AP Euro: The Protestant Reformation

Calvinism Vs. Lutheranism: Differences

1) Lutheran communion still had the bread AS God whilst Calvinism saw communion as symbol of God 2) Calvinists didn't use priests/bishops like Lutherans, they had Presbyteries that maintained the church 3) Calvinism strongly believed in Predestination 4) Calvinists believe government has no importance with the faith because only 'chosen' Christians can Christianize the state

Luther's Ideas of Christianity

1) Priesthood wasn't necessary to have a relationship with God 2) Everyone should read and interpret the Bible for themselves in their own vernacular languages 3) Only communion and baptism were important sacraments 4) Justification by Faith i.e. people did not earn grace of God by doing good; they did good because they possessed the grace of God

Luther's Ideas: effects on social upheaval in Germany

1) Printing press spread his works throughout the entirety of the Holy Roman Empire creating mass interest 2) Rose the Anabaptists - religious radicals of Luther's work interpreting the Bible very differently 3) Peasant rebellions ensued mainly for social and economical gain, having nothing to do with religion

Calvinism Vs. Lutheranism: Similarities

1) They both believed in justification by faith 2) Branched off of Catholicism

Sale of Indulgences

Before the Catholic Reformation, sold them at a monetary value to anyone of the Catholic faith, and it assured them that their time would be cut short in Purgatory.

Luther's Ideas: reaction of upheaval's

Begged followers to condemn the Anabaptists and join with the Catholics to get rid of them. Completely repudiated the anabaptists and peasant rebellions.

John Calvin: Training, Background, Personality

Born in France, trained as a priest as well as a lawyer, could read in Latin, Greek, French, and Hebrew. Therefore he possessed much of a humanist's knowledge. Very logical, methodical, and optimistic.

Martin Luther: Training, Background, Personality

Born in Germany, he was intended to become a lawyer, however felt he was saved by God's grace and dedicated his life to the church. Became a monk, then became a teacher of theology where he started to see differences in the Catholic church and the bible. Also, could read and write in Latin and Greek

Diet of Worms

Emperor Charles V called upon Martin Luther to attend a council where he told Luther to repent his actions; Luther refused and was banned from the Empire, but the princes of the land hid and protected him from the view of Charles

95 Theses

Explained in Luther's humble opinion 95 problems currently in the Catholic Church, mainly focusing on the inappropriate use of indulgences

Martin Luther

Individual responsible for the start of Reformation with his ideas of faith, creating Lutheranism in turn starting a 'Protest'ant reforming of Europe.

Pope Leo X

Issued papal bull unto Martin Luther which he burned, and the Pope excommunicated Martin Luther from the church

Luther's Ideas: relationship between religion and state

Lutheranism had more compliance to the state than Catholicism had. "A good Christian owes obedience to his established authority"

Schmalkaldic War

Princes of the HRE + France + Turkey fought the Emperor pushing Germany into a political anarchy and religious fight of doctrines between Catholicism or Lutheranism

Causation of reformation: Nobles/Monarchs

Ruling sovereigns continuously fought with the church on control of property, taxes, legal jurisdiction, and political influence, which caused Kings to start determining their own country's faith

Anabaptists

They gained mass followers, and 100,000 of them took over a huge city and reinstated a "reign of saints" where they abolished property, legalized polygamy, and brought back slavery. Became just another branch off of Catholicism and weren't riotous no more

Causation of reformation: Middle Class

educated townspeople of autonomous cities strove to treat religion like their business. Believed church hierarchy was too embedded in feudal, baronial, and monarchial systems to have anything in common with middle class.

John Calvin

founded the principles of Calvinism, later known as Presbyterianism. Similar and different from Lutheranism, but both were branched off from Catholicism.

Friar Tetzel

sold tons of indulgences and was a terrible man that caused Luther to write his 95 theses.

Causation of reformation: Lower Class

upset that bishops/abbots were part of the oppressive demeaning class. Religious ideas mixed with an entire protest against the social order; peasant rebellions occurred.