AP Euro Unit #1
"Finally, the Great Artisan [God] mandated that this creature (man) who would receive nothing proper to himself shall have joint possession of whatever nature had been given to any other creature. He made man a creature of indeterminate and indifferent nature, and, placing him in the middle of the world, said to him, 'Adam, according to your desires and judgment, you will have and possess whatever place to live, whatever form, and whatever functions you yourself choose... You, with no limit or no bound, may choose for yourself the limits and bounds of your nature. We have placed you at the world's center so that you may survey everything else in the world...[W]ith free choice and dignity, you may fashion yourself into whatever form you choose. To you is granted the power of degrading yourself into the lower forms of life, the beasts, and to you is granted the power, contained in your intellect and judgment, to be reborn into the higher forms, the divine.' Imagine! The great generosity of God! To man it is allowed to be whatever he chooses to be!" Pico della Mirandola, Dignity of Man 1486 The thinking expressed by Pico della Mirandola and similar authors of the period led to which of the following?
A desire to rediscover classical works of Greek and Roman philosophers.
The Thirty Years' War broke out first in ________.
Bohemia
For which of the following novels is Cervantes best known?
Don Quixote
The most successful politique was ________.
Elizabeth I of England
Cosimo de' Medici brought stability to which city after his rise to power in 1434?
Florence
Following the weakening of Spain, which nation dominated Europe in the early seventeenth century?
France
What was the effect of the Edict of Restitution in 1629?
Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden reacted to the edict by beginning the third phase of the Thirty Years' War.
The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the ________.
Habsburg-Valois wars
The Reformation Parliament met for seven years and determined that ________.
Henry VIII would replace the pope's position over the church in England
Who was deposed after only a few days on the throne as Edward VI's chosen successor in England?
Lady Jane Grey
Whose most famous painting is the Mona Lisa?
Leonardo da Vinci
The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of poor believers? From Martin Luther's 95 Theses According to Luther's 95 Theses, how did his concept of Salvation differ most from that of the Catholic Church?
Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, while the Catholic Church promoted the understanding that one could earn their way into heaven through good deeds
What event was held in the attempt to unite the Swiss and German Protestants?
Marburg Colloquy
Who did John Knox target in his work First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women?
Mary I of England
The ruler of Spain for most of the later 1500s was _________.
Philip II
How did Spain come to control Portugal's overseas empire in Africa, Brazil, and India?
Philip II inherited the throne of Portugal.
How did predestination factor into Calvin's theology?
Predestination was central to Calvin's theology.
Queen Elizabeth I was cautious and firm with groups such as the ________ ensuring that nothing lessened the hierarchical unity of the Church of England.
Puritans
The Pope has neither the will nor the power to remit any penalties except those, which has imposed by his own authority, or by that of the canons. Every true Christian, whether living or dead, has a share in all the benefits of Christ and the Church, given by God, even without letters of pardon. Again, why does not the Pope, whose riches are at this day more ample than those of the wealthiest of the wealthy, build the single Basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with that of poor believers? From Martin Luther's 95 Theses The excerpt from Luther's 95 Theses best reflects Luther's efforts to
Reform the Catholic Church
Which of these patterns appeared in the Reformation?
Religious divisions were greater where political divisions were more pronounced.
German Protestant rulers realized the political implications of the demise of the Roman Catholic Church and formed a defensive alliance called the ________.
Schmalkaldic League
What was the reaction from Europe when the Turks invaded Austria?
The Spanish under Philip II allied with Venice, Genoa, and the pope to defend Europe against the Turks
Which of the following ideas was held to be true in both Renaissance Italy and in Reformation Europe?
The interests of laity are no longer subordinate to clergy.
