales, story about pilgrims telling tales of their lives - depicts all types of people in society - expressed his opinions on corruption of the church and clergy

De Pizan

- daughter of an official in Charles V of France's court - wrote works in defense of women - most famous book was The Book of the City of Ladies, in which she argued that women would be able to do everything men could do if they were given the same opportunities

Charles V

- demand Lutherans to go back to CC--> all Lutherans form an alliance - he wanted to secure Europe for Catholicism

Black Death

- disease spread via fleas that lived on rats, which were transported across Europe - 1/3 to 1/2 of population died

Peace of Augsburg

- ended the religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants - gave each prince the right to determine the religion of their state (ignored religious minorities) - this was when the division of Christianity was formally acknowledged

Edict of Nantes

- ended the religious problem - Henry of Navarre survived massacre by promising to turn Catholic (leader of Catholic France) - acknowledge Catholicism as official religion and Huguenots have the right to worship in specific places and have fortified towns for protection; enjoy all political privileges (holding offices) - basically recognized Protestant minority

Anabaptists

- favored radical reform movement - true Christian Church: voluntary group of believers who experienced spiritual rebirth and baptized - adult not child baptism - complete separation of Church and State

Reasons for portuguese success

- guns and seamanship - at first could self-defend, not for serious military operations, but later could also initiate and inflict pain/defeats - effective use of naval technology, guns, and tactics gave MILITARY SUPERIORITY

mysticism

- immediate experience of oneness with God - transformed into Modern Devotion: stated that people had to copy Jesus's lifestyle (dedication to helping others) in order to achieve true spiritual unity with God - Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life = group of men and women who practiced Modern Devotion (fasted and created Eucharist)

Dante

- important republican politician in Florence, exiled in 1302 - contributed to Italian vernacular - wrote Divine Comedy: story of soul's journey to heaven (three sections: one for hell, one for purgatory, one for heaven)

Ulrich Zwingli

- influenced by Christian humanism - began the Reformation in Switzerland (preaching= unrest = disputation (spread of Ref to many cities)) - supervised the Church (removed paintings/relics and replaced with white washed walls; removed music from mass) - only reading prayer and sermons - took out pilgrimages's, pope's authority , etc as remnants of the Cathlolic Church

John Calvin / Calvinism

- influenced by Luther -most determined of all Protestant reformers - book made him one of the new leaders of Protestantism - stood close to Luther (supported justification by faith) , also emphasized sovereignty (power) of God - emphasized predestination

The Maya

- inhabited Meso America - one of the most sophisticated civilizations - developed farming

King Henry VIII:

- initiated English Reformation - wanted male heir, wife couldn't give him and he fell in love with her lady in waiting= want a divorce - wanted annulment from pope, but it took too long - advised to do in own ecclestial courts---> Parliament basically passed an act that essentially ABOLISHED PAPAL AUTHORITY in England (no longer need pope for annulment) - had six wives

Francisco Pizarro

- landed in Inca realm with steel weapons, gunpowder, horses (Inca not familiar) - Inca succumbed to smallpox - Pizarro took over by seizing Anthalhaupa - established a new capital for a new colony for the Spanish empire

Vasco de Balboa

- led oversea expedition across Isthmus of Panama, reached Pacific Ocean

The Edict of Worms

- made Martin Luther an outlaw within the Empire (his works were burned and he was captured) - Luther sent into hiding for a year by the German Princes

the slave trade

- most used as domestic servants - growing of sugarcane demands both skill and large quantities of labor = more workers - shift from American Indian to African - impacted well-being of society - was a source of income - forced countless families into poverty

Ferdinand Magellan

- passed straight named after him - first to circumnavigate the earth

Jacquerie

- peasant revolt in northern France in which peasants were seeking revenge on upper classes that had been cruel to them - castles were burned and nobles were murdered, but was quickly ended by upper classes and authority

economic results of Black Death

- prices go down - labor wages go up

Prince Henry the Navigator

- prince who began the exploration of the coast of Africa - Portugal took the lead in the age of expansion - wanted Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims, trade opportunitie, extending christianity - founded a school for navigators - led to Portuguese fleets probing in search of gold, brought cargo of Black Africans, slaves - set up a lot of trading posts

British East India Company

- refusal of the French government to provide financial support for efforts in india - After Battle of Plassey: BEIC revceived the authority to collect taxes from lands in the area surrounding Calcutta

Confession

- sacrament of Penance (offered to have one's sins forgiven) - Luther frustrated with this practice because "how could you possibly remember all your sins" or "how could hpeless sinner be acceptable to all powerful god" and that led to his study of theology which he arrived at an answer through Bible study

Alfonso Alberquerque

- set up port facilities at Goa (land base in the area off coast of India) - Goa became headquarters for Portuguese operations - wanted control of Malacca= 2 purposes 1) help destroy Arab spice trade 2) provide Portuguese with a way station on route to Moluccas (Spice Islands) made the trading empire now complete

Battle of Plassey

- small British force defeated Munghal army ten times it's size - Bristish use same methods to take over rest of India

Jesuits

- society of Jesus (chief instrument of Counter Revolution) - absolute obedience to papacy, strict hierarchal order, use of education to achieve goals, engage in conflict for God - ____ important instrument for papal policy 1) highly disciplined schools 2) propogation of faith among non- Christians 3) carry the Catholic banner and fight Protestanism - Poland largly won back for CC bc of Jesuits

Vasco de Gama

- ten years after Diaz, rounded the cape in search of Christians, spices (start of spice trade) - led to portuguese wanting to establish monopoly in spice trade (impose a blockade= cut off flow of spice)

Transubstantiation

- the bread and wine are miraculously transformed into blood and body and Jesus

Pluralism

- the practice of holding one or more church offices at a time (cause increased revenue) - led to absenteeism: church official ignored duties and hired those who were not completely and qualified - led to complaints and the want for reform

Munster

- the site of an Anabaptists uprising that determined the fate of Dutch Anabaptist - recognized the Anabaptists - Catholics and Lutherans recaptured the city---> reverted to its pacifist tendencies

Consubstantiation

- the view that the bread and wine are spiritually the flesh and blood of Jesus, but it is still actually only bread and wine

Martin Luther

- this person answered the question what do I have to do to be saved? - split with late medieval church---> disrupting unity of western christendom - focused on the assurance of salvation - not good works, but faith in the promises of God can give you salvation (you can never good enough good works in order to merit salvation)

Saint Dominique

- tons of sugar, but high death rate - site of the first successful slave uprising

Bartolome diaz

- took advantage of westerly winds to go around Cape cod, scared of crew mutiny and turned back

Machiavelli

-"The Prince" - Government should be judged on whether it provided order, security, and safety of the populace -ruler should be feared rather than loved

French Absolutism

-1st, 2nd, 3rd estate -Louis XIV -weakened nobility -divine right

Tory

aristocrats upper class, conservative wanted to repress change and popular protest

Louis XIV

-Cardnial Mazarin, Fronde when he was young -divine right, Sun King -revoked Edict of Nantes -Versailles, nobles lived there=less threat -weakened nobility -never called estates general -mercantilism Jean baptiste Colbert -fought Hapsburgs -peace of Utrecht ends war of Spanish succession

Council of Trent

-Counter Reformation -tried to fix everything that the reformers said was bad -didn't work

Martin Luther

-Denied the Pope's Authority -There is no Biblical Base for indulgences -one is saved By faith alone -religious authority resides In the words of God through the Bible and interpreted by one's conscience. -the Church

Erasmus' ideas

-Free Will -Translated from Latin into the vernacular -Roman Catholic needed reforming

Voltaire

-Freedom of speech and religion -"A Treatise on Tolerance"

Henry VIII

-Had 6 wives -reason for Church of England -wanted a divorce so became head of Anglican Church

La Rochelle

A Huguenot town where a decisive battle between Richelieu and the protestants took place.

Boccaccio

A Humanist writer who contributed to the idea by writing the books Decameron on famous woman

Observatory

A place where one can observe the heavenly skies, usually with the aid of a telescope

Henry III

A King of France who was overthrown due to his religious policies. He was the King during the French civil war and hired an assassin to kill Henry of Guise, who was trying to usurp his throne.

the Munghal Empire

-Portuguese, English, and Dutch fought for trading privileges in the region (cotton good- spices) - english success here- Dutch abandon their interests to engage in Spice Trade

30 years war

-Protestant vs Catholic -Bohemia Hapsburgs tried to make Catholic -Danish Catholic victory -Swedish Protestant Victory -French aid Protestants weaken Hapsburgs

How did the princes of Moscow gain power during Mongol rule

-Russian princes who helped Mongols remain in authority -princes got more land and rose in power

Copernicus

-Sun centered universe -universe small and intimate

Donatello

A famous sculptor who inspired a generation of art, and is often called the father of modern painting

Essay Concerning Human Understanding

1690 John Locke Locke argued that a man enters the world with a "tabula rasa", or "blank page"; personality is the product of sensations that happen to an individual from the external world throughout his or her life

Physiocrats

1700s philosophers who desire to see reforms in the economic system. They tended to oppose mercantilism. Adam smith is the greatest

War of Spanish Succession

1701-1713 -Louis XIV 's grandson was in line for the Spanish throne -Louis wans to combine thrones=more power -countries band together & fight France

Why rich individuals sponsored art

-To glorify themselves and their families -Show off riches

Locke

-Two Treatises -Glorious Revolution -everyone is good and equal

Peace of Westphalia

-ended 30 years war -recognized sovereignty of 300+ German princes -French land gain -weakened Hapsburgs

Elizabeth I of England

-ended war with France -defeated Spanish Armada -took a middle ground between Catholic and Protestant -politique

War of Austrian Succession

-fighting over Maria Theresa's throne -Prussia takes Silesia -England ally with Austria

What were the important factors in the emergence of the Italian Renaissance

-humanism, the glorification of the individual -development of artisan classes -city states evolved through trade -wealthy citizens could spend money on art

Signs of disorder in early 16th century Catholic Church

-indulgences -clerical immorality -clerical ignorance -clerical pluralism

Characteristics of Renaissance Italy

-interest in urban society -individuality or humanism -recovery of Ancient Greek and Roman culture

Rousseau

-law interfered with the general goodness of People -Social Contract

Thomas More

-lord chancellor of England - advocated for a social system where cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as motivating agents in society - justified his service to king "what you can't right, try to make as little wrong as possible" - opposed England break with RCC

Salons

-middle class women contribute to politics -social groups based around philosophical and intellectual thought

Peter the Great's reforms

-naval schools -education and colleges -government controlled church -changed economy -great army

Effects of the reformation

-peasants revolt in Germany -Church was fractured and lost power -backlash against feudal system -anti authoritarianism

Brahe

-planetary movement -comet

Richelieu

-politique -laid foundation for absolutism -weaken Hapsburgs = part of 30 years war

characteristics of enlightened monarchs

-principles of the Enlightenment - improving citizens' lives to strengthen their authority - religious tolerance - lower class participating in politics

Galileo

-proved Aristotle wrong that heavy objects Don't fall faster -telescope -scientific method

Enlightened policies of Frederick II of Prussia

-religious tolerance -freedom of the press

Phillip II of Spain

-son of HRE Charles V -never left Castille, so subjects didn't like him -caused 80 years war -naval war with Ottomans -Catholic -tried to take over England and France failed

The Lord's Supper

-the interpretation of this splintered the relationship between Zwingli and Luther - Luther: real presence of Jesus in body and blood - Zwingli: should be taking symbolically - overall divided one reform for another

English Navigation Acts

-tighten trade -limit imports and increase exports -all goods had to come through England -targeted the Dutch, damaged commerce

Kepler

-time for planet to go around the sun is Relative to the distance from the sun

Causes of the French Revolution

1) Bad harvests → food shortages → rise in prices of food → unemployment 2) Monarchy's incompetence 3) Poverty 4) The ideas of the Philosophes as they inspired revolutionary leaders and criticized privilege and social/political institutions 5) Failure to make reforms: 14 law courts blocked royal edicts by not registering royal decrees. They pushed their own interests by blocking new taxes and then assumed the role of defenders of liberty against the monarchy. 6) Financial Crisis: debts continued to grow due to costly wars and royal extravagance → raised taxes

Vesalius's "On the Fabric of the Human Body"

1) Based on his Paduan lectures 2) Created after the author personally dissected a body 3) A careful examination of individual organs and general structure of the human body 4) Superior illustrations

Galileo's Motion Discoveries

1) If a uniform force was applied to an object it would move at an accelerated speed 2) The principle of inertia in which a body in motion continues in motion unless deflected by an external force

Origins of the Scientific Revolution

1) The church was challenged in the Reformation, and therefore people were open to question things. 2) The printing press 3) The Renaissance, which was the rediscovery of Greek work raised questions due to contradictions

Origins of the Italian Decline

1) The condemnation of Galileo 2) Economic decline

Kepler's 3 Planetary Laws

1) The orbits of the planets are elliptical with the sun at one focus of the ellipse rather than at the center 2) The speed of a planet is greater when its closer to the sun and decreases as its distance from the sun increases. 3) Planets with larger orbits revolve at a slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits.

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

1. Medieval Thinkers 2. Renaissance/Patronage 3. Navigational Problems 4. better instruments 5. Governmental and Religious Support

Leon battista Alberti

15th century florentine architect who realized humans had high potential "man can do all..." idea of well rounded or universal person

Meeting of the Estates General Causes

1789- Year in Crisis Agriculture: -drought and 80% of the population was starving Financial: -huge debt, Louis XIV, American Revolution, wars, and Marie Antoinette Madame Deficit (Marie Antoinette): -Due to Louis in action France goes bankrupt -Louis tries to tax the 2nd estate -2nd estate rejects taxation and calls Estates General

Isaac Newton and John Locke

2 philosophers who had a significant influence on the enlightenment

October 4th-5th

2,000 women bread rioted, and decided to go after the King, so they marched many miles to Versailles. They politely knocked on the door and asked to see the King, the King said no, so they waited out the night until the King told them to go away. The Women decided to attack the palace and raided every room starting with the Kitchen. They then dragged the King to Paris where the National Assembly was located.

Adam Smith Wealth of Nations

3 duties of the government: 1. defense (military) 2. civil order (police, courts) 3. public works

Peasant Rebellions

99% of the time they fail, ending up with dead peasants

Marburg colloquy

A 1529 debate between Martin Luther and ulrich Zwingli over the issue of consubstantiation. It was organized in hopes of preventing a schism among Protestants. It failed

Essays Montaigne

A 1580 work by a French author that argued that races and cultures are unique and different, not superior and inferior. The beginning of the idea of relativism

Christian humanism

A Catholic reform movement of the 1460-1520s that hoped to reform the church from within. They were led by Erasmus of Rotterdam and ultimately failed due to being to conservative

Committee of Public Safety

A Committee made by the French government when officials of the Republic were attacked after trying to draft and enlist people into the revolution. The committee is designed to protect the people from the republic. The three important members of this committee are Maximillian Robespierre, Georges Danton, and Jean-Paul Marat

Stadholder

A Dutch term for the governor of a particular state or city in the Netherlands

Charles VIII

A French King who persistently tried to invade Italy, finally being successful with the cannon

Valois

A French ruling family that engaged the Habsburgs in a war for Italian states.

Moliere

A French writer who wrote several novels and plays that reflected French Classicism

Golden Horde

A Mongol group who ruled over Russia (merely collected taxes, didn't actually live there) Also interrupted the peace & prosperity of the Song dynasty and did what hadn't been done before - they conquered China. Led by Genghis Khan

Salon

A Philosopher party. It is a place for philosophers to gather and exchange ideas. Philosophers had to go to these places because the Church would prosecute everyone who talked about the latest science

Martin Luther

A Protestant who helped convince half of Europe that Catholicism is not necessarily right because he argued with the corruption of the Catholic church and wrote the 95 theses. He also translated the Bible from Latin to German (shout out to Gutenburg... I see you baby)

Galen

A Roman doctor who wrote the book on human anatomy without even dissecting the human body. He found information by dissecting frogs, pigs, chimps, and of course dogs (poor puppies).

William Laud

A archbishop that was sent to Scotland by Charles I to convert Scotland to the Anglican Church

Babylonian Captivity

A biblical reference to slavery that the Italians say when a french Pope lives in France for a while.

