AP Euro Super Quiz 2 - 11

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness; "Paris is well worth a Mass"

Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly

satire of greedy merchants, pompous priests, querrelsome scholas - wished to reform Church from within

Pieter Brughel

Helped develop and perfect the style of realism; best remembered for his genre painting (common people)

Louis XIV

"Sun King"; five when came to throne; scarred from The Fronde; suppression of Jansenists (1660); revoked Edict of Nantes

Johanne Tetzel

"as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs." expert salesman hired by Albert of Mainz to sell indulgences to get money to rebuild St. Peters in Rome

Renaissance

"rebirth"; began in Florence; came after Middle Ages; coined by Vasari to describe the rebirth of culture

L'etat c'est moi

"said" by Louis XIV meaning I am the state

Protestant Union

(Schmalkic Leauge)Formed by Frederick IV of the Palatinate; Formed in order to defend the rights, land and safety of each member. It included both Calvinist and Lutheran states, and dissolved in 1621.

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII; daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella

Dutch Rebellion

80 years war; Dutch was part of the Spanish Empire; Dutch was led by William of Orange; Troops of Duke of Alba returned to Netherlands despite pacification; Philip taxed them heavily, persecuted calvinists, and the dutch strongly distrusted him; Pacification of Ghent - UNITED PROVINCES born

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

The Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Act of Supremacy of 1529

An act of the Parliament of England under King Henry VIII of England declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Calvinism

Beliefs embodied in The Institutes of the Christian Religion; believes absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God & the total weakness of humanity; before the infinite power of God he claims all humans are as insignificant as grains of sand; includes that men & women cannot actively work to achieve salvation; rather, God in his infinite wisdom decided at the beginning of time who would be saved &who damned

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

"Elected" - saved

Calvinist believed in the redemptive work of Christ and was confident that God had chosen him or her

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic rival for the English throne; killed after plotting against Elizabeth; daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise; became Queen when she was six days old after her father died

Diet of Worms - 1521

Charles V summoned Luther to appear;Luther refused to give in to demands that he would take back his ideas; forbade anyone to shelter Martin Luther or provide him with aid

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the bishop of Rome or pope; influenced lives in all aspects including that it controlled calendar, officiated events, crusades, & sale of indulgences

Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince - 1513

Civic humanist; uses the examples of classical and contemporary rulers to argue that the function of a ruler is to preserve order and security (1st priority is to protect power) (Informs ppl on gov); seen as the first modern guide to politics. Book is sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy, especially modern political philosophy, in which the effective truth is taken to be more important than any abstract ideal. It was also in direct conflict with the dominant Catholic and scholastic doctrines of the time concerning politics and ethics.

Maximillian of Bavaria

Created catholic league; became an ally of Ferdinand II, but wasn't very helpful because he had other ideas (get power); had much military success in northwestern Germany; defeated the Lutheran/Dutch king Christian IV and pushed him back into Denmark

Peace of Westphalia

Ended 30 Years War; recognized Dutch Indepence, extended terms of the Peace of Augsburg to Calvinists; weakend the authority of the Holy Roman Empire; turning point in European political, religious, social history

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise; Repelled Spanish Armada

Puritans

English Reformed Protestants in the 16th and 17th centuries who sought to "purify" the Church of England from its "Catholic" practices

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval); "Defender of the Faith"

Richelieu

Favorite of Louis XIII; initiated policies that eventually strengthened the power of the monarchy; eliminated political and military rights of Huguenots while preserving their religious ones

Peace of Augsburg - 1555

Finally agreed to by Charles in 1555; officially recognized Lutheranism "in order to bring peace into the holy empire"

Italian Wars

Florence & Naples vs Milan; Florence & Naples made agreement to help conquer Milan territories; Milan got France to help their side

Michelangelo

Florentine who spent young adulthood at the court of Lorenzo Medici; painted celling of Sistine Chapel complained in person & by letter about the pope's meddling (nothing changed); continued to work until the chapel was finished. Oil, wood, stone, and more mediums; Pieta, Sistine Chapel Ceiling, the David

Catholic League

Formed by Maximillian of Bavaria; Prepared to aggression from Protestants; Under command of Count Tilly. a military alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire". Count of Tilly was a field marshal who commanded the Catholic League's forces in the Thirty Years' War.