What English humanist wrote a famous book called Utopia
Thomas More
During an assembly in Worms in 1495, Emperor Maximilian allowed the members to create ________.
a Supreme Court of Justice
Medieval Europe was a feudal society that had a(n) ________.
agricultural economy and was dominated by the church
The Freedom of a Christian, written by Martin Luther, summarized the new teaching of salvation ________.
by faith alone
Which of the following comprised Florence's popolo grosso in the Renaissance?
capitalists and bankers
Social strife and competition for political power became so intense within the cities that most evolved into ________.
despotisms
One way in which the northern humanist Desiderius Erasmus gained fame as a religious reformer was by ________.
editing the works of the Church Fathers
The new Protestant schools and universities of the 1500s were most likely to teach ________.
humanism
The Treaty of Westphalia finally granted Calvinists _________
legal recognition
The Inquisition was a key national agency established in 1479 for the purpose of ________.
monitoring the activity of converted Jews and Muslims in Spain
Anabaptists desired ________.
more radical reform than Luther desired
The first humanists were
orators and poets
King Henry IV stunned France, Spain, and the pope by ________.
publicly abandoning the Protestant faith and embracing Catholicism
What advantage did an indulgence grant the buyer?
release from time in purgatory
And not to leave any occasion of trouble and difference among our Subjects, we have permitted and do permit to those of the Reformed Religion, to live and dwell in all the Cities and places of this our Kingdom and Countreys under our obedience, without being inquired after, vexed, molested, or compelled to do any thing in Religion, contrary to their Conscience, nor by reason of the same be searched after in houses or places where they live, they comporting themselves in other things as is contained in this our present Edict or Statute. Excerpt from the Edict of Nantes, 1598 Henry IV issued this edict primarily in response to
religious turmoil faced by France as a result of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
One of the first actions Ferdinand took as king of Bohemia was to ________.
revoke the religious freedoms of the Bohemian Protestants
The term "Machiavellian" has become synonymous with ________.
ruthless political expediency
Luther's impulse to reform church doctrine focused on _______.
salvation
Luther's ninety-five theses ________.
sparked the Reformation in Germany
What agreement did the Dutch Catholics and Protestants come to after the atrocity of the Spanish Fury?
the Pacification of Ghent
"Who can deny but it is repugnant to nature, that the blind shall be appointed to lead and conduct such as do see? That the weak, the sick, and impotent persons shall nourish and keep the whole and strong? And finally, that the foolish, mad, and frenetic shall govern the discreet, and give counsel to such as be sober of mind? And such be all women, compared unto man in bearing of authority. For their sight in civil regiment is but blindness; their strength, weakness; their counsel, foolishness; and judgment, frenzy, if it be rightly considered. Nature, I say, does paint them forth to be weak, frail, impatient, feeble, and foolish; and experience has declared them to be inconstant, variable, cruel, lacking the spirit of counsel and regiment. And these notable faults have men in all ages espied in that kind, for the which not only they have removed women from rule and authority, but also some have thought that men subject to the counsel or empire of their wives were unworthy of public office. For thus writes Aristotle, in the second of his Politics. What difference shall we put, says he, whether that women bear authority, or the husbands that obey the empire of their wives, be appointed to be magistrates? For what ensues the one, must needs follow the other: to wit, injustice, confusion, and disorder.....What would this writer (I pray you) have said to that realm or nation, where a woman sits crowned in Parliament amongst the midst of men?" John Knox, Public Epistles, Treatises, and Expositions, 1558 The excerpt provides evidence to support the argument that
the Renaissance and Reformation movements raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and church.
What event elevated the conflict between Huguenots and the French monarchy into an international issue?
the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Hostilities between Spain and England reached a climax in 1588 when ________.
the Spanish Armada was sent to invade England
What argument about Native Americans caused tension between the mendicant friars and Spanish conquerors?
the need to conquer Native Americans to convert them
The Peace of Augsburg recognized that ________.
the ruler of a land would determine the religion of the land
A new style of art called "mannerism," allowed the artist to include ________ in his or her work.
the strange and the abnormal
The Book of Common Prayer, written by Thomas Cranmer, was imposed on all English churches by the ________.
Act of Uniformity
Anabaptists are the sixteenth-century ancestors of which of the following modern groups?
Amish & Mennonites
"Albeit the king's majesty firstly and rightfully is and ought to be the supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the clergy of this realm in their Convocations. . . be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament, that the king our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted, and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England. . . and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof, as all honors, dignities, pre-eminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity of supreme head of the same Church. . . and that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offenses, contempts, and enormities, whatsoever they be...to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm" - Excerpt from the Act of Supremacy in England , 1534 The goal of the document above was mainly to
Assert King Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England and independent from the authority of the pope
________ was by far the most effective and outspoken critic of the Spanish conquerors.
Bartolomé de Las Casas
"As our Father being drawn away from the Supremacy of Rome by schmismatical and heretical councils and advisors, who, we pray advised him more or flattered him than you, good Mr. Father, when you were Bishop of Rochester? And then, you Mr. Bonner, when you were Archdeacon? And you Mr. Tuberville? Nay, further...who was more an advisor to our Father than your great Stephen Gardiner, when he lived?...Was it not you and such like advisors that...stirred up our Sister against us and other of her subjects? Whereas you would frighten us by telling how emperors...have owned the Bishop of Rome's authority. It was contrary in the beginning, for our Saviour Christ paid His tribute unto Caesar, as the chief superior; which shows your Romish supremacy is usurped...We give you, therefore, warning, that for the future, we hear no more of this kind, lest you provoke us to execute those penalties enacted for the punishing of our resisters, which out of our clemency we have foreborne." Elizabeth I The passage above could best be characterized as a monarch's attempt to:
Lessen religious differences in order to increase power
How did Poland react to the Reformation?
Poland became a model of religious pluralism and toleration.
"Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined; because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon; and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hatred; because he can endure very well being feared whilst he is not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women." --The Prince, Chapter XVII, by Niccolo Machiavelli (1513) The primary purpose of this work was to promote the ideals of
Preservation of order and security for a government
"I wish, then, that this Courtier of ours should be nobly born and of gentle race; because it is far less unseemly for one of ignoble birth to fail in worthy deeds, than for one of noble birth, who, if he strays from the path of his predecessors, stains his family name, and not only fails to achieve but loses what has been achieved already; for noble birth is like a bright lamp that manifests and makes visible good and evil deeds, and kindles and stimulates to virtue both by fear of shame and by hope of praise. And since this splendor of nobility does not illumine the deeds of the humbly born, they lack that stimulus and fear of shame, nor do they feel any obligation to advance beyond what their predecessors have done; while to the nobly born it seems a reproach not to reach at least the goal set them by their ancestors. And thus it nearly always happens that both in the profession of arms and in other worthy pursuits the most famous of men have been of noble birth, because nature has implanted in everything that hidden seed which give a certain force and quality of its own essence to all things that are derived from it, and makes them like itself..." - Baldesar Castiglione from The Book of the Courtier based upon court life of the duke of Urbino (Italy) 1504-1524 Which of the following best characterizes the Renaissance idea of virtù?
The ability to shape the world around oneself according to one's will
Ludovico of Milan's fatal mistake was that he ________.
appealed to the French for help
The political alliance known as the Treaty of Lodi did which one of the following?
brought Milan and Naples into an alliance with Florence
"If anyone says that a man's justification before God is not increased by his good works, let him be cursed... In order that Christians may receive the sacraments with greater devotion, this holy council commands that bishops and priests should first explain the purpose and use of the sacrament in a way that the congregation can understand, using the native tongue of the people if it is necessary... It is to be desired that all who become bishops should understand what portions of their income should be devoted to their own maintenance and to comprehend that they are called to the office of bishop not for riches or luxury, but to the labors and cares for the glory of God." Decrees of The Council of Trent, Roman Catholic council, 1545-156 The decrees excerpted in the passage above came in response to:
the successful spread of the Reformation in the preceding decades.