Emile

A book written by Jean Jacques Rousseau who was the voice of emotion during the time of Enlightenment, as time of cold reasoning. The book is about a little boy who is raised by Rousseau without being beaten. The boy is actually raised with good parenting.

The Spirit of the Laws

A book wrote by Baron d' Montesquiew which explains how a limited monarchy should be done. The power should be divided by three branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.

In praise of Folly

A book wrote by Erasmus of Rotterdam which satirically makes fun of the Catholic church by praising its wealth and comparing it to the poor

General war commissariat

A bureaucratic body created by the Prussian kaiser to run the royal government. Famous for its efficiency and honesty

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A charter of basic liberties that reflected the ideas of the French Enlightenment. Essentially plagiarized the American Declaration of Independence. Women weren't included even when Olympe de Gouges wrote a version of her own featuring women.

Geneva

A city in France that is important somehow (I have no idea how, prepare to be anally ****ed during this test)

Avignon

A city in France where a french Pope lived for a while, so that the King of France could keep an eye over the Church

Timbuktu

A city in South Africa that benefited from trade with Europe

Goa

A city on the western coast of India that became the European Portuguese trading outpost in Asia

Court of the star chamber

A courtroom named after the stars painted on its ceiling. It was home to the royal council which dealt with negotiations with foreign governments

Renaissance humanism

A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized human potential to attain excellence and promoted direct study of the literature, art, and civilization of classical Greece and Rome.

Scurvy

A disease for people who didn't get enough vitamins, and was especially lethal to sailors because their voyages would last long and they could not keep their food fresh for extended amounts of time

Petition of Rights

A document that Charles I signed which basically stated that he would follow the law

Confession of Augsburg

A document written by Luther that sums up the basic belief of the Lutheranism Church.

Borgias

A family that several Popes came from.

German Confederation of the Rhine

A federation of German states organized under Napoleon I in July 1806. Formerly under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved the same year, the new federation placed itself under the "protection" of Napoleon and was governed by one of his close allies. It quickly fell apart after Napoleon's defeat outside Leipzig in 1813 as member states abandonded the French and joined the German nationalist "war of liberation."

Duel

A fight between two parties that is based on a defense of one's honor

Spanish Armada

A fleet of ships that Philip II of Spain sent to England, so that he could win his war with the Netherlands.

Enlightened absolutism

A form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government that gives Kings the power to do whatever they want when they want it

Constitutional Monarchy

A form of government that limits what a King can do

Savonarola

A friar who attacked Renaissance culture calling it paganism until he was excommunicated and executed

Theocracy

A government controlled by religion or religious leaders

Jacobins

A group of peasants who offered more radical solutions to the nation's problems.

Inquisition

A group of people created by Isabelle and Ferdinand with the purpose of persecuting people who practiced Jewish belief while claiming to be Christain

Guild System

A group of people who were part of a single business. There were many of these in each city. People who were part of these were the only people who could sell their product.

Sect

A group of people, often quite small in number, who have broken away from a larger group or religion

Dutch East India Company

A joint stock company that was basically the first example of a corporation

Gustavus Vasa

A king of Sweden (I'm sure he did something important)

Triennial Act

A law created during the reign of Charles I and states that parliament must meet for a 50 day session once every three years

Act of uniformity 1549

A law passed by the English parliament that forced all churches in England to use the book of common prayer. It was an effort to make the entire nation more Protestant

Act of supremacy 1533

A law passed by the English parliament that recognized Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England. It was the start of break with Rome

Test Act of 1673

A law passed that states every King has to be Anglican and tests them by having them take communion in an Anglican Church

Annulment

A legal process to declare a marriage to be void. It is as if the marriage has never occurred

Encomienda

A legal system established by the Spanish over in the new world in which Spaniards were given great control over the lives of the native Indians but were expected to treat them humanely and baptize them in he Catholic faith

Index

A list of books compiled by the Catholic Church that faithful Catholics were forbidden to read because the contents were heretical or indecent

index

A list of books that catholics are forbidden to read

Purpose of the cahiers

A list of grievances written for Estate's General to change the tax system, further heightened expectations for reform

Scepter

A long metal rod made of gold, held only by a monarch

Neoclassical

A major art movement of the mid and late 1700s that stressed very structured and ordered paintings. They have a very precise structure to them

Plague

A major disease that killed over 30% of Europe. Rats had the disease and flies transferred the disease over to humans. This disease resulted in labor shortages which also leads to more worker rights.

Francis Bacon

A philosopher who rejected Copernicus and Kepler and misunderstood Galileo. He wrote "The Great Instauration" in which he stated that he believed that humans had proceeded to know the natural world incorrectly. He urged scientists to focus on generalization rather than particular ones. He wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture, and trade. He was a fan of empiricism.

Newton's "Principa"

A major work written in Latin that spelled out mathematical proof of the law of gravitation, which included the theories of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo. It illustrated the basic concept of mechanics, the 3 laws of motion that govern planetary bodies and terrestrial objects, and that all the objects in the universe are attracted to each other with the force of gravity. The basic gist is the universe is one huge, regulated and uniform machine that operates absolutely in time, space and motion.

Voltaire

A man who didn't believe you need prayer He once said "crush the infamous thing" in which he's talking about religious intolerance and how he was super against it. He also believed in freedom of speech

Council of Trent

A meeting to discuss EVERYTHING (even...Aliens!) Catholics and Lutherans both attended the meeting to try and merge together (Yeah that doesn't happen). The Catholic church goes through every question the protestants raised and answer them. They also try to put an end to the corruption. The Catholic Church starts building Seminaries to teach people how to preach. The Seminaries help guarantee that only people who want to be a priest for the sake of preaching are made priests.

Maximilien Robespierre

A member of the Committee of Public Safety who was extremely dedicated to his people. France began to win their wars so there wasn't any point in the Terror anymore, but this guy became obsessed with purifying France of the corrupt. He was then executed.

Spanish Armada 1588

A military fleet of over 130 warships that were used by Philip II of Spain to attack and invade England and remove Elizabeth from the throne. It ended in complete defeat of the Spanish

Sacked

A military term for when an army battles and destroys a captured city

Mulatto

A mixed-race group of the Western Hemisphere created by the mixture of European and African slave blood

Mestizo

A mixed-race people of Native American and European blood in the Western Hemisphere

Hybrid

A mixture of two or more ingredients

Constitutional monarchy

A monarchy in which the kings power is limited to specific things by rule of law. The opposite of an absolute monarch

Baroque

A music movement centered in Germany that focused on elaborate, complex techniques. Included Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel. Bach's music was religious whilst Handel's music was nonreligious and publicly consumed.

Novel

A new concept. Samuel Richardson wrote one called "Pamela" and Henry Fielding wrote one called "The History of Tom Jones" and Daniel Defoe wrote one called "Robinson Crusoe."

the Directory

A new national legislative assembly was established, again based on ability to pay 100-200 days of labor. The executive authority was this organization of five members, whose authority came from the military.

Gray eminence

A nickname for any person who holds considerable power or influence over or with a higher ranking person

"The sick man of Europe"

A nickname for the Ottoman Empire by the 1800s due to its decline as a great power

Sans-Culottes

A nickname for the Urban Poor because they did not wear fancy pants

"Window to the west"

A nickname of the Russian city of St. Petersburg that was originally built to offer s more European face for Russia than the more Asian appearance of moscow

Bicameral

A parliament or legislature that has two (2) parts

House of Lords

A part of parliament that involves the Nobles, and had significant impact on decisions

Serf/serfdom

A peasant bound of the land. The peasants were not allowed to leave the land without permission and had to work for the nobles without pay and they had to obey the noble.

Regency

A period in time in which a government is led by a regent

The Terror

A period of the French Revolution when around 40,000 people were publicly executed by Guillotines

Standing army

A permanent, often professional, army. It is composed of full-time soldiers (who may be either career soldiers or conscripts) and is not disbanded during times of peace. During the 18th century, they were standard in European warfare and kept getting larger

Petition of right 1628

A petition passed by the English parliament that placed several limits on the power of King Charles I in exchange for financial support

Popish plot

A political conspiracy designed to discredit James II, heir to the throne of England, because of his Catholicism. It was a failure

Tories

A political faction in the parliament that support the following of the line of succession which would mean that James II would be crowned king

Whigs

A political faction in the parliament that were opposed to the succession of James II to the throne

Enlightened deposition

A political idea associated with Voltaire in which he argued in support of an absolute monarch who used the power to advance progress for the people. The concept was enthusiastically embraced by many of the leading monarchs of the age who all saw themselves as enlightened depots

Intendant System

A political system where Nobles rule specific areas around them, but was later redesigned by Cardinal Richelieu to create more rational grid like Intendants that were governed by the Middle class.

Social contract

A political theory that there is an unwritten but powerful relationship between the people and their government in which the people must be loyal and the government serves them

Fronde 1648-1652

A political uprising in France against the growing power of the absolute monarchy. It was led by factions of the nobility who hoped to win back power lost to the royal government during the years of Richelieu

Moderate

A political view that changes positions on every issue

Conservative

A political view that does not like change

Reactionary

A political view that hates change so much that they want to get rid of any change that has happened

Liberal

A political view that wants change

Radical

A political view that wants extreme change

Antwerp

A port city in Belgium that thrived on European expansion and exploration.

Warm water port

A port with warm water (self explanatory)

Mazarin

A power hungry cardinal which was a regent for Louis XIV

John Tetzel

A priest who went to the same town Luther happened to be in and sold indulges.

Metamorphosis

A profound change in form or shape in a living creature, such as a maggot becoming a fly

Henry of Navarre

A protestant King of France who eventually grants Huguenots substantial rights in France. He attempted to overthrow Henry III and succeeded after battling with Henry of Guise for the throne. He converted to Catholicism, and issues the edict of Nantes. The edict of Nantes allowed his Huguenot allies to worship freely in limited areas.

Anabaptists

A radical Protestant movement that gets its name from the fact that they rejected the common Christian practice of infant baptism. They only baptized adults

Levellers

A radical political movement in England that favored a vote for all adult men, women's equality, and a redistribution of wealth from the few rich to the many poor

coal

A resource that in very high demand during the Industrial Revolution that powered much of the new machinery.

Social uprising

A revolt of a specific group (social group, religious group) seeking a change in society

Caravel

A revolutionary new sailing ship developed by Portugal in the 1300s. More capable of deep ocean voyages due to its triangular sails, workable rudder, and rounded hull

Hernando Cortes

A sailor who conquers the Aztecs in the name of Spain. The Aztecs were the most powerful natives of the Americas, but they were defeated by the Spaniards because of disease and dumb luck. The year this sailor arrived on the Americas was the year a golden haired god was supposed to return to the Aztecs. The Aztecs invited him and on the way the sailor saw neighboring tribes and alliances were formed. In the end the Aztecs fell.

Francisco Pizarro

A sailor who conquers the Incas. He is a Spanish sailor who hit Peru. He arrived and stole the Incas emperor, ransomed him off and then proceeded to kill the Incas with disease deception and cannons.

John Cabot

A sailor who is hired by England. He sails to a part of the Americas, and is the first white Christian to sail there, he claims it in the name of England.

Ptolemaic System

A scientific theory of how the universe is with the Earth as the center. Everything rotates and revolves in perfect circles. The universe is a Russian nesting doll with glass barriers

Andreas Vesalius

A scientist who decided to check Galen's work on anatomy by using real bodies. That was a taboo by the Church, so the Catholics wanted to get him, but the Habsburgs protected him.

The Fronde

A series of rebellions and revolts in France because the people wanted tax lowered. They ended up breaking into the palace and holding a knife to a seven year old Louis XIV

Caravel

A small Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship that is fast.

Royal Society of London

A society of philosophers who got special permission from the monarchy of England to have philosophical discussions

Cervantes

A spanish writer who was regarded as one of the best writers because he wrote Don Quixote which is a story about a foolish noble acting as a Knight

Gibraltar

A strategically located peninsula at the tip of the Iberian peninsula that controls all access to the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic. It has been controlled by Britain since 1715

Baroque

A style of European art, architecture, and music of the 1600s and 1700s that is characterized by Ornate detail

Patron

A supporter of the arts and artists

Levy

A synonym for a tax or the actual act of implementing tax

Commercial

A synonym for business

United provinces

A synonym for the Dutch republic of the 1500s and 1600s

Aristocracy

A synonym for the nobility

Tariffs

A tax placed on imported goods with the goal of making those goods so expensive that no one buys them

Politique

A term for European nobles and monarchs who wished to accept religious differences rather then fight and Kill those of rival faiths

Illegitimate

A term for a child born to a couple who were not married at the time of the birth

Sovereignty

A term meaning power and authority over something

Methodism

A tolerant, moderate Protestant faith, founded by john Wesley. It broke away from the Anglican Church in the 1700s

Treaty/Peace of Utrecht

A treaty between Europe, France, and Spain that allows Philip Anjou to be king of Spain, but makes it so that the thrones of Spain and France can never be unified under one person. Because of this Philip's younger brother Louis became the King of France. Through the treaty of Utrecht England was able to gain Gibraltar, slave trade, and fur trade because they were after money

Peace of Westphalia

A treaty that ended the thirty years war by granting over three hundred German princes individual authority.

Diet of Worms

A trial in the German city of Worms where Martin Luther is prosecuted of being a heretic which he was

Edict of Nantes 1598

A very important royal decree issued by King Henry IV of France. It granted the Huguenots religious toleration and 200 fortified cities

Pascal

A very religious man who wanted to maintain the unification of science and religion. He failed so badly that the gap widened. Even though, religions were not eliminated and they didn't lose followers . He refused to accept scientists' world of order and rationality and believed that Christianity was the only religion that imagined people complexly. In the age of the "infinite man" he felt lost as a "finite" man. He believed that faith was more influential than reason.

Cowpox

A virus found in cows that is closely related to smallpox that afflicts humans. It was discovered that cowpox did not make humans sick, but gave them protection from smallpox

Thirty years War

A war between the Protestant Union and Catholic League which had three phases: The Bohemian phase which was a Bohemian civil war that was won by Catholics, a Danish phase which saw the Danish King go against Catholics, and finally the Swedish phase where the Swededs, French, and Hapsburgs all jumped in

Olympe d' Gouges

A woman who worked with other women to create a constitution that tried to give women's rights.

Quixotic

A word derived from the book called Don Quixote and it means unrealistic and impractical

Edict of Fontainebleau 1685

AKA the revocation of the edict of Nantes; a royal decree issued by Louis XIV of France that stripped the Huguenots of all religious freedom and tolerance

The true law of free monarchs James I

Absolutism Inspired by the republic by bodin, Writes a book using biblical examples to argue that God selects kings to rule over nations. It is supportive of absolute monarchy

Indulgences

Actions that a Catholic can do to lessen the time in purgatory. These actions could be prayer, good deeds. Etc.

Icon

Any religious image, especially one used for veneration

Restoration

After Oliver Cromwell dies the people of England decide they are sick of puritan rule, so they decide to restore the monarchy and put Charles II on the throne

Louis XV

After a couple rulers who expanded the economy, this King took the throne, but he was lazy af and spent most of his time with women and ignored his duties. One of his mistresses, Madame de Pompadour basically took over France. She made important government decisions and gave advice on foreign policy. He was blamed for the 7 Year's War and his successor was incompetent as well.