Ignatius of Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin

Peasants Revolt - 1524

German peasants protest in the name of Luther and his teachings; wanted more political and economic rights including the release from serfdom; Luther was disgraced by the peasants actions.

Baldassare Castiglione - Book of the Courtier - 1528

Had the most influence on education; sought to train, and discipline the young man into the courtly ideal, the gentleman; translated into every European language and widely read; became a how-to manual for people seeking to improve themselves & rise in the social hierarchy. It was widely acclaimed and served as a model for civilized and polished behavior, both during the Renaissance and afterward. book analyzes their principal activities (warfare and, more extensively, cultural activities of various kinds) through the prism of new ideals of behavior.

Defense of the Seven Sacraments - 1521

Henry VIII wrote this book to defend the catholic faith;

Edward VI

Henry VIII's only son, who took England in a more Protestant direction during his short reign; reign was marked by economic problems and social unrest that in 1549 erupted into riot and rebellion

Six Articles - 1539

Henry's policy toward reforms; 1.) reaffirmed transubstantiation. 2.) denied Eucharistic cup to laity. 3.) celibate vows inviolable. 4.) provided for private masses. 5.) ordered continuation of oral confession. Restablished traditional Catholic doctrine as basis for Anglican Church. Reinforced existing heresy laws too.

Ferdinand Hapsburg

Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia; signed the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War

Francesco Petrarch

Humanist who believed recovery of classical texts would bring a new golden age; proposed type of education that would make men study Latin/Greek authors in order to use them as models of how to write clearly, argue effectively, and speak persuasively. "Father of Humanism." He said humans needed a "Renaissance" of their values to be truly human. Thus, the birth of Humanism. Called MA the DA.

Divine Right

Idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God

Frederick of the Palatinate

Leader of the Protestant princes against Ferdinand during the Bohemian phase of the war but failed; calvanist

Single Point Perspective and Leading Lines

Lines within the drawing that lead the viewers eyes to one particular place. uses geometric lines and a vanishing point to give the illusion of depth and space to painting

Priesthood of all believers

Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position

William of Orange

Main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648.

95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences - 1517

Luther's letter that argued indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance; put them on the church door; statements to reform the church and its practices

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - 1572

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day ordered by Queen of France

Machiavellian

Means cunning and ruthless; Acting in accordance with the principles of government in which political expediency(practicality) is placed above morality

Electors

Negotiated power in each election; Took away power from monarchs; Everyone paid/bribed them to be next emperor; Wanted to keep their power as head of the 7 sections of the HRE.

Louis XIII

Nine years old when got throne; put power in the hands of Richelieu; Anti-Hapsburg policy; Entered Thirty Years War on Protestant side; Anti-Huguenot policy; Retracted privileges promised in Edict of Nantes; Anti-Nobles policy - Tried to control them and created resentment among Nobles (eventually led to The Fronde)

Frederick of Saxony

Noble who worked for constitutional reform in HRE and protected beliefs of Luther. Captured Luther after/due to the Diet of Worms. worked for constitutional reform of the Holy Roman Empire and protected Martin Luther after Luther was placed under the imperial ban in 1521

Parliament

Organization of nobles in England; commoners form organizations in order to challenge King's power, and remain superior to peasants

Black Death

Originated in 1347 from ship from Asia; spread extremely quick through continent; no known cure, defense, or cause; killed 40% of population in continent in 100 years

Leonardo

Paintings included the Last Supper and the Mona Lisa many scientific drawings including The Vitruvian Man (most famous drawing). It's a study of the proportions of the human body, linking art to science in a single work that has come to represent Renaissance Humanism. Regarded as the epitome of the "Renaissance Man."

