AP Euro: The Industrial Revolution

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Samuel F. B. Morse

(1791-1872) American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.

George Stephenson

1814, a Brit who built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his Rocket travelled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph. By the 1840s the era of railroad construction had begun in Europe and the US.

Corn Laws

1815 tariff on imported grain to protect domestic producers. Never worked well

Factory Act of 1847

1847 legislation which established 10 hour-a-day for women and children under 18.

utilitarianism

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system.

differentiation

Actually differentiating the market offering to create superior customer value.

Factory Act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Factory Act of 1867

Applied all existing acts to persons over 50 years of age. The act did not only extend existing acts to persons over 50, but it also brought these regulations to other industries. Including the industries of blast furnaces, iron and steel mills, glass, paper making, tobacco, printing and bookbinding.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

differential fertility

Differences in the average number of children born to a woman by social category.

Thomas R. Malthus

English economist and demographer who is best known for his theory that population growth will always tend to outrun the food supply and that betterment of humankind is impossible without stern limits on reproduction. This thinking is commonly referred to as Malthusianism.

Great Exhibition of 1851

In 1851, the British organized the first industrial fair at London in the Crystal Palace. The fair had 100,000 exhibits that showed a wide variety of products made in the Industrial Revolution. It was a display of Britain's wealth to the world.

Manchester

Industrial city in Northern England, which greatly increased in population during the Industrial Revolution. Because of the Rotten Boroughs, its interests were underrepresented in Parliament during the early 19th century.

Factory Act of 1891

Raised the minimum age of factory working to eleven years of age, and prohibited the owner of a factory from knowingly a woman within four weeks of given birth.

Factory Act of 1874

Raised the minimum working age to nine years of age.

Ten Hours Act

The Factory Act of 1847, also known as the Ten Hours Act, restricted the working hours of women and children in British factories to effectively 10 hours per day.

Poor Law of 1834

This said that those receiving relief were required to live in workhouses, where discipline was harsh, conditions were kept suitably mean, and the sexes were separated.

An Essay on the Principle of Population

book: Thomas Malthus; argued that pop. tended to increase more rapidly than food supply

Dr. Andrew Ure

established a course of popular scientific lectures for working men in the city. claimed that by stimulating the phrenic nerve, life could be restored in cases of suffocation, drowning or hanging.

Factory Act of 1850

redefined the workday which had been established under the Factory Acts of 1844 and 1847. No longer could employers decide the hours of work. The workday was changed to correspond with the maximum number of hours that women and children could work. The act included the following provisions.Children and Women could only work from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. in the summer and 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. in the winter. All work would end on Saturday at 2 p.m.. The work week was extended from 58 hours to 60 hours. Hours of work for age 9 to 18 was changed to 10 hours night and day. This was changed in 1850 to 10.5 hours day and night.

petit bourgeoisie

small business owners and owner workers who still have their own means of production but might end up in the proletariat because they are driven out by competition or their businesses fail

Sadler Committee

the committee that judged the working conditions and made laws based on the testimonies, committee that exposed that children were being beaten in factories, resulting in the Factory Act (1833)

cult of domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house

Factory Act of 1844

women, and children between 13 and 18 could not work for more than 6.5 hours without sleep and no children under 8 can work in textile mills