British Parliament

After the glorious revolution, the king shared power with this authority. It made laws, levied taxes, and passed the budget. It was broken into 2: House of Commons and the House of Lords. Both were landowners with similar economic interests and intermarried. The House of Commoners were chosen by counties (only people eligible to vote) → people gained support by patronage → pocket boroughs In english: politicians would buy off counties to vote for them

Glorious Revolution

After the people get sick of James II being an idiot they decide to revolt and dethrone him, no one would stand up for James II

Tariffs

Any tax placed on imported goods with the goal of producing domestic sale products

Backstaff, astrolabe, sextant

All three tools of navigation that utilize stars and the horizon to determine a ships position on the sea. These tools help make it possible to navigate and explore the sea

Noble savage

An 18th century term for the native peoples of the world; it was meant to compliment the dignified simplicity of their civilizations

Joseph II

An Enlightened Monarch of Austria

Act in Restraint of Appeals

An act passed by the English parliament which prevented people from going to the Pope for appeals, and helped form the Anglican Church (We love you Henry)

Treaty of tordesillas 1494

An agreement between Spain and Portugal, negotiated by pope Alexander VI in hopes of preventing a war between the two nations. It split the known world between Spain and Portugal

Peace of Augsburg 1555

An agreement made among the various states of the holy roman Empire that ended decades of religious civil war. Under this. The ruler of each state in the empire could chose either Catholic or Lutheran and all their subjects would have to be the same faoth

League of Augsburg

An alliance of nations led by England and the Netherlands. They were focused on limiting and controlling the power of bourbon France

Ptolomy

An ancient Greco roman cartographer whose maps of the world were considered the finest in classical times

Ptolemy

An ancient Greco-Roman cartographer and astronomer whose ideas about astronomy were accepted for over 1000 years

Galen

An ancient Roman physician whose theories about human anatomy and medicine were accepted for centuries

Counter Reformation

An attempt by the Catholics to try and convince the protestants to rejoin with them

de-Christianization

An attempt to create a new order in which churches were closed/pillaged and priests were encouraged to marry. It backfired because most of France was Catholic and created enemies rather than friends. A new calendar was also adopted based on when the French Republic was created (it eliminated religious holidays and sundays and replaced then with revolutionary festivals)

Mercantilism

An economic system created by Colbert which uses foreign trade exports, and Power=bullion. He tries to influence people to by French made products. Exporting was discouraged by France because they raised taxes on foreign products.

Medici

An important family when it comes to patronage because they had their own studio where they taught both Michelangelo and Raphael art.

John Locke

An important philosopher on human nature. He believes people are inherently good+ and logical. He believes that people aren't savage, but logical thinkers. If we were left to our own devices in the state of nature he believes it would be bad, but not a nightmare. He supports an idea called natural rights which is life, liberty, and property. He believes that those rights are given to humans upon birth by God. The rights are doubled as laws because you must maintain your rights without violating someone else's. He believes the purpose of Government is to protect the rights of the people. He supports limited monarchy because he wants a government that is strong enough to protect his rights, but not strong enough to violate them. He believes it is just to overthrow a government if that government violates your rights. The book he wrote is Treatises on Government which conveys his reasoning on what the government is and why its there.

Thomas Hobbes

An important philosopher on human nature. he believes humans are inherently selfish, greedy, only looking out for #1. He also believes that if there was no government then we would do anything it took to satisfy our selfish needs. The world nasty, brutish + short. His belief is that the purpose of government is protection from the heathens of the world, and the best form of government is Absolute Monarchy. He wrote The Leviathan which reflects his ideas.

Galileo Galilei

An incredibly famous, incredibly popular scientist that was know by all throughout the world. He improves the telescope and becomes the first person to use a telescope to study the sky. He records and publishes everything he saw in the sky. He determines that the moon is bumpy, and discovers four moons around Jupiter, he also uncovers dark spots on the Sun. He also saw more stars, and a supernova. Galileo effectively helped Copernicus's theory by giving people visual proof. The Catholic Church doesn't like this, so they decide to force him to recant by threatening him with the steak burning. He recants.

Militaristic

Anything that is focused on growing the power and influence of the military

Jesuits

An order of monks, also known as the society of Jesus (I still prefer the secret society of the Illuminati). Monks that take orders directly from the Pope and only the Pope (They are like the black ops of the religious world). Extremely educated missionaries.

On the fabric of the human body Vesalius

Anatomy This 1543 work offered the first details drawings of human anatomy published since antiquity. It was used as a medical textbook for over two centuries

On the motion of the heart and blood Harvey

Anatomy This English work offered detailed drawings of the artery and vein systems of the human body and explained the role of the heart and lungs in the circulatory systems

Anglican church

Another name for the Protestant Church of England that was established by Henry VIII following the break with Rome

Bloodless Revolution

Another term for the glorious revolution because there was almost no casulties

Protestant

Any follower of Christian religion who is not Catholic or orthodox Christian. Faiths include Lutheran, baptist, Anglican, Presbyterian, etc.

Republic

Any government that does NOT have a crowned, hereditary head of state, or monarch

Before the scientific revolution, whose views On the universe Did Europe believe

Aristotle

Baroque

Art that was developed in catholic countries

On the revolutions of heavenly bodies Copernicus

Astronomy Published in 1543 on his deathbed, this scientific work of astronomy carefully explained the heliocentric theory of the universe. Mistakenly kept the circular orbits of the ancients

New astronomy Kepler

Astronomy Written in the early 1600s, this work wides very complex mathematical equations to prove the heliocentric theory by modifying the planetary orbits to elliptical

The starry messenger Galileo

Astronomy This scientific work is filled with the sketches made by the author of the observation he made using the early telescope. These include the irregular surface of the moon, the canals of mars, and the Jovian moons

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian foreign minister and leader of the Congress of Vienna

Isaac Newton

Author of "Principa", who invented calculus, began investigating the composition of light, and discovered the law of universal gravitation while away from Cambridge University. During his second period of creativity, he wrote "Principa". His day job was being an alchemist, which he gave up after a while due to political and psychological reasons. For all of his discoveries, he became warden of the royal mint, was knighted, and buried in Westminster Abbey. His ideas were generally accepted in Europe.

Excommunication

Being kicked out of the Church

Low countries

Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg

Paracelsus

Believed that chemical reactions in the universe were reproduced in humans and thus disease was due to chemical imbalances in specific organs that could be treated by chemical remedies. He believed that "like cures like" opposed to the Galenic principle that "contraries cure". He actually did cure people and historians stress that Paracelsus' concept of disease and recognition of new drugs have viewed him as the father of modern medicine.

Poland

Best place for Jews during the enlightenment

the cotton industry

Britain was already ahead in the production of cheap cotton goods using this system. It led to the development of the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame. mule, and the power loom. All the new inventions presented new opportunities for entrepreneurs and it was much more efficient to bring workers to the machines and organize their labor in factories next to rivers and streams (power) New concentration of labor in factories brought laborers and their families to live in new towns. Expansion of this industry created more pressure for new and more complicated technology → steam engine

Parliament

British congress that limits and helps the king rule the country

Haiti

Had a violent popular revolt/war against Napoleon's occupation

Joint-stock corporations

Businesses that are owned by individuals who control shares in the company and proportionally share in the profits of the business Examples include the British East India company and the Dutch east India company

Coffee houses

Businesses that sold new world coffee and sugar based sweets beginning in the early 1600s. They became a major part of the social life in European countries

Difference between Catholic and Protestant

Catholic -pope -faith and good works save you -bible and church are authority Protestant -no pope -faith alone saves you -bible is source of authority

The Spiritual Exercises Loyola

Catholic (Jesuit) This religious work describes exercise one can do to grow stronger in their religious faith

Henry of Guise

Catholic leader of the French Civil War and a contender for the French throne. Led the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre to eliminate Protestants in France.

Spanish Inquisition

Catholic religious courts that were first used in Spain. Could interrogate, torture, and even kill anyone suspected of not being Catholic

Reconquista

Century long wars in the northern Christian Kingdom to control the entire peninsula

Scottish Rebellion

Charles I attempted to convert Scotland to the Anglican Church, so the Scots decided to invade England with 6,000 troops while Charles I had no troops and no money. It forced Charles I to call parliament

Sack of rome

Charles I the spanish king sacked rome and brought a temporary end, then the spaniards took italy

War of the Spanish Succession

Charles II of Spain was retarded and could not produce children, so he made a will where he inherited Spain to Philip of Anjou, who was Louis XIV's grandson and a successor to the throne of France. The rest of Europe was extremely opposed to this alliance, so the rest of Europe formed an alliance and waged war on France and Spain. The war ends with the treaty of Utretch

Pragmatic Sanction

Charles VI ensured his Hapsburg daughter Maria Teresa his thrown after he dies

In praise of human folly Erasmus

Christian humanism The author was a Dutch priest. He was angered by some of the abuses he witnessed in the Catholic Church. He used humor to mock certain practices of the church that he saw as foolish

Utopia More

Christian humanism The author was an important lawyer and advisor to England's King Henry VIII. He was also a passionate Catholic who shared Erasmus's desire to see church reform. In this book, he describes a perfect world where people treat one another with Christian kindness

1492

Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue

The republic Bodin

Civic humanism The author was an important political adviser to French kings. He had witnessed the incredible destruction caused by the French wars of religion. He became convinced that absolute monarchy was the best means of preventing chaos and anarchy

Bourgeoisie

Commoners who were rich and educated

Middle Class

Commoners who weren't noble, but not poor either.

The false donation of Constatine

Constantine was the first Roman emperor to adopt Christianity and supposedly gave leadership of Rome to the Pope, however that is not actually the case. The document was a fake and is proven so by Lorenzo Valla who esamined the document's grammar, and noticed several differences between the latin of Rome and the laitn of the church 500 years later

Constitutionalism

Constitutional government

Reasons for converting to Lutheranism

Corruption of power Social reform Power Money

Satellite Kingdoms

Countries that Napoleon conquered, but couldn't directly rule, so he placed one of his brothers on the throne instead

Hernando Cortes

Defeated the great Aztec Empire of central Mexico in a 3 year military campaign from 1519-1522

Francisco pizarro

Defeated the inca empire in Peru in the 1530s, similar to what hernando Cortez did in the Aztec empire in 1519-1522

Great fire of London 1666

Destroyed most of the center of old historic London. It was rebuilt with more stone and Brick buildings than the old wooden city

William Harvey

Discovered that the heart, not the liver, was the beginning point of circulation, the same blood flows in both veins/arteries, and most importantly, blood makes a complete circuit as it passes through the body. His discoveries were not believed until capillaries were founded. His theory concerning the circulation of blood was the foundation for modern physiology. He also published "On the Motion of the Heart and Blood".

William and Mary

Dutch King, queen had army to invade England No bloodshed They took the crown Bill of Rights, toleration act

Sugarcane

EUROPEANS LOVE IT!!!!!! It takes a lot of hard physical labor to find these. No one enjoyed producing _________, so Europeans went to Africa and bought slaves from African tribes. These crops made a lot of money, so more Europeans joined in which resulted in more slaves. Main cause of Slavery in the new world.

Peace of Augsburg

Each German prince could determine if their province was Cartholic or Protestant

English Mercantilism

Economic policies that focus in improving the British government, and the British people

The wealth of nations Smith

Economics One of the most important texts ever written; it is the "bible of capitalism." The author argued that the economy is governed by "natural laws," the most fundamental of which is the law of supply and demand

Denis Diderot

Edits the very first Encyclopedia. The very first Encyclopedia was a collection of knowledge, but it took sides with the scientific point of view which contrasts most religious groups. He ended up going to prison in France for editing the Encyclopedia, but would eventually move away.

What was the greatest achievement of 18th century medical science

Edward Jenner's small pox vaccine

Peace of Utrecht

Ended War of Spanish Succession Louis can't combine thrones

Balance of power

Englands foreign policy goal in dealing with Europe

Magna carta

English political document that placed the first limits on the power of the English kings. It was signed in 1215 by king john following a revolt by English nobles again his misrule

Metamorphosis of the insects of Surinam Merian

Entomology This work by a female naturalist is filled with beautiful drawings of insects and offers a carefully researched explanation for the process of metamorphosis

Christopher Columbus

Epic figure about whom much is unknown. He spent years developing a very detailed theory that it was possible to reach Asia by sailing directly across the Atlantic Ocean. He tried to win Portuguese support but fail d and went to Madrid, Spain in the 1480s. Ferdinand and Isabella granted him 3 ships in 1492. He returned from his first voyage in 1493 insisting he had reached Asia, but he had actually found a new world

Cottage Industry - Putting-out system

Every family had looms and spinning wheels because they made their own clothes. With everyone going out of a job, Merchants decided to take advantage of the situation by having the ex-farmers weave wool and sell it to the merchants, who sold it for higher profits.

Prussia

Every ruler of this country was either a William, a Frederick, or a Frederick William. They went from being an electoral vote to a kingdom to an empire.

Bishops

Everything was usually inherited to the eldest son, so usually the younger sons would become Bishops because they have a lot of power and are usually wealthy

Wollstonecraft

FIRST BRITISH FEMINIST. KATE'S HERO. MUST I SAY MORE.

Prussian military

Frederick used nobles as officers → close bond between nobility and army. The Junkers had a sense of service to the state and had the same values: duty, obedience, sacrifice. This army was made stronger by Frederick's successor.

Adam Smith

Father of Capitalism

In vindication of the rights of women Wollstonecraft

Feminism A revolutionary work that argued that women are rational creatures capable of making informed decisions and are deserving of rights in society since that are held to the same laws and taxes as men

Janissaries

Fierce soldiers of the Ottoman Empire; some of these warriors were born into Christian families in the empire but were raised from boyhood by soldiers and muslims

Meritocracy

Form of government in which positions are given to those with the most skill or knowledge of that subject; the best for the job. Napoleon used this form of government.

Kepler

Formerly studied theology, due to his religious nature, but was influenced by Michael Mastlin and then got into math/astronomy. He believed that God had created the universe with a plan understood through reason. However, his discoveries still challenged the church. He was interested in mathematical magic. He wrote a book and succeeded Brahe as the imperial mathematician to Rudolf II. He used Brahe's data to come up with three laws of planetary motion, but most importantly confirmed Copernicus's ideas. He also came up with three laws of planetary motion, which wrecked the key ideas of the Ptolemaic system. This allowed people to think more freely about astronomy.

Baron d' Montesquiew

He elaborates John Locke's ideas by coming up with an exact model for a limited monarch style government. He wrote his ideas in the Spirit of the Laws. He also wrote a book called Persian Letters which is a book about a couple of Persians who travel through France making fun of its culture.

How Renaissance reached the north

France conquered Italy and loved what they saw, so when they were kicked out of Italy they decided to make France like Italy

Letters on the English Voltaire

Free speech A tribute to English freedom written by a French author; he praised their free speech and religious toleration

Émigrés

French Nobles who emigrated out of France

Huguenots

French Protestants, they were followers of Calvin's brand of protestantism

Treaty of Utrecht

French began to cede come of their American posessions to their English rival

Rene Des Cartes

French philosopher and mathematician who lived from 1596-1650. His discourse on Method states that all assumptions had to be proven on the basis of known facts. He wrote, "I think; therefore, I am." His method of questioning was built upon a strict, orderly logical reasoning.

Intendants

French royal government officials who were created by cardinal Richelieu to take over jobs previously done by the nobility. They served the king and undermined the power of the nobility

Lasissez-faire

French term associated with Smith's idea that the state should assume a hands-off relationship with business and the economy

Conquistadors

From the Spanish for conquerers. It is the term for the Spanish soldiers and adventurers who fought native tribes to conquer the new world

Isaac Newton

Generally regarded as the greatest science of all time. He works in several fields of science, but the main one pertaining to Advanced Placement European History is gravity.

Hide

Generally the best way to defend yourself from threats. Find a place to stay hidden

Motivation for European explorers

Glory Gold God

Deism - God as Clockmaker

God created the universe, but doesn't spur anything on just watches as things work out as they do.

Predestination

God knows everything from the beginning of time, so he knows who is going to heaven, and who is going to Hell

Import

Goods that must be purchased from another nation

Quadruple Alliance

Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Alexander Ypsilanti

Greek patriot and a general in the Russian army, He was a Greek nationalist who led them in 1821 to fight for the freedom of Turkey

Ivan I

He is called moneybags sometimes and was a government enforcer for the Mongols when they ruled Russia.

Ferdinand I

Habsburg emperor capitulated and promised reforms and a liberal constitution

French Classicism

Happened when Richelieu gave recognition to a group of scholars that were interested in grammar which resulted in the first french dictionary.

Contemporaneous

Happening at the same time

Bastille

Happens on July 14th when Women try to by bread, but they aren't allowed to, so they start killing people and stealing Bread (You gotta keep your girl fed). They decide to attack a fortress that holds political prisoners, and weapons.

nationalism

Having faith in one's country and wanting to help it due to a feeling of obligation towards it.

Innocent VIII

He bought his way into the Pope's chair. He openly acknowledged his own children. When he became sick he would often slip into a comatose state, and when that happened all of his appointed priests and bishops would ransack the church. Many also looked for a cure by draining children of their blood.