Excommunicated

Papacy responded to Luther's letter with an order for him to be ____________ if he did not recant (which he didn't); when order was suppose to go through Luther's theological issues became interwoven w/ public controversies about the church's wealth, power, & structure. officially exclude (someone) from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

Spanish Netherlands

Part of the Low Countries that stayed loyal to Spain; still ruled by Spain; eventually becomes the Dutch

Act of Supremacy of 1559

Passed under Elizabeth I; Replaced act of same nature issued by Henry VIII; Claimed clerical authority to the monarchy which was earlier repealed by Mary I; Confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church of England

Papal dispensation

Permission required from the Pope in order to be exempted from the laws or observances of the Church

Indulgences

Practices or Prayers given by the church to confessed sinners to help the sinners cancel their penalty in purgatory. Mostly sold by popes. but wasn't limited to them; Luther was aganist these

Defenestration of Prague

Protestant rebels threw two Catholic members of the Bohemian royal council out the window; started Thirty Years War

Mary Tudor/Mary I/Bloody Mary

Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until; Her brutal persecution of Protestants caused her opponents to give her this nickname; campaign against protestants caused wide dismay towards her and allowed the Anglican Church to gain a following which led to its stable formation after her reign ended

Johannes Gutenberg & Printing Press - movable type - 1440

Recognized that metal stamps used on jewelry could be covered with ink & used to mark symbols onto a surface; made type for every letter of the alphabet built on racks to hold the type; type could be rearranged for every page & used over and over.

Medici family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance; became wealthy from banking and wool merchants; spent a lot of money on art(patronage); controlled Florence for about 3 centuries; Helped RHE grow through supporting Humanism

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

The Fronde

Series of violent uprisings by nobles during the early reign of Louis XIV triggered by growing royal control and increased taxation; scarred Louis XIV

Aragon and Castile

Spain was united by its leaders (Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492

Cortez

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers that sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish Crown. Some were ruthless. Wanted to convert all people to Catholicism at any cost.

Spanish Armada, 1588

Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.

Italian Humanism

Studying the classics, in order to Become better at thinking, creating, and expressing; emphasizes the values of mankind & all its capable of. Eloquence(writing) and education simply for the beauty of learning, not for advancement

Individualism

Takes humanism a step farther and is the belief that individual humans are capable of great accomplishments. The more communal, group oriented society and mentality of the Middle Ages was being replaced by a belief in the potential of the individual to make great achievements (for art, expressing what they feel/want to do)

Fresco

Technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid, or wet lime plaster.

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. The Old World explorers kept their diet and uses laborers to plant and harvest their crops. Led to a wealthy Spain in 1500s-1600s.

Great European Witch Hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

30 Years War

This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire; referred to in 4 phases; ended with treaty of westphalia

Politique

Those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else; example is Elizabeth I

Palace of Versailles

Used to promote image of divine; meant to inspire awe and create culture; court and government location of Louis XIV; served as government offices for royal bureaucrats, as living quarters for the royal family and nobles, and as a place of work for hundreds of domestic servants; open to the public at certain hours of the day so attracted many people

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church; wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; used printing press to his advantage; went to Wittenberg

Protestant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

Serfs and Serfdom

an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

Christian Humanism / Northern Humanism

branch of humanism associated with northern Europe; closely studied classical texts; sought to give humanism a specifically Christian content; committed to religious piety and institutional reform.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Edict of Nantes - 1598

issued by Henry IV; granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France.

Ferdinand and Isabella

king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition; funded Columbus; united Spain

Henry's brother Arthur

married to Catherine of Aragon until he died and his brother Henry took her

Idealism

philosophical theory that ideas are the only reality. Emphasizes how human ideas-especially beliefs and values- shape society. The cherishing or pursuit of high or noble principles, purposes, goals ,etc

English Reformation

series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

Wars of the Roses

struggle for the English throne between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII

Predestination - no free will

teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works; Calvin belief; served as an energizing dynamic, giving a person the strength to undergo hardships in the constant struggle against evil

Book of Common Prayer

the Anglican service book of the Church of England; published in 1549 in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English Reformation following the break with Rome

Anne Boleyn

the second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Elizabeth I

Philip II of Spain

this was the king who started the success of Spain's foreign colonies

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II; influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein; placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics); permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders.