AP Euro Test 2
Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s
"Anno Domini 1618, a great comet appeared in November. To see the thing was terrible and strange, and it moved me and changed my disposition so that I started to write, because I thought that it meant something big would occur, as then really did happen. . . . Anno Domini 1619, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, under whom a great persecution happened through war, unrest, and the spilling of the blood of Christians. . . . First, he started a big war in Bohemia, which he then oppressed and subjugated under his religion, then almost the whole of Germany was conquered, all of which I can hardly describe and explain." --Hans Herberle, shoemaker in Ulm, southern Germany, personal chronicle compiled in the 1630s
32. Lanier's publication of an argument for increased respect for women was made possible by which of the following? (A) The spread of literacy and personal engagement with religious texts (B) Elizabeth I's use of magisterial religious authority on behalf of women (C) The opening of clerical positions to women (D) New scientific writings that challenged classical learning
(A) The spread of literacy and personal engagement with religious texts
4) The religious order of which Xavier was a member was important in the history of sixteenth-century Europe primarily because it 43. The religious order of which Xavier was a member was important in the history of sixteenth-century Europe primarily because it (A) challenged Protestant teachings and helped revive the Church during the Catholic Reformation (B) studied Greek and Roman texts but challenged secular values in Renaissance humanism (C) ensured that Catholic institutions remained outside monarchical control (D) revived universities in eastern Europe
(A) challenged Protestant teachings and helped revive the Church during the Catholic Reformation
8. The ability of someone of Herberle's social status in seventeenth-century Germany to read and write was most likely the result of which of the following? (A) The diffusion of Renaissance humanist ideas to areas outside Italy (B) The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible (C) The establishment of mandatory systems of national education (D) The growth of representative forms of government as alternatives to absolutism
(B) The Protestant Reformation's emphasis on individual study of the Bible
2) Valdés' argument reflects which of the following developments of this period? (A) The concern over women's emigration to the New World (B) The affirmation by the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy of women's subordination in matters of religion (C) The Renaissance humanist revival of Greek and Roman attitudes towards women (D) The growing popularity of monasticism for Catholic women
(B) The affirmation by the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy of women's subordination in matters of religion
1) The passages are best understood in the context of which of the following? (A) The humanist debate over education and the rights of women (B) The debate over the role of women in society prompted by the Reformation (C) The wars between Spain and England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (D) The revival of the study of classical texts
(B) The debate over the role of women in society prompted by the Reformation
2) The attitude toward religious practice expressed in Source 2 was most directly apparent in which of the following Spanish policies in the Americas in the period circa 1500-1750 ? (A) The establishment of the casta system (B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations (C) The use of the encomienda system (D) The development of Candomblé and Voudun among African slave populations
(B) The state sponsorship of Jesuit missions to native populations
1) The conflict that Herberle describes in his chronicle resulted in which of the following? (A) The establishment of several religiously pluralistic and tolerant states within the German-speaking regions (B) The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries (C) The virtual extinction of all Christian denominations except Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism within the German-speaking regions (D) The political unification of most of the German-speaking regions under a Protestant, rather than a Catholic monarch
(B) The weakening of the Holy Roman Empire and the strengthening of smaller sovereign states within its boundaries
3) Xavier's views of indigenous populations as expressed in the passage were most similar to views commonly held by late-nineteenth-century Europeans in which of the following ways? (A) Both views reflected a fear of native influences on Christianity. (B) Both views reflected a sense of admiration for foreign cultures. (C) Both views reflected a sense of cultural superiority. (D) Both views reflected a sense of moral ambiguity concerning colonization.
(C) Both views reflected a sense of cultural superiority.
7. A historian could best use Herberle's discussion of the comet as evidence for which of the following features of early modern intellectual life? (A) The diffusion of new scientific knowledge in the general population of Europe (B) The continued popularity of astrology among members of the elite (C) The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces (D) The growing tension between religious and scientific explanations of natural phenomena
(C) The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces
1) The two passages best illustrate which of the following continuities in world history? (A) While some states sought to impose religious uniformity on their populations, others embraced religious syncretism. (B) While some states used religion to legitimize their power, others used military or bureaucratic means. (C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity. (D) While some states allowed for numerous official religions, others recognized only one official religion.
(C) While some states were willing to tolerate diversity within their territories, others suppressed diversity.
2) Xavier's views in the second paragraph support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1648? (A) Christianization efforts were more successful in Asia than in the Americas. (B) Christianization was used to justify the African slave trade. (C) Christianization was generally in conflict with mercantilist policies. (D) Christianization both depended on and legitimized European colonial expansion.
(D) Christianization both depended on and legitimized European colonial expansion.
1)The petitioners' accusation that Anglican preachers are "mere readers [of the Book of Common Prayer]" is a reflection of which of the following Protestant beliefs? (A) The doctrine that some individuals are predestined for salvation and others are not (B) The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation (C) The condemnation of corrupt practices, such as the sale of indulgences (D) The position that only baptism and the Eucharist are valid sacraments
B - The belief that the Bible conveys the message of salvation
3) According to Huizinga, Erasmus's legacy was more significant than that of earlier humanists because A. he had more support from the Church B. he wrote in a language that was understandable to the masses, unlike his predecessors C. he wrote exclusively about religious matters D. he valued educating the masses more than his predecessors had
Correct Answer: D Explanation: D According to Huizinga, "Until this time the humanists had...monopolized the treasures of classical culture." However, he then goes on to contrast these humanists with Erasmus, who had "an irresistible need of teaching." This indicates that, unlike earlier humanists, Erasmus made it a priority to spread his knowledge of classical culture. This best aligns with (D), which is the correct answer.
1) Huizinga's apparent support of Erasmus' belief in the "book of antiquity" being "open to all" is most likely a product of A. the author's life as a member of twentieth-century Europe, which prized such characteristics B. the longevity of Erasmus' works C. the Dutch reverence for the works of Erasmus D. the typical unflinching support of one philosopher for another philosopher's work
Correct Answer: A Explanation: A) As a product of the twentieth century, the author has consciously or unconsciously adopted the biases of his age, which includes a predilection for universal education and openness to various different points of view.
2) The type of humanism attributed to Erasmus in this passage is most similar to what Southern Renaissance movement? A. Neoplatonism B. Antitrinitarianism C. Pietism D. Rationalism
Correct Answer: A Explanation: A) In the passage, Huizinga writes, "Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people." It is evident that Erasmus understood classical texts to be consistent with his religion. Similarly, the Neoplatonists endeavored to use Platonic texts to better understand Christianity, making (A) the correct answer.
2) The passage can be used as evidence for which of the following historical trends of the time period? A. The consolidation of the power of the monarchy B. The increased power of the Catholic Church C. The increased piety of the nobility D. The increasing religiosity of the masses
Correct Answer: A Explanation: A. The passage is evidence of a monarch, with the aid of his Parliament, consolidating his power at the expense of the Church and its clergy. B is incorrect because the passage indicates that the act is establishing power in the English monarchy at the expense of the Catholic Church. C is incorrect because the passage does not refer to any increase in piety on the part of the nobility. D is incorrect because the passage does not refer to any increase in religiosity on the part of the masses.
3) From the passage and its historical context, one may infer that the Act was, in part, A. an attempt to prevent the spread of Protestantism in England B. a solution to Henry VIII's financial difficulties C. an attempt to legitimize Henry VIII's only heir D. an attempt to ally England with the Holy Roman Emperor
Correct Answer: B Explanation: B. The passage states that the act establishes Henry VIII's right to "have and enjoy ... all ... profits, and commodities ... of the same Church," which went a long way toward solving his financial difficulties. A is incorrect because the passage makes no mention of preventing the spread of Protestantism and was, by establishing the Church of England's independence from Rome, advancing the Protestant cause in England. C is incorrect because the passage makes no mention of legitimizing an heir and because Henry VIII had no male heir in 1534. D is incorrect because the passage makes no mention of an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor.
2) In the seventeenth century, adherents to the beliefs expressed in the passage most strongly supported which of the following? (A) The establishment of the Stuart dynasty in England in 1603 (B) The attempts by Charles I to establish an absolutist government (C) The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War (D) Opposition to the Glorious Revolution of 1688
C - The parliamentary rebellion that started the English Civil War
3) In non-Calvinist areas, many early modern town and city ordinances were similar to the Geneva ordinances in their A. discouragement of popular festivals and other entertainments B. prohibition of alcohol consumption C. oversight of civil affairs by religious authorities D. regulation of public morals and behavior
D. regulation of public morals and behavior
3) Which of the following states in the period 1450-1750 adopted a religious policy that was most different from the religious policy expressed in Source 2? (A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar (B) The Safavid Empire under Shah Ismail I (C) The Ottoman Empire (D) The Tokugawa Shogunate
(A) The Mughal Empire under Akbar
Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549
"First, the natives of India, so far as I have seen, and speaking generally, are barbarians. It is necessary that you should have special care for all your sons of the Jesuit Order in India in commending them to God our Lord continually, for you know what a great toil it is to have to do with people who through their very habitual evil living neither know God nor obey reason. . . . I see clearly, my only Father, by my experience here, that no road is opening for the perpetuation of the Jesuit Order among the natives. Christianity will last among them only as long as we who are here or those whom you will send from Europe will last and live. . . . The Portuguese here control only the sea and the places on the seashore, and so they are not masters [in the interior] but only in the places where they live. The native Indians are not at all inclined to the things of [Christianity] but rather abhor them greatly. It irks them mortally when we speak to them and ask them to become Christians." Francis Xavier, Spanish Jesuit priest in India, letter to Ignatius Loyola, head of the Society of Jesus, 1549
John Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924
"In 1500 that work appeared which Erasmus had written after his misfortune at Dover, and had dedicated to Mountjoy, the Adagiorum Collectanea. It was a collection of about eight hundred proverbial sayings drawn from the Latin authors of antiquity and elucidated for the use of those who aspired to write an elegant Latin style. In the dedication Erasmus pointed out the profit an author may derive, both in ornamenting his style and in strengthening his argumentation, from having at his disposal a good supply of sentences hallowed by their antiquity. He proposes to offer such a help to his readers. What he actually gave was much more. He familiarized a much wider circle than the earlier humanists had reached with the spirit of antiquity. Until this time the humanists had, to some extent, monopolized the treasures of classic culture, in order to parade their knowledge of which the multitude remained destitute, and so to become strange prodigies of learning and elegance. With his irresistible need of teaching and his sincere love for humanity and its general culture, Erasmus introduced the classic spirit, in so far as it could be reflected in the soul of a sixteenth-century Christian, among the people. Not he alone; but none more extensively and more effectively. Not among all the people, it is true, for by writing in Latin he limited his direct influence to the educated classes, which in those days were the upper classes. Erasmus made current the classic spirit. Humanism ceased to be the exclusive privilege of a few. According to Beatus Rhenanus he had been reproached by some humanists, when about to publish the Adagia, for divulging the mysteries of their craft. But he desired that the book of antiquity should be open to all." --Johan Huizinga, twentieth-century Dutch philosopher, Erasmus and the Age of Reformation, 1924
Fernando Valdes, Spain, 1537
"No matter how learned a woman may be, silence her in matters of faith and the Church. For it is certain what the ancients said, that which makes a woman prettiest is silence on her lips for all conversation, and particularly for the mysteries of holiness and so she is not to be a teacher of the doctrine of the Sacred Scriptures." --Fernando Valdés, Spain, 1537 "It pleased our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. . . being free from original and all other sins, from the time of his conception till the hour of his death, to be begotten of a woman, born of a woman, nourished of a woman, obedient to a woman; and that he healed women, pardoned women, comforted women. . . and after his resurrection appeared first to a woman, and sent a woman to declare his most glorious resurrection to the rest of his Disciples." --Emilia Lanier, England, 1611
1) The Portuguese presence in India most directly resulted from which of the following? (A) The desire to obtain greater access to precious metals and luxury goods (B) The desire to secure a supply of labor for expanding manufacturing in Europe (C) The desire to create new plantations for the production of cash crops (D) The desire to establish new markets for European manufactured goods
(A) The desire to obtain greater access to precious metals and luxury goods
Council of Trent, Rules on Prohibited Books, 1564
"Since it is clear from experience that if the Sacred Books are permitted everywhere and without discrimination in the vernacular, there will by reason of the boldness of men arise therefrom more harm than good, the matter is in this respect left to the judgment of the bishop or inquisitor, who may with the advice of the pastor or confessor permit the reading of the Sacred Books translated into the vernacular by Catholic authors to those who they know will derive from such reading no harm but rather an increase of faith and piety, which permission they must have in writing. Those, however, who presume to read or possess them without such permission may not receive absolution from their sins till they have handed them over to the ordinary. Bookdealers who sell or in any other way supply Bibles written in the vernacular to anyone who has not this permission, shall lose the price of the books, which is to be applied by the bishop to pious purposes, and in keeping with the nature of the crime they shall be subject to other penalties which are left to the judgment of the same bishop. Regulars who have not the permission of their superiors may not read or purchase them." Council of Trent, Rules on Prohibited Books, 1564
2) Based on the passage, which of the following can be safely inferred about Herberle's religious affiliation? (A) He was a member of a Lutheran church. (B) He was a member of a Calvinist church. (C) He was not a member of any established church. (D) He was not Roman Catholic.