Napoleon Bonaparte

He brought the revolution to its end although he originated from it and maintained some revolutionary changes. He got an education at a military school although he wasn't well liked. He studied the philosophes and former military leaders and performed well in the French military, which led him to rise in rank quickly. He defeated the Austrians and negotiated for peace, one of his greatest achievements. He was a people person, which allowed him to lead effectively and enable his troops. However, he failed to weaken Britain after he was declared a hero and given an army. He then returned to Paris and participated in the coup d'etat. After the coup, the new constitution reduced the role of elections and put executive power to three consuls. He was the first and basically had all the power even before he was made a consul for life and crowned himself Emperor. Basically he created a dictatorship yay!

Ghiberti

He designed the bronze doors on the cathedral of Florence, which was just the beginning of Artists gaining fame

Nicolaus Copernicus

He publishes the "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" This book literally redefines the word revolution. He waited till he was on his death bed to publish this book out of fear for what the church might do to him. His theory is Heliocentric which means he thinks the sun is the center of the universe. This theory left people with questions like how big is our universe? are we special? and Where is heaven?

Ivan IV

He started out as a great leader that was loved by his people, and they all lived happily ever after... PSYCHE! BITCH YOU THOUGHT! His wife died which drove him to insanity and bloodlust. He starts slaughtering anyone and everyone that he thought might have been involved in his wife's death.

Louis XIII

He very much enjoyed being king except for when he had to do his job, so he hired someone else to do his job for him. The guy who did his job for him was Cardinal Richelieu

Alexander VI

He was a pope who waged many wars to further his power and greed. He was a known murderer, and had a ring with a poison needle hidden inside. Had his own personal set of whores. Rumored to deal with the devil.

Joseph II

He was determined to reform Austria. He abolished serfdom/the death penalty, established equality before the law, and reformed religion for religious toleration. In doing so, he effectively pissed off the nobility, church, serfs, and the non-Germans." ("Here lies ___________, who was unfortunate in everything he undertook")

Frederick William the Great Elector

He was originally the guy who voted to elect the emperor, but at the end of the thirty years war. He would use the threat of war to get people to give him money or do whatever he wanted them to do.

Voltaire

He was the cool guy back in the days of Philosophy. He did not come up with his own ideas, but had a creative way of expressing other people's ideas. He also had a thing going on with Madame du Chatalet(wink, wink). He offers the first Tolerant defense of Religion. He says that no one can prove or disprove any God, so there is no point in killing over it.

Prince Henry the navigator

He was the son of king john of Portugal. Considered a new monarch of Portugal. He was motivated by desire to spread religion. He led and sponsored Portugal during age of expansion to explore the coast of Africa. His motives were to create a Christian kingdom as an ally against muslims, trade opportunities, and to spread the Christian faith. In 1419, he founded a school for navigators

Thomas More

He writes a book called Utopia which is an example of Christian Humanism. He wrote about an island that would be the perfect place to live for God

Baldassare Castiglioni

He wrote a book called the courtier which is essentially the first how to book on etiquette. It talked about how people in the Kings court should act. He thinks women are more like ornaments or decorations to make the husband look better.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

He wrote in Praise of Folly, is a satirical book that makes fun of the Church by pointing out its wealth and comparing it to the poor.

Machiavellie

He wrote the prince which reflected his ideas of how the monarchy should act. He believes that a king should worry about the state of things in the now

Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems Galileo

Heliocentric theory This controversial work offered a side-by-side comparison of the geocentric and heliocentric theories of the universe. While he did not formally take a position it was clear that scientific evidence supported the heliocentric position

Welsh Longbow

Helped bring about the end of Knights because it was easier to kill them from a farther distance. The Welsh longbow was also cheaper than Knights

Gunpowder

Helped bring about the end of Knights when cannons are invented because it can easily kill Knights and destroy castle walls

Nobles

Helped rule kingdoms, were always landowners. Lots of wealth and you were born into the position of Noble. There were also several different titles for Nobility

Ivan III

Helps establish Moscow as the capital of Russia by collecting tax money, but decides not to send any of it back. The Mongols were to busy infighting to actually send enforcement to stop him. Around this time Constantinople falls and is renamed Istanbul which results with the East Orthodox Church losing all leadership, and that leads Ivan III to take up leadership of the Church.

Bloody Mary

Henry VIII's 1st daughter who becomes illegitimate when Henry divorces Katherine, but she would be put back into the line of succession by the parliament. Since she was a Hapsburg, and she hated the Anglican Church for ruining her life she made England become Catholic again. Philip II married Mary even though they were cousins (it's kind of incest, but apparently it's ok). She becomes queen of England for five years and executes 1 protestant every week for here five year reign (276 people total, and yet she still isn't the most murderous woman in European history). She gets pregnant while in her 50's (PLOT TWIST!!! SHE WAS NEVER PREGNANT, SHE HAD STOMACH CANCER AND DIES! MWAHAHAHAHAHA!!!)

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII's second wife, who gives him his second daughter named Elizabeth. She becomes pregnant two more times, and miscarries both times. Henry will later accuse her of everything which leads her to be executed (it should be noted that she most likely did not commit any crimes so.... sucks to suck)

House of Tudor

Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I were all rulers of England from this house

Jane Seymour

Henry's third wife, who gave birth to Edward before dying of child birth. Unfortunately Edward was a very sick little boy

Why did parents have neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe

High mortality rates

Vice royalty

How Spain divides their empire. there are four divisions of the Spanish Empire each ruled by Viceroys.

Thomas Malthus

Human population increases while food decreases Eventually outstrip food suply

Pico della Morandola

Humans, lacking a fixed place, were the one part of the created world that could freely choose to rise to the heavens or sink to the realm of animals.

L'etat c'est moi

I am the state. Famous statement about absolute monarchy by king Louis XIV

Just price

Idea that prices should be fair and protect consumers and producers. Prices should be set by a government decree if necessary. Consumers and producers should work together so one could get profit while the other gets a product.

Mines Act 1842

Illegal for women, girls, and boys under 10 to work in mines

Edict of Nantes 1598

Important royal decree issued by Henry IV of France that granted the Huguenots religious toleration and control over 200 fortified cities around the nation

Vasco da gama

In 1497, he led a 2 year mission to sail around Africa all the way to Asia. He successfully returned to Lisbon, Portugal in 1499

In defense of the Seven sacraments Henry VIII

In 1521, about the time Luther was on trial in Worms, the author wrote a work vigorously supporting Catholic teaching. This was before the authors break with the church

Open Field System

In villages farmers don't own entire fields they own little strips of every field. Everyone contributes to working in the fields rather than one person working the field.

Travel writing

In which Europeans found societies that functioned without Christianity and wrote about them. Voltaire wrote these about China and such.

natural rights

Inalterable privileges that ought not to be withheld from any person (freedom of press/speech, equality before the law, etc)

Balance of Power

International relations were based on this, and it also relied on military strength of each country in Europe.

Low countries

Involved Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium.

Great Famine

Ireland four years of potato crop failure dependent on potatoes as a dietary staple

David Ricardo

Iron law of wages contended that increasing working-class wages would prompt laborers to have MORE CHILDREN as the supply of workers increased, their WAGES WOULD DECLINE

English bill of rights 1689

Issued by William and Mary. It promised basic human rights to all free English men. These rights include free speech, press, and religious liberty

Northern Renaissance

It was started when the King of France conquered Italy, and loved its culture so he brought Leonardo with him back to France which was the beginning of evolution in the North. Columbus also helps bring the Renaissance to the North.

Middle East

It was the middle man [sounds saucy ;)] of trading because Europe liked to trade with the spice islands and the shortest way to get there was through this area. Sine this area is so perfectly placed many great civilizations have rised from there.

Giotto

Italian painter from peasant family who introduced new kind of realism to artistic world (3D figures, imitations of nature, and people with discernible facial features)

Predestination

John Calvin's belief that God has predetermined who is destined for salvation or for damnation, even before we are born. It rejects the Catholic idea of free will

Elect

John Calvin's term for those who God had selected to receive the gift of salvation

Figurehead

Someone who is held up as having power, but is actually only a token, someone else has the real power

Navigation Acts

Laws that say all shipping in or out of the British empire are done on British ships with a British crew. These laws bring money to British companies, and also promote the training of sailors which was a valuable asset. This hurt the dutch shipping industry, and the American Colonies must buy from Britain if possible. Colonies can sell only to the home country

Boyar

Land owning aristocracy in early Russia.

Geneva

Largest city in the French speaking part of Switzerland. It was the center of john Calvin's Protestant movement

Status quo

Latin for the way things are currently

Newton

Law of Gravity Every object in the universe attracts every Other object

Act of settlement 1702

Law passed by parliament to ensure that no Catholic could ever sit on the English throne. It named the German Hannover family as heir to Queen Anne

Test act

Law passed by the parliament in 1672 that put severe limits on the rights of English Catholics. They were barred from high positions in the military or government

Fallow

Leaving a farm unplanted, usually this was a techniques was used by a 2 field system

Louis XVIII

Liberal instituted the Constitutional Charter of 1814 abdicated the throne

Storming of the Bastille

Louis hired a Swiss guard in Paris. frightened people go to Bastille for gunpowder This event represent the shift in power away from monarchy. Louis pulls the troops out of Paris.

Sun King

Louis XIV who was nicknamed this because his palace in Versailles was golden and revolved around him similar to how the planets revolve around the Sun. The Sun is also a giver of Life and is grand like Louis himself strived to be

Philip of Anjou

Louis XIV's son who becomes the king of Spain after Charles II gives him the throne. He is unable to rule both Spain and France because the other nations of Europe united against that, so the treaty of Utrecht gives Philip the throne but says that Spain and France cannot be united under one man

"Faith alone"

Luther's religious philosophy that salvation cakes from faith in God's mercy

Brahe

Made Kepler's work in destroying the geometric conception possible. Built the Uraniborg Castle on an island given to him by King Frederick II and outfitted it with a library, observatories, and astronomical instruments. He found that new stars can be formed, which proved that heaven isn't perfect and it can change. This was heresy! He recorded observations on the stars and planets, which gave him enough date to reject the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system. He couldn't accept Copernicus's ideas either. He spent his last years in Prague as a mathematician to Emperor Rudolf II, where he took on an assistant named Johannes Kepler.

Patron

Someone who offers financial support

Effect of the Scientific Revolution

Many intellectual, social, and political elites began to act secularly and scientific knowledge was spread across Europe.

Polyglot

Many languages; a place where many languages are spoken or a person who speaks many languages. Synonym for multilingual

Cartographer

Mapmaker

Star charts

Maps of the heavens used by navigators to attempt to determine a ships location on the surface of the globe

Pattern of marriage in early modern Europe

Married late Didn't marry until each were financially stable Waited til father's death to inherit land Worked away from home

William and Mary

Mary takes the throne after James II was an idiot and got himself overthrown, so her husband William becomes King. Shortly after William dies and Mary takes full control until she dies. They reign as the House of Orange

Lucrative

Something that is profitable or valuable, a source of potential wealth

How the Estates Genral leads to Revolution

May 5, 1789 Third estate establishes National Assembly ending absolute monarchy FIRST ACT OF REVOLUTION- official start of the revolution

Inquiry into the cause and effect of vaccine Jenner

Medicine This is the first scientific work to explain the medical possibility of inoculating a person to prevent the contraction of a serious disease. This work detailed the authors work with a smallpox vaccine

Marco polo's Journal

Medieval work written in the 1200s by an Italian explorer who claimed to have walked all the way to china and to have lived there for 20 years. His description of Asia fascinated Europeans

Congress of Vienna

Meeting in which France's four major enemies (Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) agreed to stay united to ensure peace after the war

Laymen

Members of any particular religious group who are not part of the clergy. Most members of a religion are these

Junker

Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and militarism.

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine chapel with Fresco. The pope asked him to paint it even though he was a sculpture, so he reluctantly agreed and would paint a small square on the ceiling each day

Utopia

More's famous work (show s an idealistic life in imaginary land) - wanted a community based on communal ownership not private property - _____ s an orderly world where social relations, recreation, and even travel were carefully controlled for the modern welfare of society and its members - overall criticized corruption and abuse

Eastern Europe

Most countries are very strong in absolutism, and the countries have fewer cities. There is a lot less trade than the rest of Europe. Since there is less trade there are also less people in the middle class. They are also less educated

Why Italy was the start of Renaissance

Most educated people lived in Italy, the Church. A lot of people wanted to learn about ancient Greece and Rome which drove them to education. The Church owned the largest library and were the wealthiest. Another reason Italy was the beginning of Renaissance was due to its geography being great for trade

Desiderius Erasmus

Most influential Christian humanist - Christianity= guiding philosophy for daily life not belief and practices that the Middle Ages stressed - stresses inner piety with not much emphasis on external religion - this person laid the egg which Luther hatched *** No intention to destroy the Church, but reform***

Crop Rotation

Moving Crops from one field to another, but it is extremely experimental because different crops require different nutrients

the Code Napoleon

Napoleon established this Civil Code. It recognized equality, religious toleration, abolition of serfdom/feudalism, outlawed trade unions/strikes, and restored control of families. (Divorce was difficult for women)

the Great Retreat

Napoleon invaded Russia, but was forced to retreat. This is the name of that retreat.

St. Bartholomew's day massacre

Murder of French Protestants/Huguenots during the marriage of Henry of Navare and Margaret de Valois

Middle passage

Name given to the brutal journey of black African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean on the way to the slave markets of the new world. Millions perished along the way

Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon thought that if he could get his troops on land he could conquer Britain, so he sent his navy to the gibralter straight only to be met with a harsh defeat from Britain. Napoleon decides to cut trade off from Britain, so Britain prevents trade form Europe to other continents

Result of Galileo's Motion Discoveries

Natural philosophers' focus went from explaining motion to explaining changes in motion

Ferdinand and Isabella

New monarchs of Spain. Defeated the moors at Granada in 1492 and completed the reconquista. Granted Christopher Columbus 3 ships in 1492. Instituted encomienda

Roundheads

Nickname for those who opposed the king and supporter the parliament during the English civil war

Cavaliers

Nickname given to those who supported the monarchy of Charles I in the English civil war

Free trade

No restrictions on trade between nations. Challenges and Replaces mercantilism in the late 1700- early 1800s

Military Changes

Nobles= officers Knights= guns, cannons, and longbows Army grows bigger One national army

Lack of education

Not many priests actually knew how to read, and during the Renaissance more and more people actually knew how to read.

The population growth

Occurs after the Plague went away because of the Great Rat War (the most devastating war in rodent history). This was also a result of better sewers, nutritional foods, fewer localized famines, water supply, fewer mosquitoes, and a vaccine for small pox.

Lunar

Of, or pertaining to the moon

Solar

Of, or pertaining to the sun

Domestic

Of, or pertaining to, your own country

Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell renamed England to this because he was not a king, so he could not rule over a kingdom

Lord Protector

Oliver Cromwell was given this title when he forcefully took over England

Un roi, un doi, un foi

One king, one law, one faith; French motto asserting the importance of religious uniformity

The David

One of Michelangelo's more famous works of art. It is huge and massive

Othello Shakespeare

One of the authors greatest plays where the hero is a black African. The character is a fully realized man

House of Commons

One of the chambers of Parliament which involves commoners, and was pretty irrelevant back in the 1600s

Smallpox

One of the deadly diseases in human history. It killed millions of people. It got its name from the small blisters bag covered the bodies of those infected

Galileo

One of the first Europeans to make observations through telescopes. He discovered mountains/craters on the moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and sunspots. He wrecked the idea that the universe is composed of perfect and unchanging substances. His revelations were published in "The Starry Messenger." He was made court mathematician in Florence but became a suspect of the Catholic Church. He was told he had to denounce Copernicanism, but when he published "Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican" he was put on house arrest. During house arrest, he made a bunch of discoveries about motion! (what a great guy)

Knights

One of the four major themes of the Medieval era. Knights were powerful soldiers on horseback that could only be beaten by another Knight. They decided battles and had lots of power and influence

Limited Education

One of the four major themes of the Medieval era. Most of Europe could not read and write as education was very rare because most people were focused on war. The only people who could really read were the priests, but even then most priests still did not know how to read. The fact that the Church could read and no one else could simply gave them more power

Catholic Church

One of the four major themes of the Medieval era. The Catholic church was wealthy and had more influence then the Emperor himself

Limited Trade

One of the four major themes of the Medieval era. Trading was not done often as most villages were self sustaining however metal and salt were commonly traded as not everyone lived by salt and metal mines

The Classics

One of the four themes of Renaissance. The Italians loved ancient Greece and Rome so much that they revived the culture through art and study

Secularism

One of the four themes of the Renaissance. The focus of life on earth as opposed to life in heaven, does not mean they are anti-religious

Individualism

One of the four themes of the Renaissance. The study of the potential of a single human, and the celebration of it. Contrasts Christianity because Christians believe that the modest selfless people are perfect, but those who celebrate themselves are not in for reward in heaven

Humanism

One of the four themes of the renaissance. The Italians began studying humanity focusing on the human potential based on reason or logic

Pilgrimage of grace 1536

One of the largest protests in England's history. Thousands protested the break with Rome. It was crushed

Smallpox

One of the most devastating diseases in human history; over the centuries, it killed millions of people

Margaret Cavendish

One of the most prominent female scientists of the 17th century. She failed to popularize science for women, but participated in scientific debates of the time. She was rejected from the Royal Society, but was allowed to attend one meeting. She wrote "Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy and Grounds of Natural Philosophy" in which she attacked the "defects" of rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledge. She was also a protector of the environment.

Raphael

One of the ninja turtles. He painted the school of Athens, Michelangelo and Raphael were not friends.

Leonardo Da Vinci

One of the ninja turtles. painted the last supper on wet plaster, a.k.a. he used Fresco. Remember the Mona Lisa because it was famous for being a flexible painting that can be interpreted differently.

Regent

One who holds power when the actual monarch is too young or too sick to hold the power for themselves

Iconoclastic

One who smashes religious images, usually because they believe that such images violate the law of God

Anti-clerical

Opposition to the power of the clergy or the church

Cape of Good Hope

Originally named the cape of storms due to its terrible weather, it was later renamed to this because European Sailors could restock here before going to India for trade. Located at the bottom of the African continent.

Jacobins

Originally, the whole legislation was called the Jacobins, along with the Girondists and the Centrists. However, once the Girondists were purged out and the centrists were forced to leave or switch sides, the legislation became known as the Radical Jacobins. They were the radical French on the left side of the Legislative Assembly (Mountain) under the rule of Robespierre and Danton.

Elliptical

Oval shaped

Act of Supremacy

Parliament completed the break of the Church and England with Rome by passing this act which said king was the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England - english monarchy now controlled the church on all matters - passed the treason act saying punished if you deny king was supreme head of Church (loyalty to pope id treason)

English Civil War

Parliamentarians vs Royalists War btw supporters of Parliament and the King

"Time of Troubles"

Part of Ivan the Terrible's reign in which chaotic mass murders are common. Lots of people died

Nikon

Partirach/dogmatic purist who wished to bring "corrupted" Russian practices of worship into line with the Greek Orthodox model- common people resisted- many formed illegal communities of "Old Believers" where they were hunted down/persecuted

Dias

Passage around Africa Sailed for Portugal

Enclosure Movement

People started fencing off the commons and claiming land, usually it was the nobles who did this. Poor farmers start losing land from this and have to sell their land. This leads to very rich farmers and jobless farmers.

Regents

People who govern in the King's name if he is unable to

Pacifists

People who will never fight no matter what, even if verbally or physically provoked

English commonwealth 1649-1660

Period in English history when the nation had no monarch. Oliver Cromwell ran the nation as lord protector. It was dominated by puritans

Eleven years of tyranny 1629-1640

Period off English history when Charles I attempted to run the nation without parliament; it is one of the causes of the English civil war

St. Petersburg

Peter the great fights Sweden

Encyclopedia Diderot

Philosophy A 28 volume work that was compiled to put all knowledge at the fingertips of the readers. It contained sketches and drawings of the latest inventions and essays by the philosophes

Discourse on method Descartes

Philosophy In this scientific philosophical work, he argues that all knowledge must begin with doubt. It is considered to be the most important text of rationalism. The famous phrase, cogito ergo sum, is found here

New instrument Bacon

Philosophy This English masterpiece is the foundation of the scientific method. He argued that all knowledge must be proved by experimentation-based evidence. It is the foundation of empiricism

Charles II

Son of Cromwell Favored religious tolerance Secret Catholic sympathies Disbanded Puritan army Restored Church of England

Neoplatonism

Plato's work and the exposition of the platonic philosophy was known as this

Problems in the Church

Pluralism, Simony, Nepotism, moral corruption, and lack of education

Pragmatic Sanction

Stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided even if it meant having a women take the throne

Separation of powers

Political idea that a government's power should be divided between different branches, such as the executive and legislative; it is the opposite of absolutism

The spirit of laws Montesquieu

Politics Great political work that argues that all political power must be divided between different branches to avoid tyranny; very influential on the U.S constitution

Of civil government Locke

Politics Written in 1650, the author agrees with Hobbes that there is a social contract between the monarchy and the people, but argues that the contract can be broken, that the people have the "right to revolt" as well as the rights of "life liberty, and property"

The social contract Rosseau

Politics A political argument against absolute, hereditary monarchy and in favor of popular sovereignty where the people select their own rulers

The leviathan Hobbes

Politics This 1651 work is the first to argue that a monarch's power comes from the people in the form of the "social contract". The author supported absolute monarchy as the best safeguard against chaos and anarchy

Empiricism

The intellectual idea that all knowledge is based on experimentation and obvious evidence and proofs

Magellan

Portugal 1st to circumvent the globe

Pedro Cabral

Portuguese Sea captain who accidently discovered South America

Alfonso d'Albuquerque

Portuguese soldier who conquered his Arab rivals and established Portuguese bases in India and he spice Islands at malacca

Bullion

Precious metals (such as gold and silver) in bulk form

Moral Corruption

Priests would often do questionable things such as kill, visit brothels, and basically were hypocrites

cahiers de doleances

Statements of local grievances drafted during the elections to the Estates-General which advocated for a regular constitutional government that would abolish the privilege of the church and nobility

95 theses Luther

Protestant Arguments against the Catholic belief in good works as necessary for salvation. It especially condemned the idea of the sale of indulgences. It was written in Latin, but was quickly translated into German and started the reformation

The Babylonian captivity Luther

Protestant An anti catholic attack piece in which the author attacked the papacy and church teachings

Institutes Calvin

Protestant The author's work is considered the most important summary of Protestant beliefs. He explains Protestant views on communion and salvation. His ideas of predestination is the centerpiece of the work

Consubstantiation

Protestant belief that the bread and wine in communion are only symbols of the body and blood of Christ

Union of Utrecht

Protestant union composed of the northern provinces of Netherland (opposed Spanish control) - Netherlands divided religiously, geographically, and politically into 2 hostile camps - had a war, but later gained independent 4 northern provinces - emerged as Dutch Republic

Against the robbing and murderous hordes of peasants Luther

Protestant/ social An attack on the social revolution; he cited the Bible to oppose the peasants revolt. The peasants were crushed

Wars of Religion

Protestants killed Catholics, and Catholics killed Protestants (don't you love it when things are simple and bloody)

Puritans

Protestants within the Church of England (Anglican)who wanted to remove any trace of Catholicism from the Church of England

Battle of Waterloo

Prussian troops joined with the British here in Belgium and completely routed Napoleon. He had no choice but to surrender... again. This was the complete end to his rule over France.

Battle of Valmy

Prussians were very close to Paris, but the leader was hesitant to attack because he wanted to spare bloodshed, so the next morning the Prussians were pushed back by a riot of Paris citizens.

How were the violations of social norms punished by traditional lower-class communities

Public humiliation

Philosophe

Public intellectuals of the Enlightenment, who wrote on subjects ranging from current affairs to art criticism. Their goal was to further reform society.

James Watt

Steam engine rapidly replaced waterpower in British textile factories replaced iron production enabled inventors to build railroad locomotives

Natural Philosophy

Questioning the natural world, basically science

Vasco de Gama

Reached India Sailed for Portugal

Fronde

Rebellion of nobles during Louis XII reign

Enlightenment

References the 1700s. A time when Science was actually cool. People would gather in Salons for illegal book clubs where they discussed banned books and science. America is an important product of this time.

Christian Humanists

Regular Humanists minus the secularism

Inquisition

Religious courts set up by the Catholic Church during the years of the reformation. The courts were used to enforce Catholic dogma

Politiques

Religiously moderate nobles and monarchs of the 1500s and 1600s who wished to place national interests above those of religion

The 5 Italian states

Republic of Florence, Urbino, Bologna, Ferrara, and the Kingdom of Naples

Louis Blanc

Republican socialism pressed for recognition of a socialist right to work he asserted that permanent government-sponsored cooperative workshops should be established for worker

Water frame

Richard Arkwright spinning machine that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill-a factory

Natural Rights

Rights that are given to you at birth, life, liberty, property

Salons

Rooms in fashionable homes where you would entertains guest; the debates of the enlightenment played out in the salons of Paris

Natural state

Rousseau' term for the state in which the primitive people of the world live. He meant it as a mockery of the so-called civilized world of Europe that he saw as uniquely unnatural

Peter the Great

Rules Russia around the same time The Sun King rules France. Extremely determined and hands on. He loves the Russian army, but knows how setback they are due to not having the same technology. He toured Europe and learned how to make ships, found Prussian drill sergeants and hired them. He Europeanized Russian Nobles, but the peasants remain uncultured swines.

The Great Fear Rumors

Rumors that Nobles were hiring robbers and bandits to kill pro-revolutionists and that the Nobles were going to kill the revolution, so the peasants ran away and hid in the woods, eventually resorting to robbing and killing people which turned the rumor into a truth. The night of August 4th the Nobles renounced their rights, so that the commoners would spare them (This was after their houses were being burned down and their families were being threatened).

Frederick William IV

Said he would make reforms to the Constitution but didn't

Vespucci

Sailed for Italy Discovered that they had found a new continent

Spinning mule

Samuel Crompton combined the best features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce thread that was stronger, finer, and more uniform than earlier spinning machines

Seminaries

Schools where clergy are trained

Principia Newton

Science Considered one of the most important scientific works ever written, it offered explanations of several of the author's most important scientific theories including gravity and his laws of motion

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

British east India company

Set up in 1591 during the reign of queen Elizabeth I of England. Came to dominate trade with India and china and the americas

Dutch east India company

Set up in 1602 to challenge the Portuguese for control of the spice trade in Indonesia. It was under government sponsorship

Mary Wollstencraft

She argued that women are not naturally inferior to men. They only appear to be inferior because of a lack of education

Madame du Chatalet

She was an important hostess for Salons and translated other Philosopher's works

The event that defeated the Ottomans' from expanding to Central Europe

Siege of Vienna

Edict of Nantes

Signed by Henry IV of France granting Huguentos substantial rights and the right to worship

Transubstantiation

The Catholic belief that during the mass the bread and wine are miraculously transformed into the body and blood of Christ

Labor system in Spanish America

Slavery Atlantic Slave trade

Law of supply and demand

Smith's economic natural law that asserted that there is an inverse relationship between price and demand; the bigger the supply the lower the price, and vice versa

Outside Threat

Somebody who is suspicious and we want to keep an eye on them, Parker stop looking out the window! could also be a chemical threat and you wanna make sure no one is leaving until it is taken care of. Sometimes a crime has been committed

Charismatic

Someone who has a Captivating personality; and inspiring leader

Columbus

Spain Found the Dominican rebuild Thought he found the west indies

St. Ignatius

Spanish nobleman who founded Society of Jesus - submit his will to will of Church (soldier of God)

Tycho Brahe

Spent 20 years gathering data on planetary movements, and he has a golden nose

Public Education

Started by Frederick the Great in Prussia. They started this because Protestants wanted educated people to work on their faith, and Frederick wanted his people to be educated enough to do jobs like tax collecting.

Castiglione "The Courtier"

Suggeted that gentlemen cultivate their abilities in a variety of fields, from athletics to music to art in mathematics.

the Reign of Terror

The Committee of Public safety established this to address the crisis and to protect the republic from internal enemies. The victims were diverse, but many were those who opposed the sans-culottes. Executions mostly occurred in cities that defied the National Convention (for example they were super brutal in Vendee). It also had no class prejudice.

Sulieman the Magnificent

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire/against Catholic Habsburgs.

Galileo's "The Starry Messenger"

Supported Copernicus's heliocentric system. Was a gathering of information discovered by a certain astrologist who was directly affected by the Roman Inquisition. The purpose was to make more Europeans aware of the new picture of the universe.

National Assembly

The Commoners decided to become this to create a new constitution for France. Louis XVI tried to stop them by locking the doors to the building.

Magyar

Synonym for Hungarian

Commercial

Synonym for business or trade

Louis XIV

Takes the throne of France at the age of seven. When he turned eighteen he held a counsel where he fired Mazarin. The second thing he does is move his palace to Versailles

Mother country

Term for the European nation that controlled colonies around the world

Subject

Term for the citizen of a monarchy

Mongol yoke

Term for the culture of mongol control over Russia. It lasted into the 1500s and left a strong Asian influence on Russian culture and custom

Triangle trade

Term for the economic relationship and movement of goods between Europe, Africa, and the new world. European goods were traded for slaves which were sold for products such as sugar or tobacco

Philosophes

Term for the great thinkers of the enlightnement period, most were french

Cultural relativism

Term for the idea that different societies do things differently, not necessarily better or worse

House of commons

Term for the lower house of the English parliament; it was composed of the common people

Long parliament

Term for the parliament first elected in 1640. The English civil war began during it. It ended with the restoration of Charles II in 1660

Rump parliament

Term for the small, radical, republican elements of the old long parliament that still remained supportive of the commonwealth government by 1653. Dismissed as too extreme

House of lords

Term for the upper house of the English parliament; it was composed of the nobility

Midwives

Term for the women who assisted other women with childbirth in the era before doctors

Abdicate

Term for when a monarch gives up their throne either voluntarily or involuntarily

General will

Term meaning the popular desires of the majority of the people. It is often associated with democracy

Columbian exchange

Term used to refer to the back and forth movement of goods and people between the new world and Europe

Junkers

Term used to refer to the nobility of Prussia

railroads

The "most important single factor in promoting European economic progress in the 1830s and the 1840s, which started in mining operations. Contributed significantly to the development of the Industrial Revolution and furthered the coal and iron industry and ensured British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.. Huge capital demands for construction encouraged middle class investors to invest their money in joint-stock companies. Construction created new jobs for farm laborers and peasants. Cheaper and faster transportation due to this invention led to the growth of the industrial economy.

The Bill of Rights

The 10 of 12 amendments in the US Constitution. Includes freedom of religion, speech, press, petition and the rights to bear arms, assembly, and trial by jury. Many of these rights were derived from the natural rights philosophy of the 18th century Philosophes.

bourgeoisie

The 8% of peasants that were the middle class who were more privileged than the rest due to their professional jobs. They were excluded from the nobility activities. which led to resentment. Some were able to become nobility though. (what is the name for this group?)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

The Bill of rights that the The National Assembly produces, it has 17 articles.

Charles V

The Emperor who ruled big chunks of Europe. He is a Habsburg

Puritan

The English name for the Calvinists. They were called this because they stay in the Church, trying to purify it into Calvinism.

Frederick the Great

The Enlightened Monarch of Prussia. He hosted salons and read lots of books on the Philosophy of the time. He also reforms Prussia in several ways. He starts with Religious Toleration of Christian Denominations. He also creates the first public school system of Europe. He abolishes the use of torture with the exception of treason. He makes Judges honest and impartial. He helps rebuild his country including with peasants and serfs.

Catherine the Great

The Enlightened Monarch of Russia. Talked about abolishing Serfdom and

Descartes

The Father of Rationalism- A system of thought based on the belief that human reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge. He wrote "Discourse on Method" and decided to only accept things his reason deemed true, He came up with Cartesian dualism: The principle of the separation of mind and matter that enabled scientists to view matter as something separate from themselves that could be investigated by reason. Only then would humans understand the world. He emphasized deduction and mathematic logic and explained that each step in an argument should be supported by mathematical proof. He thought that one should start with self evident truths and then deduce more complicated conclusion.