(D) He was not Roman Catholic.
4) In the sixteenth century, Geneva and most other European towns and cities experienced which of the following demographic transformations? A. significant migration from the countryside B. significant immigration from overseas colonies C. declining populations as a result of diseases from the New World D. rapid growth largely driven by an increase in the birthrate of the urban population
A. significant migration from the countryside
English Parliament, Act of Supremacy, 1534
Albeit the king's Majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless, for corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and extirpate all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king, our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of the supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining; and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be, which by any manner of spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm; any usage, foreign land, foreign authority, prescription, or any other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding. English Parliament, Act of Supremacy, 1534
2) A historian could best use the ordinance about usury as an example of A. an attempt to implement mercantilist policies B. a traditional restriction on market activities C. an attack on the financial policies of the Roman Catholic Church D. an effort to stimulate economic growth
B. a traditional restriction on market activities
1) The ordinances in the passage best exemplify which of the following aspects of Calvinism? A. The rejection of Roman Catholic sacraments B. The recognition of the desirability of religious toleration in mixed-faith communities C. the belief that laws must be based on religious principles D. The belief in the predestination of the elect to salvation
C. the belief that laws must be based on religious principles
1) From the passage, one may infer that the English Parliament wished to argue that the Act of Supremacy would A. give the English king a new position of authority B. give the position of head of the Church of England to Henry VIII alone and exclude his heirs C. establish Calvinism as the one true theology in England D. end various forms of corruption plaguing the Church in England
Correct Answer: D Explanation: D. The passage refers to forms of corruption when it states that the act would firmly establish the king's "power and authority ... to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses" in the realm. A is incorrect because the passage states that the king is already "justly and rightfully ... the supreme head of the Church of England," and that the purpose of the act is "for corroboration and confirmation" of that fact. B is incorrect because the passage clearly states that the position of head of the Church of England is established for both Henry VIII and "his heirs and successors, kings of this realm." C is incorrect because the passage makes no reference to Calvinist theology and because the Church of England under Henry VIII did not espouse a Calvinist theology.
Law code issued by Alfonso X, King of Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492
Source 1: "People who follow Judaism should pass their lives among Christians quietly, practicing their own religion and not speaking ill of Christianity. Moreover, a Jewish person should not attempt to convert any Christian. Whoever violates this law shall be put to death and lose his property. Jewish people may maintain their synagogues, but they cannot build new synagogues without our permission. Christians may not deface synagogues or steal anything from them. Jewish people shall not be forced to attend court by Christian officials on Saturdays [the Jewish Sabbath]. All legal claims between Christians and the Jewish community shall be decided by our royal judges and a Christian is forbidden from arresting or harming Jewish people or seizing their property. Christians may not use force to convert a Jewish person to Christianity, though Christians should use the Holy Scriptures and kind words. Jewish people, however, should not attempt to interfere with a member of their community converting to Christianity of their own will. Any Christian, however, who converts to Judaism shall be put to death as a heretic. --"Law code issued by Alfonso X, king of the Christian Spanish kingdom of Castile, circa 1265 Source 2: "King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, by the grace of God, King and Queen of Spain, greetings. We learned that some wicked Christians in our kingdom adopted Jewish religious practices and cultural customs and apostatized from our holy Catholic faith because these Christians interacted with Jewish people. Therefore, we, with the counsel and advice of the clergy, noblemen, and other persons of learning and wisdom in our kingdom, order the Jewish community to depart and never to return. And we forbid any person or persons in our kingdom to receive, protect, or defend any Jewish person under pain of losing all their possessions, vassals, fortified places, and whatever financial grants they hold from us. --"Royal decree issued by King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain, 1492