Estates General

The French Parliament that was almost never called upon until Louis XVI needed to tax the Nobles. The Clergy send 300 delegates, The Nobles send 300 delegates, and the Commoners send 600 delegates. They vote on if the Nobles will be taxed, and the Clergy and Nobles voted no on the taxes, but the Commoners vote yes. This leads to an overall no because 2 ballots beat 1. The Commoners then go to the King and say let's change the voting system! The King says no. The Commoners get angry and decide to become the National Assembly.

Huguenot

The French name for the Calvinists

Frederick William

The Great Elector United 3 provinces Taxation of Junkers without consent Large army

Hungary

The Hapsburg are not able to excersize full control over this country which will lead to conflict later on

Charles I

The King after James I, and argued with parliament. He firmly wanted glory and constantly tried to go to war, but parliament did not want to pay for war. He tries to increase his income by increasing the poundage tax, and by forcing loans with the threat of prison. He attempts to decrease expenses by having troops stay with other people as opposed to providing barracks and food. He gets into a war with France and needs money so he turns to parliament who agrees to give him money after he signs the petition of Right.

Henry VII

The King of England after the Rose War, was the father to Arthur, and Henry VIII

Prince Henry the Navigator

The King of Portugal who sends ships out to explore new trade routes. The first route they tried was around Africa (They had no idea how big it was (that's what she said) good one Dylan).

Charles II

The King who retook the throne after the restoration. Parliament told him that he would be limited, and he has to follow the rules, so he was pretty laid back and let parliament rule. He entered into a secret alliance with Louis XIV

The New Kingdoms

The Kingdoms were ruled by monarchies known as Kings, but there were also Nobles and Bishops who helped govern the kingdom.

Cogito ergo sum

The Latin expression meaning "I think, therefore I am"; it is credited to the French mathematician, Rene Descartes

Committee of Public Safety

The National Convention's solution when they attempted to prevent anarchy and got the people to fight. This committee did the opposite of their name. Led by Robespierre

Dutch Rebellion

The Netherlands was Calvinist under the rule of Spain (Philip II). The two countries fought, but England stepped in because Queen Elizabeth I new that Philip would attack England when they were finished with the Netherlands.

Christian Humanism

The North's take on Humanism. The main difference between this and Humanism is it is less secularist. They wanted to use logic and reasoning to figure out how God would want humans to live

Presbyterian

The Scottish name for the Calvinists

Estates

The Social Classes in France: Clergy, Nobles, Everyone Else (commoners). The hierarchy of the social classes are listed in order.

Simony

The buying or selling of a religious office, such as a bishop. One would pay a church leader to secure a high ranking position

Abdicate

The act of a monarch surrendering their throne, either voluntarily or involuntarily

Censorship

The act of limiting people's access to ideas or information

the Concordat

The agreement that Napoleon made with Pope Pius VII in order to make peace with the Catholic Church. He negotiated with Pope Pius VII to reestablish the Catholic Church in France. They agreed that states would nominate bishops and the Church could hold processions and reopened seminaries. In return, the Pope acknowledged the Revolution and recognized that religious land would not be given back.

querelles des femmes

The arguments against women. The Scientific Revolution reaffirmed the traditional idea that women are inferior by nature and should have a domestic role in society. However, it influenced the female defense of women, which led to the Feminist Movement centuries later.

Copernicus

The astronomer who was aware that ancient views contradicted the Ptolemaic conception of the universe. Author of "Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres." He lived during the Protestant Reformation, and was a Polish clergyman who wanted to see if the Bible was correct about Earth being in the center of the universe. He was not an observational astronomer, so he relied on other people's date, but he was a mathematician who believed Ptolemy's system was too complicated. Came up with the heliocentric conception. Due to this he faced opposition from Protestants, who interpreted the Bible literally. The Catholic Church didn't oppose his views until Galileo turned up. Even though, astronomers were attracted to his ideas.

Spinoza

The author of "Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner", which explained the philosophy of *pantheism*, in which God is the universe and everything is God. He was influenced by Descartes and to explain the existence of nature, he believed it existed for humanity because of God's love. He believed that humans will find happiness when they understand nature and detach themselves from passing interests.

Against the monstrous regiment of women Knox

The author was an important Scottish reformer. He hated the concept of powerful women ruling over men. This work argues that it is against the law of God for a woman to hold power over man. His targets were the great queens of the age

Divine Right of Kings

The belief that Kings are appointed by God to rule in his name

Deism

The belief that god created the world and the universe and then left it alone, a shift from traditional Christian beliefs, more of an enlightenment, not super popular but it had some following among the philosophers

Mechanistic

The belief that things work in a mechanical, rather than natural or emotional, way

Germany

The birthplace of Baroque, aka the homeland of Protestant reformation. Due to this, some of the Baroque stuff will be more religious than the classical movement

Leviathan

The book written by Thomas Hobbes. It reflects his pessimist view on humanity and his support of the absolutist type of government

Monasteries

The buildings where Catholic monks live

Convents

The buildings where catholic nuns luve

the Constitution of 1791

The constitution that established a limited constitutional monarchy in which the king had few powers and the assembly members were elected by active citizens (basically only the rich could elect electors who elect deputies). It divided France into 83 departments that were mostly controlled by the bourgeoisie.

the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

The constitution that ruled that bishops/priests were to be elected and had to swear an oath to the Constitution, which the Pope opposed.

Semj

The council of nobility of Poland that had greater power than did the polish king. Required a unanimous vote to support any matter of importance. It left Poland paralyzed

Russia

The country that was a part of western Europe, but is isolated from Europe because of its size, few ports/ bad rivers, Economy issues, and their religion.

Fiefdom

The county that a Noble can control. Nobles usually have more power over this county than the King himself

1517

The day Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses, and mailed a copy to the local Bishop.

Russian Orthodox Church

The dominant Christian faith of Russia. The church is run by the patriarch of Moscow and was closely tied to the tsar's government

Mercantilism

The dominant economic theory of the 1600s and 1700s. It is based on the theory that a nation should have a self-sufficient economy that does not need to import any goods from foreign states. The goal is to accumulate as much bullion as possible

Mercantilism

The dominant economic theory of the 1600s. It is based on the theory that a nation should have a self sufficient economy that does not need to import any goods from foreign states. The goal is to accumulate as much bullion as possible

Alexander Nevsky

The duke of Moscow. He becomes the local representative for the Mongols, and effectively rules Russia in the name of the Mongols. Since he ruled in the name of the Mongols while residing in Moscow it effectively leads Moscow to become the capital of Richard.

Frederick of Saxony

The duke of Saxony and was in charge of Wittenburg. He saved Luther and hid him from Charles V because Luther would have been killed for being a heretic.

Tudor

The dynasty that ruled over England between 1485-1603

Valois

The dynasty that ruled over France from 1328-1589

Bourbon

The dynasty that ruled over France from 1589-1793 and agin from 1814-1830. Also rule in Spanish today

Inflation

The economic condition of money being a percentage of its value. Every economy suffers some degree of it, but high rates of it destroy the value of money and savings

Free-trade

The economic philosophy that there should be no barriers to the movement of goods between nations. It is an anti-mercantilist movement

Capitalism

The economic system that is based on the free-trade movement of goods and services and the "natural laws" such as supply and demand

1500

The end of the Medieval era due to Protestants, cannons, the Welsh longbow, and univeristies which marks the beginning of the Renaissance

Rationalize

The intellectual effort of attempting to justify one's actions or beliefs, usually associated with bad actions

the March on Versailles

The event in which King Louis XVI refused to accept the Declaration of Rights and the abolition of feudalism. In response, a hoard of women walked 12 miles, armed, to Versailles. The King promised them grain supplies for Paris, but Lafayette's National Guard followed the women and demanded that the monarchs return to Paris. Thus began an awkward walk and the King accepted the National Guard's demands and was basically a prisoner in Paris.

agrarian revolts

The fall of Bastille and "surrender" of the King inspired the peasantry to rebel and depend their rights in these revolts.

Hohenzollern

The family dynasty that ruled over the state of Prussia

Romanov

The family that ruled Russia from 1613-1917

Querelles des femmes

The fierce debates of the 1700s about the proper role for women in scientific and political debates of the age

Colbert

The financial adviser of Louis XIV who had different financial policies that try to balance Louis XIV wars and taxation

Constitution of 1791

The finished product of the National Assembly that creates a limited monarchy.

Jenghiz Khan

The first Mongol to begin conquest. said to have had a lot of children

First Coalition

The first allies going against France. These countries were Austria and Prussi

Arthur

The first born son of Henry VIII, he married Katherine of Aragon which begins the partnership between the Hapsburgs and England. He was later killed in a hunting accident... or was it MURDER!?!?!?

Stephenson's Rocket

The first engine built by George Stephenson which were superior and used on the first public railway line.

Vasco da Gama

The first person to actually sail to India without going through the Middle East. When he returns he becomes rich

Ferdinand Magellan

The first sailor to sail around the world. He gets into a fight in the Philippines and takes a spear to the chest (So, technically he didn't make it all the way around the world, but his crew did). His voyages established how big the world is.

Merchant marine

The fleet of ships that are used to transport cargo from one port to another

Kremlin

The fortress/palace complex in the heart of Moscow; seat of Russian power

John Calvin

The founder of Calvinism. He created Calvinism after Luther founded Lutheranism. His reasoning is that God is all knowing and all powerful, so God would already know if you are going to Heaven or Hell.

Quatering

The governmental action of forcing private citizens to house soldiers in their own homes at their on expense

Red square

The great public square in the heart of Moscow; st. Basil's cathedral and the kremlin

Edward Jenner

The guy who created the vaccine for small pox by giving people cow pox

Cardinal Richelieu

The guy who did Louis XIII's job for him. Very power hungry and nasty, but was probably the person who wanted to keep Louis XIII alive the most. He wanted to increase the power of the monarchy. He starts by partially revoking the edict of Nantes, and he makes it so Huguenots cannot build walls and own militia. The Huguenots protested this, so he sent the french army after them. He also says no to Nobles owning personal armies and castles. He starts to get the middle class to take over the Noble's political jobs. He gets France involved in the 30 years war and helps the Protestants to stop the Habsburgs from gaining more power and land

Cornelius Vermuyden

The guy who does draining swamps

Adam Smith

The guy who wrote the book "The Wealth of Nations" which is about capitalism. talks about private property, private choices, Greed is good (Thomas Hobbes and this guy should get a drink)

Price revolution

The historical term for the dramatic increase of goods in Europe during the 1500s and 1600s. It is often blamed on the massive influx of Spanish bullion in That period, but also rapidly growing population

Geocentric theory

The idea that the earth was the physical center of the universe and that all heavenly objects orbit around it. It was accepted for many centuries

Heliocentric theory

The idea that the sun was the physical center of the universe and that the planets orbit around it. It gained broad acceptance in the 1600s.

Maria Winkelmann

The most famous female astronomer in Germany who discovered a comet. She married a fellow astronomer and became his assistant. She also corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, a scientist who praised her work. After her husband died, she applied to be an assistant at the Berlin Academy but was turned down because she was a woman.

Mozart

The most groundbreaking and innovative composer of the Classical music era

prefects

The most important of Napoleon's new officials as they supervised the local government although employed by the central government.

Nobles of the Robe

The name for the new nobility who could not trace their ancestry back to the middle ages.

Nobles of the Sword

The name for the nobility who could trace their ancestry back to the middle ages.

Cape of good hope

The name given to the bottom of the African continent first discovered by the Portuguese Bartholomew Dias in 1488

Spice islands

The name given to the islands of modern day Indonesia; they were so called because of the rich variety of valuable spices native to the islands

State general

The name given to the parliament of the Netherlands

the Third Coalition

The name of Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia as one unit. They fought against France and lost, although Britain was able to continue fighting.

the First Estate

The name of the order that contained the clergy. They were exempt from the taille although they owned 10% of the land.

the Third Estate

The name of the order that contained the commoners. They were the overwhelming majority and varied in lifestyle. They owned 35-40% of the land, but half of the commoners had little to no land. Serfdom was basically still a thing, but not officially. They struggled for survival because of rising prices of food, so much so that the price of bread correlated with rebellion attempts.

the Second Estate

The name of the order that contained the nobility. They were a minority but owned 25-30% of the land. They often controlled positions in government and heavy industry and were always looking to expand their privileges at the expense of the monarchy. They were also commonly exempt from taxes.

Scientific method

The new standard of developing and proving new ideas that developed during the 1600s. It is based in the three-step process of hypothesis, experimentation, new hypothesis

Sun king

The nickname of Louis XIV of France

Bloody Mary

The nickname of queen Mary I of England, the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. She got the nickname by the violent prosecution of English Protestants during her reign

Bureaucracy

The non-elected people who make a government run or function. Any person who holds a government job

the Tennis Court Oath

The oath that the National Assembly made in which they would keep meeting until the new constitution was made.

the Great Fear

The official name for the panic that foreign troops would invade, which led to more citizen militias.

Geometric Conception

The other name for the Ptolemaic Universe

Cossacks

The outlaws of Russia. They lived in plains that were on the edge of Russia and helped the peasants revolt during a major peasant revolt.

Versailles

The palace where Louis XIV ruled in because he thought he could escape riots there. He left it very defenseless as a way of saying that he was untouchable and that he did not fear anyone. Louis XIV forces the Nobles to move into this palace to increase his power. Louis XIV uses a lot of blackmail to get the Nobles to move into the palace.

Glorious revolution 1688

The peaceful, bloodless overthrow of the government of James II by parliament and James' daughter, Mary, and her husband William - established the supremacy of parliament over the monarchy

Rural Poor

The people who had literally no money because their money goes to Nobles, Taxes, Kings, and Tithes

Reign

The period of time that a particular monarch rules

Francis Bacon

The person responsible for inventing many things, including the Scientific Method.

Mary Wollstonecraft

The person who asks why sexism is a thing. She basically spurred on the woman's rights movement.

Michael Romanov

The person who takes over the throne after Ivan the Terrible because the leaders of Russia needed someone to take over, and fix Russia.

Habsburg

The ruling family of Austria, and they remain in power all the way to world war I. This family was really good at getting married. They would end up inheriting a lot of land by getting their sons married. These people are extremely Catholic

Hohenzollern

The ruling family of Prussia

Romanov

The ruling family of Russia instead of being called kings and queens they are called Tsar/Czar

Robert Boyle

The scientist who says that volume and pressure are directly related to temperature.

Elizabeth I

The second daughter of Henry VIII, and the queen of England for 50 years. She rules through a somewhat uneventful era, but is revered as one of the greatest monarchs of England. They experience a period of peace, economic growth, and a cultural golden age. She brought England back in to the protestant church because it gave her more power. She never marries and is known as the virgin queen because she didn't want to marry to keep power.

Henry VIII

The second son of Henry VII who has to succeed the throne after Arthur dies. They end up asking the Pope for a dispensation, so that his son can marry Katherine to get a partnership between Spain and England. Of course the Pope agrees out of the goodness of his heart (actually he felt threatened by the two most powerful countries in the world). He gets a daughter with Katherine, and a miscarriage. He is unable to produce a son with Katherine, so he asks the Pope for an annulment. The Pope decides to say no (Because divorce is unholy. Also because Charles V and his 50,000 troops said no). Since He could not get an annulment, he makes his own church and becomes the head of it.

Johann Gutenberb

The single most important person in the last thousand years because he invented the movable metal printing press

Frederick William I

The soldier king. He loved his soldiers especially the tall ones, and had people over 6 ft drafted into the army. Despite having a huge army he never went to war because he wanted to keep his toys intact. He also reformed Prussia to make it disciplined without corruption.

Caesar

The son of Alexander VI, and is often regarded as the hero of Machiavelli's "The Prince"

East indies

The spice islands of modern day Indonesia; a vast region of densely populated islands rich in spices

Johannes Kepler

The student of Tycho Brahe who takes his data and Copernicus's theory, and tries to perfect it. He finds out that the speed of the revolution of the earth and sun is inconsistent. He also finds that the earth's orbit is elliptical.

Immunology

The study of discovering ways to prevent someone from contracting a specific disease

Entomology

The study of insects

Demographic

The study of people and population

astrology

The study of the heavens and heavenly objects for the purpose of trying to foretell the future

Astronomy

The study of the heavens and of planets and stars

Anatomy

The study of the human body for the purpose of medicine

the Continental System

The system in which Napoleon attempted to defeat Britain by preventing British goods from reaching the European countries on land. It failed.

Boyar

The term for the nobility of Russia

Heliocentric Conception

The term for the universe that consisted of 8 spheres with the motionless sun in the center. The moon orbited the earth and the earth rotated on its axis whilst orbiting the sun. This explained the movement of the sun and stars. It retained former ideas, which made it almost as complicated as an Alexandrian astronomer.

Ptolemaic Universe

The term for the universe that was seen as a series of concentric spheres with a fixed or motionless earth at its center. The earth was composed of earth, air, fire, and water and was imperfect and constantly changing. The spheres that surrounded the earth were crystalline, transparent substances that moved in circular orbits. Aristotle believed that these circular orbits were perfection. The "heavenly and pure" spheres were planets, and beyond the 10th planet was the Empyrean Heaven, where God and all the saved souls hung out. Professional astronomers didn't agree with this and instead wanted to discover the precise paths of the heavenly bodies. Eventually, it was proposed that they moved on epicycles, which corresponded to Aristotle's ideas.

Frederick III

The third person of his name to reach power, but the first one to be a king. He likes luxury and lived at the same time as the sun king, so he made a huge palace filled it with artwork and pranced around flashing his wealth. He ended up joining the alliance of Europe against France and Spanish at the very end of the war. After the war of the Spanish Succession to gain the title of King among Kings.

Fleur de lis

The traditional symbol of France and the bourbon family

The Scientific Method

The transition from the medieval worldview to a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began in the 17th century and was popularized in the 18th. It was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world.

Roman Catholic

The universal church of Rome

Portugal

The very first country to start exploring to find a new route for trading with the spice islands

Purgatory

The waiting room of Heaven. People go here to cleanse themselves of their sins before entering Heaven. People who go to Hell, however go straight to Hell. There is no waiting room for Hell.

the War of Austrian Succession

The war in which Charles VI couldn't produce a male heir, so he spent most of his rule convincing other rulers that his daughter could take over (Maria Theresa). After Charles died, Frederick II (Prussia) decided to invade Austria and France joined the party too. Maria Theresa teamed up with Great Britain, who fear France was becoming too powerful. Britain got French land in North America and Prussia got Silesia (otherwise, nothing else happened). Peace treaty Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war.

1789

The year the French Revolution started because of Unequal Social Classes, Enlightenment + ideas, and Examples of other Revolutions (Glorious Revolution, American Revolution), Bad Leadership, Bread Riots, Government is broke

Diet of Rural poor people

These peasants ate more vegetable than urban poor people, but were more susceptible to scurvy and famine

Schleswig-Holstein

These two northern duchies with significant German populations had been ruled by the kings of Denmark. In an effort to prevent the states from being consolidated into the nation of Denmark, Prussia teamed up with Austria and beat the Danes.

Portolani

These were ancient, medieval maps of the world that were initially used by early explorers, many date back to Greek and roman tines

Mongols

They are from Mongolia, and are nomadic horseman. They conquered and ruled Russia for 200 years. They also conquered China and became enamored with Chinese culture and decide to become Chinese. This results in China ruling Russia.

Why did Europe conquer America but not Africa and Asia

They had more advantages over America as opposed to Africa and Asia such as technology (guns+steel), Horses, and Disease. supposedly 98-99% of the Native Americans died from disease.

Diet of wealthy people

Three things were in the diet of the wealthy: Meat, Sugar, and Alcohol

Why women were targets of witchcraft

They were easy targets

Isabella and Ferdinand

They were rulers of Spain who arranged a political marriage with Henry the 7th's son Arthur. They had different ideas about ruling which essentially split the country. Together they created the Spanish inquisition

Girondists

They were the right side conservatives in the Legislative assembly that were purged out or killed by the radical Jacobins as the conflict for the National Convention emerged. They were originally the conservatives that represented the people of France.

marquis de Lafayette

This French authority helped the Patriots during the American Revolution and went on to join the Society of Thirty, which influenced the early French Revolution. He also became commander of the French citizens' army, the National Guard.

Kepler's Book

This book illustrated that the universe is constructed on the basis of geometric figures and that the harmony of the human soul is mirrored by the numerical relationships between the planets.

the National Convention

This convention was called to draft a new constitution, but also ruled France. It was dominated by professionals and artisans who distrusted the king. The first major step was abolishing the monarchy and establishing a republic. Spit the government into factions: the Girondins and the Mountain (both members of the Jacobin club). It sentenced the King to death.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

This cuts off the clergy's allegiance to Rome. The Clergy were divided on whether they would accept the papacy or refuse the papacy.

The US Constitution

This document was considered the "law of the land" and was approved in 1788 in the United States.

Maria Theresa

This empress decided to reform Austria after losing Silesia in the War of the Austrian Succession. She forced the clergy and nobles to pay property and income taxes. She divided the land into 10 provinces which were subdivided into districts that were all administered by royal officers → centralization Strengthened Habsburg state → modernization of armed forces

agricultural revolution

This event originated from new machinery and new crops. It primarily occurred in Great Britain and led to an increase in food production → increase in population → increase in demand for produces --> Industrial Revolution!!

Frederick II the Great

This friend of Voltaire was super intelligent and knew Enlightenment thought, which angered his father. He established a single code of law, eliminated most uses of torture, granted limited freedom of speech and press, and passed religious freedom. He couldn't get rid of serfdom, however, because he was too reliant on the Prussian nobility. He also made Prussian society more aristocratic. He didn't allow commoners to rise to power in civil service. The positions of the bureaucracy went to the nobility. He enlarged the military and used it to seize the Austrian province Silesia. (War of Austrian Succession, 7 Years War, Kept Silesia and gained some Polish territory)

sans-culottes

This group of people described themselves as "ordinary patriots without fine clothes"

Emelian Pugachev

This guy leads a massive serf rebellion against Catherine the Great of Russia

Maria Merian

This important entomologist traveled to South America without the company of a man to collect and draw samples of plant and insect life. She wrote the "Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam", which effectively supported Darwin's theory of evolution later on.

Iron industry

This industry transformed during the Industrial Revolution. New methods of producing this metal were created → crazy increase in its production, more than the rest of the world combined. Response to the demand for new machines. Growing supply of cheap metal encouraged the use of machinery in other industries

the steam engine

This invention revolutionized the production of cotton goods and allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production → new industries → triumph of the Industrial Revolution. They were fired by coal and did not need to be located near rivers. It increased production of cotton nearly 11 times and then 170 times. It was a seemingly tireless source of power and was fueled by coal, which seemed unlimited.

Plebiscite

This is asking the people to vote for something. Napoleon asked the people in a plebiscite to legitimize his rule.

Concordat of 1801

This is one of Napoleon's domestic policies in which he reacquaints France with the Papacy in Rome. When the government seized the convents and monasteries, they gave the land to peasants and after the Concordat, the peasants were still able to keep the church land. This was signed between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII. This ended the time of the Gallican Church.

Anglican Church

This is the church of England created by Henry VIII so he could divorce his wife (long story, let's not get into it). Is an exact replica of the Roman Catholic Church except that there is no Pope.

Excommunication

This is the extreme punishment that would cast someone out of a religious community

New monarchies

This is the historical term for the monarchs who appeared in Western Europe in the 1400s and 1500s who had greater power than the medieval predecessors. Examples include: King Henry VII and VIII of Europe, Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, king john of Portugal, king Francis I of France

Book of Common Prayer no specific author

This is the official book of prayer used by the Church of England. It is only used by the Anglican faith

Popular sovereignty

This is the political idea that all power comes from the people and ultimately rests with them. Democracy is based on this idea

Agriculture

This is the reason man began to evolve technologically because farmers could feed more than one person which helped start villages and create more inventions

Heresy

This is the religious crime of going against the scripted teachings or practices of the faith

Universal laws

This is the scientific theory that there are certain rules of nature that govern the entire universe. Gravity is the most common example

Frederick William I

This king established the General Directory, the administrative agent of the central government. He supervised his officials. He used nobles as officers → close bond between nobility and army.

Coup d'état

This literally means to overthrow the state or a rebellion

Catherine the Great

This monarch convinced the palace guard to murder all six successors of Peter the Great. She eventually regretted this decision as she had to obey the wishes of the nobility afterwards, which hindered her ability to reform Russia. She was very intelligent and familiar with the philosophes. She wrote "Instruction", which questioned serfdom, torture, and capital punishment and advocated for equality of all people in the eyes of the law. She divided Russia into 50 provinces ruled by officials determined by the nobility, who gained power. Her favor of the nobility led to huge peasant revolts backed by the cossacks. (Pugachev's Rebellion). It was bloody af and ended when the government got their shit together. She then imposed greater repression of the peasantry. In other news she defeated the Ottomans and expanded into Poland.

Classical Music

This musical movement shifted to Austria and there was a greater use of orchestras. For the first time, there was an audience, which demonstrated a change in the time because people could afford to listen to music for fun. This era included Franz Joseph Haydn, also known as the "Master of the symphony" who wrote more than 100 and only a couple were religious. Mozart also did his thing during this time.

the Mountain

This political group of the National Convention was supported by the radicals. They essentially "won" when the King was sentenced to death.

the Girondins

This political group was fearful of the radicals. The Commune (local government of Paris) killed their leaders in the National Convention so the Mountain would have all the power.

Anabaptists

This religion believes in adult baptism due to the belief that a baby cannot have a mortal sin, but more importantly they want everyone to willingly join the Church as opposed to being forced by parents at a young age. They believe that no individual owns anything, but rather the community owns everything. These people are also huge Pacifists

Vesalius

This researcher used a hands-on approach to anatomy, which allowed him to rectify some of Galen's errors, but he still believed some, such as the two kinds of blood. He wrote "On The Fabric of the Human Body" and emphasized practical research on human anatomy.

Chemistry

This science arose in the 17th and 18th centuries. Robert Boyle conducted controlled experiments which led to Boyle's law and the rejection of the theory that all matter consisted of the same components. Antoine Lavoiser invented a system of naming chemical elements and is regarded as the founder of this science.

Agricultural Revolution

This starts with the elimination of the Fallow. Crop Rotation begins here too.

Thermidorian Reaction

This took place in the month of Thermidor, which is a non-Christian month as the Republic of Virtue de-Christianized France. This was in the final stage of the revolution and this returned power to the moderate Bourgeoisie. This was triggered by a revolt against the Reign of Terror, as the people voted to execute Robespierre and Danton. This was the end of the Radical Stage of the Revolution.

The Treaty of Paris

This treaty was signed in 1783 which recognized America's independence and gave them formerly British territory.

the French and Indian War

This war occurred in North America... the British and French held two separate territories. The French moved south which threatened to cut off British expansion The Indians allied with the French because they weren't as bad as the British. William Pitt the Elder concentrated his forces on the navy and defeated the French navy, leaving France with a huge disadvantage. British defeated French at the Battle of Quebec in... Quebec!

the Seven Years War

This war occurred when Maria Theresa wanted Silesia back and rebuilt her army → broke alliance between France and Prussia (Count Wenzel Von Kaunitz). France allied with Austria and Russia while Great Britain allied with Prussia. First unofficial world war as Europe, India, and North America were involved. At first Frederick II dominated the war at the Battle of Rossbach but then his forces did horribly until Russia's Tsarina Elizabeth died → Peter III was appointed to power. Peter liked Frederick the Great so he pulled Russia out of the fight → desire for peace → peace of Hubertusburg. Prussia permanently possessed Silesia with Austria's recognition. Meanwhile in India... the French and British supported opposing India princes and British under Robert Clive won and with the Treaty of Paris, the French left India.

Tsar

Title held by the monarch of Russia

Advocated

To be in support of something

Plagiarize

To copy or take credit for the work of others

Enfranchise

To give someone the right to vote

Heresy

To go against the accepted teaching, beliefs, or practices of any specific religion

Renege

To go back on an agreement or promise

Contemptuous

To have a dismissive and negative attitude toward something

Sovereignty

To have power or control of something. The word is also a synonym for a ruling monarch

Circumnavigate

To sail around something, such as the world

Veneration

To show respectful remembrance

Nepotism

To show undo (not fair) favoritism to friends or family

Evangelized

To spread a religious message to others in search of converts

Recant

To take back something you have said or done

Recant

To take back something you have said or done; to admit error

Nobles of the Robe and Nobles of the Sword

Traditional Nobles were knights while the new Nobles that bought their way in to nobility wore governmental robes.

Folk remedies

Traditional medicine practiced in village society; usually focused on the use of herbs to treat various medical ailments

Cook's Travels Cook

Travel A memoir by the great British explorer James cook in which he described the happy primitive cultures of the South Pacific islands

Nicholas I

Tsar of Russia, concerned with foreign relationships wants Austriaconservative Helps Austria fight against Hungary

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Under the National Convention, slavery was abolished. However, slaves and plantation owners still fought. A rebellion was led by this slave, who seized control of Hispaniola. Napoleon captured him and he died soon after.

Ferdinand Magellan

Undertook a remarkable 3 year voyage to circumnavigate the globe. He proved Columbus correct that you could reach Asia by going west but it is difficult

Directory

a form of government that starts as an Oligarchy in which the rich developed a constitution for other rich to follow when they became the board of directors where they made decisions that would help themselves

Giotto

Usually regarded as the first renaissance painter, while he was not as skilled as the geniuses that would come later, he still has more skill than medieval artists

Galen

Utilized animal dissection to show human anatomy, and due to this, his discoveries were inaccurate. However, he still influenced anatomy/physiology by making people believe that there were two separate blood systems. He also influenced the treatment of disease because of his doctrine of the four bodily humors. He believed that disease was the result of an imbalance of humors, which led to the use of bleeding. However, some treatment with traditional herbal medicines proved beneficial

Robert Owens

Utopian Socialist reduced work hours improved housing and improved education for children laborers were happy so produced more goods

Scandinavia

Vast region of Northern Europe that includes the nations of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and finland

Religious Truth - Toleration

Voltaire pushed this idea and Frederick the great put this idea into practice. It is a religious idea that basically says that if you can't prove your beliefs you shouldn't kill other people for believing differently than you.

Enlightened Despot

Voltaire pushes this idea. A form of government that has an absolute king who is wise and knowledgeable of all the sciences. There are four monarchs who are said to have aligned with this idea. Frederick the Great, Joseph II, Maria Theresa, Catherine the Great.

Seven years' war 1756-1763

War that gave British control of India when they won in 1763. Portugal was in India first, by the end of the 16th century, English and Dutch arrived. 1650 English trading posts established at Surat, fort William, and madras. English success attracted rival Dutch and French. Dutch abandoned their attempts, French persistent and established own forts. French even captured one of the Britishs forts. British saved by military Genius sir Robert Clive and French government refusing to financially support in the far off India war

Great Northern War

War with Sweden over control of Baltic, caused by Russia building St. Petersburg(on Peter the Great's orders)on Swedish soil. (Russia wins). Ended by Treaty of Nystad

Ignatius Loyola

Was a soldier who met a cannon (They didn't get along). He spent some time in a monastery and brought his military like discipline to it.

Holy Roman Empire

Was not holy, had nothing to do with Rome, and quite frankly wasn't even an empire. consisted of 250 little countries. The emperor was elected by thirteen people, the most powerful bishops and the most powerful nobles.

Christopher Columbus

Was the first sailor to say they should sail west to reach the spice islands for trade. He went to multiple monarchs asking for funding until finally the Spanish gave him funding

Constitutionalism

What the English practiced, limiting the Monarchy

Long Parliament

When Charles I refused to call parliament for a lengthy amount of time

Colombian Exchange

When Europe settled in the Americas they introduced a lot of animals and wheat crops while discovering vegetables and animals in the Americas.

Stigmata

When a saint shares the burden of Jesus Christ

Fight

When hiding does not work you can try throwing stuff at them or grab the ruler

Middle class

When inflation hits they benefit the most because debts they had become easier to pay for. Not Noble, but not poor.

Pluralism

When priests would get payed to manage multiple church's when in reality they were only working one church and a bunch of unqualified people would run the other churchs

Nepotism

When someone would give advantages to someone else because they were family

Crusades

When the Christians and Islam fought a very long bloody and bloody war (Yay!! more religious wars!) While fighting the Christians discovered spices, and decided they liked spices.

Absolutism

When the Monarchy has absolute power with no limits. Becomes a popular form of Government in Europe with the exception of England and the Netherlands

martial law

When the government suspends civil rights and uses military force to maintain order; usually done in times of crisis

Great Schism

When two Popes got elected because the French and the Italians were having a hissy fit, and then a third Pope happens (I bet your asking how this happened...THE PEOPLE'S WORK!) Eventually none of the three Popes are elected.

Great Britain and Prussia

Who benefitted from the 7 Years' War and the War of Austrian Succession?

Oliver Cromwell

a dictator of England and takes the title lord protector of the common wealth. He takes control of England after beating Charles I in a civil war. He leads Puritans, and ends up enforcing very strict laws on England due to his Calvinist religion. He wanted his son to take over after him, but his son was not qualified for the job

Bill of Rights

Will and Mary signed this document promising to rule as law abiding monarchs

Russia

Worst place for Jews during the enlightenment

The Praise of Folly

Written by Erasmus which humorously engaged in effective criticism of the most corrupt practices of his own society (especially harsh on the abuses in the church)

Letters on turkey Montague

Written by a woman, this work offered the first observations of a crude form of vaccination practiced in the Ottoman Empire. It served as an inspiration for Jenner's later works

Galileo's "Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican"

Written in Italian so it would be more accessible to the public and in response to the Roman Inquisition. A defense of the Copernican system and the Church placed the author on house arrest because of it. This work was accepted by the Pope, only after the author made edits to support both geocentrism and heliocentrism. However, the supporter of geocentrism is named Simplicio, slang for "special" or "stupid." The author also attacked the Pope by directly quoting some of his statements.

Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia which he subsidized so it would be cheaper for common people and therefore had a wider reach. V accessible to people, especially the literate. Says things in the encyclopedia that is vital to the church which made the king angry with him. ATHEIST. Believed in religious tolerance. If you believed in god, he thought you were stupid

Lollards

a follower of John Wycliffe. They believed that the church should aid people to live a life of evangelical poverty and imitate Jesus Christ. Their ideas influenced the thought of John Huss, who in turn influenced Martin Luther.

Savonarola

a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty

John Knox

a Scottish minister, theologian, and writer who was a leader of the Reformation and is considered the founder of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Spanish Armada

a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in August 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

encomienda

a system that permitted the conquering Spaniards to collect tribute from the Natives and use them as laborers - holders must protext Indians, pay wages, and supervise spiritual needs - spanish settlers ignored and brutally used the Indians to pursue their own economic interests - led to indians working on plantations and mines

Dutch east India Company

a trading company established in 1602 meant to serve as a base to provide food to Dutch ships - later developed into a permanent colony - Europeans exploring for gold- affected those who lived near the coast - trade in SLAVES - established pepper foundations

English Civil War

a war between Charles I and parliament resulting with Charles I' death.

Francis Joseph

accepted the offer of Tsar Nicholas I to help defeat the Hungarians. A joint invasion of Russian and Austrian forces crushed Hungarian resistance

Amerigo Vespuci

accompanied Cabral and wrote letters describing the geography of the New World - named America because of his name

Justification

act by which person is deserving of salvation - justification by faith alone became primary doctrine of Protestant Reformation and the Bible as the sole authority in religious affairs (both are the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation)

viceroys

administrative system based on this - basicially a governor that served as king's chief civil and military officer and was aided by judicial bodies

Balance of power

all the countries would ally together to prevent one country from expanding to much. kept all of the countries in check

Holy Alliance

alliance formed by the conservative rules of Austria, Russia, and Prussia

Protestant

any church that is not Roman Catholic or Eastern Orthodox, such as Lutherans, Baptists, Mormons, Presbyterian, and Methodist

Charles Darwin- social darwinism

argued that chance differences among the members of a given species help some survive while others die, the variations that prove useful in the struggles for survival are selected naturally and they gradually spread to the entire species through reproduction the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest

Boyle's law

as temperature goes up, so does the volume and pressure of a gas.

Ptolemy

astronomer who created the most important world map - showed world is spherical with 3 landmasses and two oceans - drastically underestimated circumference of the Earth (led explorers to believe distances were able to be reached even if they couldn't ex: Columbus)

Pope

back in the Italian Renaissance the pope was in charge of both the catholic church and the King of Rome

Machiavelli's the prince

believed being feared was better than being loved, education key for a prince

Montesquieu

believed in the separation of powers and had different ideas about government. Wrote about France in the "Persian Letters" that criticized France. Context. Big nations need like a monarchy. Small nations can get by with democracy. He was a fan of three administrative aspects of gov: judicial, executive, and legislative! He liked monarchies, democracies, and despotisms. He believed in rule of law, protecting civil liberties, and that laws should match the culture/historical context of the time.

The Aztecs

capital at Technochitlan - stone across Lake- linking many islands to the main lands - aqueducts - conquered by cortez

Rousseau

believes in a social contract between all people. The general will must be obeyed (kinda lead to democracy) super liberal which was weiiiiird. He wrote a book, "Emile" which illustrated that children should be raised and educated in a comfy environment that lets them grow at their own pace

Third estate

bourgeoise(upper middle class), peasants:city dweller, peasants: countryside -all three paid majority of taxes -city and country -98% of the population vote per estate: 1

Corn Laws

british laws prohibited the importation of foreign grain unless the price at home rose to improbable levels benefiting the aristocracy food princes high for working people

Council of Trent

called to resolve the religious differences, created by the Protestant revolt - reaffirmed Catholic teachings in opposition to Protestant beliefs - only church can interpret Scripture, faith, and good works= salvation, seven sacraments, clerical celibacy, etc - after council of Trent , CC possessed a clear doctrine and unified Church under supremacy of popes

first estate

church/clergy -leader of the church and state religion -pay no taxes -10% of land -2% of population vote count per estate: 1

Karl Marx

class conflict class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventually lead to the dictatorship of the proletariat

Marx and Engles

class conflict between the haves and the have nots -Workers will rise against employers, not against the government. When workers control business, they control everything.

Napoleon's Continental system

closed all ports to British ships and goods create a depression in Great Britain promoting French prosperity rest of Europe depended on Britain to survive crushed global economy

Charles X

conservative takes away the Constitutional Charter launches a war, angry French

Reforms of the National Assembly

create a constitutional monarchy (Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen), divide France into departments governed by elected officials, establish the metric system of measurement, abolish internal tariffs, and abolish guilds

Isabella d'este

daughter of the duke of ferrara, married the marquis of mantua- very intelligent and politically aware she ruled mantua before and after her husband's death and known for her negotiation.

Italian balance of power and diplomacy

designed to prevent a single Italian state from dominating the peninsula

Treaty of Tortesillas

divided up the New World between Portuguese and Spanish

Samuel de Champlain

established settlement at Quebec - French more serious interest in Canada as a colony

Defenestration of Prague 1618

event where two ambassadors of the Holy Roman Empire were thrown out of a three story window; started the Thirty Years War

Realsim

everyday people, everyday lives, unpleasant, realistic painting: daily life, people at work, casual, little emotion, "real light," hidden faces, ground level literature: hardships of life, criticized greed, against middle class

Metternich

foreign minister of Austria host for Congress of conservatism Hated liberalism and nationalism

Duke of Alva

general who suppressed a Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands

Spices

herbs that can add interesting flavor for food or be used as medicine.

Civic humanism

humanism combined with florentine civic spirit and pride

Castiglione's book of the courtier:

ideas expected of an aristocrat- became an essential handbook (nobles should serve their prince in an effective and honest way - have perfect character and noble birth and participate in military exercises- classical education including the arts)

Factory Act 1833

illegal to hire children under 9 work day limited to 8 hours for ages 9-12 work day limited to 12 hours for ages 13-17 children were required to attend school

Reform Bill of 1832

increased the number of male votes by about 50% and gave political representation to new industrial areas

Price revolution

inflation, Europe-wide - wages failed to keep up with price increases -aristocrats= prospered with commercial and industrial entrepreneus - _____= investment, growth of capitalism CAUSED BY INFLUX OF GOLD SILVER AND INCREASE IN POP

Humanism

intellectual movement based on classic literary works of greek and roman authors - studied liberal arts

Middle Passage

journey of slaves from Africa to America (middle leg of Triangle) - high death rates because of poor conditions in the ships, so many people (crowded) and diseased - buying a new slave was cheaper than raising one

The Common

land that wasn't good enough for farming, but everyone had access.

Cromwell

led the Parliamentarians Military dictatorship, Puritan Executed Charles I Rump Parliament

Constitutional Charter of 1814

liberal constitution economic and social gains made by middle class and the peasantry in the French Revolution were fully protected, parliament with upper and lower houses was created

Crystal Palace

location of the Great Exhibition Showed off the wealth and power of England

Cesare Borgia

machiavelli's example of the new italian ruler who used ruthless measures to achieve his goals

Poor Laws

modified 18th century poor acts provided aid to some low paid workers

Commercial Capitalism

make money through exchange of goods

Renaissance

means rebirth around 1400-1600 renewal of greek and roman culture and humanist thinking

Congress of Vienna

meeting of the Quadruple Alliance (Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia) and restoration of France to fashion a general peace settlement that began after the defeat of Napoleon's France in 1814

nuclear family

men and women married late and independently from their families

Condottiere

mercenary (free owned military) leaders

Putting out system

merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant

Whig

more middle class some upper class more liberal felt bad for manufacturers

anti-clericalism

movements that oppose the clergy for reasons including their actual or alleged power and influence in all aspects of public and political life and their involvement in the everyday life of the citizen, their privileges, or their enforcement of orthodoxy.

Latin America

multiracial society with less rigid attitudes about race

Ultra-Catholics

opposed Huguenots had loyalty of Paris and a large section of Northern France ---> could pay for large armies

Invisible Hand

natural phenomenon that guides free markets and capitalism through competition for scarce resources.

how did the food consumption habits of Europeans change in the 18th century

new foods were introduced (the potato became a stable and improved the diet of the poor) and an improvement in food variety

Second estate

nobles -military power -very little taxes -20% of land -2% of population vote count per estate: 1

Combination Acts

outlawed unions and strikes favor capitalist business people over skilled artisans Bitterly resented and widely disregarded repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Balance of Power

not letting any one kingdom or country get too powerful so that they can push everyone else around them

Mulatto

offspring of European and Africans

Mestizo

offspring of European and native American indians

Balance and Geometric Figure Arrangement

one of the basics of Renaissance art. Artists try and make sure that everything has balance and symmetry by arranging certain figures in certain ways

Perspective

one of the basics of Renaissance art. It is 3d art

Classicism

one of the basics of Renaissance art. One category that artists would paint because the classics were very popular

Realism and Expression

one of the basics of Renaissance art. The painting needs to look real

Chiaroscuro

one of the basics of Renaissance art. Using shadows to create depth

Emphasis on the Individual

one of the basics of Renaissance art. When an artist puts emphasis on a person in their art by giving them certain characteristics

Sfumato

one of the basics of Renaissance art. When the art is more blended as opposed to having definite edges

Edwin Chadwick

one of the most famous early reformers follower of Bentham one of the commissioners charged with administration of relief to paupers under Britain's revised Poor Law of 1834

Public Health Act 1875

pave, light, and clean town streets appoint medical officer surveyors and sanitary inspectors to oversee conditions food regulations

features of the Old Regime

peasant distress, government debt, aristocratic resistance, and royal weakness

third estate

peasants and townspeople

Six Acts

placed controls on a heavily taxed press and practically eliminated all mass meetings

Conservatism

political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Cabinet System

political system where heads of a government serve to help the head of state make decisions

Erasmus education of a christian prince

prince should rule in a godly way and benevolently

Archduchess Sophia

princess married to the emperor's brother deeply ashamed of the emperor's collapse she insisted that Ferdinand abdicate the throne to Francis Joseph

Liberalism

principal ideas of this movement were equality and liberty; liberals demanded representative government and equality before the law as well as individual freedoms such as freedom of press, speech, assembly, and freedom from arbitrary arrest

asiento

privilege of transporting 4,500 slaves a year into Spanish Latin America

Battle of Peterloo

protest that took place at Saint Peter's Fields reaction to the revision of the Corn Laws broken up by armed cavalry

Pietism

protestant revival movement in early 18th century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the spiritual priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

Chartists

radical reformers wanted universal male suffrage, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and the abolition of property requirements for membership in the House of Commons Parliament refused

Louis Phillipe

readopts Constitutional Charter -moves France forward -ultimately fails

Colombian Exchange

reciprocal importation and exportation of plants and animals between Europe and Americas (horses, cattle, wheat exchanged with potatoes, choco, etc) - potatoes nourished rapid increase in population and enabled people to survive on small plots of land

Papacy

refers to the pope

Christian III

reigned as king of Denmark and Norway from 1534 until his death. During his reign, Christian established Lutheranism as the state religion within his realms as part of the Protestant Reformation.

Romanticism

return to nature, imagination, emotion family/religion/heroism, nature, focus on landscape, faces show emotion, natural light, unclear picture, perspective Lit: human emotion, imagination, past/future, detailed

Cosimo de' medici

ruled florence while it was the center of the cultural renaissance

What was the reading material of the popular classes

short pamphlets, bible stories, fairy tales, almanacs, how to books

First Estate

social class of the clergy during the renissance- people should be guided by spiritual ends

Second estate

social class of the nobility during the Renaissance- provided security and justice for society

Three estates

social structure of renaissance

Christian

someone who believes in God, and that Jesus is the messiah and son of God

mita

system that allowed authorities to draft native labor to work in the silver mines - forced labor, starvation, and disease= dead Indians

Crop Rotation

the rotation of crops in a given field for different seasons to reduce the amount of time it would be fallow beginning of scientific farming

dogma

the accepted teachings, beliefs, and practices of any given religion

Iconoclasm

the action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices. the rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical; the doctrine of iconoclasts.

Nationalism

the belief that one is part of a nation, defined as a community w/ its own language, traditions, customs & history that distinguish it form other nations and make it the primary focus of a person's loyalty and sense of identification

House of Orange

the royal family of the Netherlands similar to the Royal Victorian Order in the United Kingdom (where do oranges come into play?)

Simony

the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

Total War

the channeling of a nation's entire resources into a war effort

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.

Jeremy Bentham- utilitarianism

the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Nationalism

the idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state

Diet of Urban poor people

the peasants usually only ate bread, and on average ate 2 pounds of bread a day. The bread these peasants usually ate was intended for horses, so it was named horse bread.

Poor laws

they were instituted by Elizabeth I after she converted England to the Anglican Church. This forces local parishes to take care of the poor

balance of power

this prevented any one country from dominating Europe

standardized

to create something that is uniform in how it is implemented; identical

Revolution

to go around something, or a dramatic change in thinking, government, etc.

Heresy

to teach things that do not coincide with the Catholic Church

Constituent Assembly

to write a constitution for the Prussian state

Federigo of Urbino

very reliable and honest - unusual at the time- with a classic humanist education. Benevolent ruler that made Urbino successful during his time

Second Republic

wanted a truly popular and democratic republic so common people could participate in reforming society

Spanish Armada

was planned to raid England - was a fail, the fleet was not the ones Phillip planned - defeat of Spanish Armada guaranteed that England would remain Protestant (physcological blow to Spaniards)

Role of ambassadors

went from helping out all of christendom to just their city-state

Bartolome de las Casas

worked for the Indians -says the conditions are problematic, first attempt at universal human life; gov abolished encomienda system and made protection for natives

Run

when hiding does not work you can try to flee

Ten Hours Act 1847

women and children were limited to 10 hours of work per day

Lorenzo Valla

writes two books, the first one is called On Pleasure, the second one is called On The False Donation of Constantine. On Pleasure is literally written on pleasure, and he says that it's ok to indulge yourself in pleasure and that it is actually holy. His second book is on a document that is the document of Constatine

Pico della mirandola

wrote oration of the dignity of man- our power is unlimited (individualism)

Mercantilism

zero sum game (if one wins, someone else loses) - desireable to achieve a favorable balance of trade where goods exported is more than imported