AP Euro Unit 2 - The French Wars of Religion, Spanish Revolt of the Netherlands, Spanish Armada, The 30 Years War, Absolutism, Louis XIV + Peter the Great, The English Civil War

Duke of Parma

The next Spanish leader; manipulated religious differences in the Spanish Netherlands to split up their unified front, resulting in the Union of Arras (South, Catholic, Spanish controlled) and the Union of Utrecht (North, Protestant, opposed Spanish) - after a twelve year war, the north won their independence and became the Dutch Republic!

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII during the 30 Years War that initiated policies to strengthen the monarchy: - revoked the political and military power of the Huguenots but maintained their religious privileges (resulted in them becoming more reliable subjects and kept the nobles from gaining too much influence or uprising against him) - had a network of spies uncovering plots + executing nobles to eliminate royal threats LMAO WHY IS HIS PORTRAIT LIKE THATTTT

Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule

- 1530: Emperor Charles V defeat French armies in Italy and become an arbiter of Italy (content to establish close ties with native Italian rulers and allow them to rule) - 1540: gave the duchy of Milan to his son Philip II and transfer all imperial rights over Italy to the Spanish monarchy (beginning of Philip II's reign, 1556-1713 Spanish presence in Italy; only Florence, Papal States, and Venice manage to maintain independent policies) - influence of the papacy oppressive in Italy as the Catholic Counter-Reformation (the Inquisition, the Index, the Jesuits) use dot stifle resistance to Catholic orthodoxy created by the Council of Trent - At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Italy suffers from a struggle between France and Spain - Austria, not France, benefit from the War of the Spanish Succession - after gaining Milan, Mantua, Sardinia, and Naples, Austria replaced Spain as the dominant power in Italy

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. - author of Two Treaties of Government - his work inspired Thomas Jefferson while he was writing the Declaration of Independence!

Jean Bodin (1530-1596)

A French political philosopher whose Six Books of the Commonwealth advanced a theory of absolute sovereignty, on the grounds that the state's paramount duty is to maintain order and that monarchs should therefore exercise unlimited power. - believed sovereign power was the authority that should make laws, taxes, administer justice, control administrative system, and foreign policy

Poland-Lithuania

A Kingdom spanning from the Baltic to Black Seas. Crowns of Polish and Lithuanian Kingdoms in 14th century. Unique government system: assemblies where nobles elect king, limit royal power, and maintain serfdom. The Sejm - two chamber assembly where landowners dominated townspeople and lawyers. To be elected king monarch, had to agree to share power with the Sejm in taxation, foreign policy, and appointing state officials. - goal is to keep local interests and decrease centralized gov At the end of the Polish-Lithuanian line, a foreign Swede ruler come in but the decline did not stop and Poland becomes a weak decentralized state

Bill of Rights (1689)

A bill passed by Parliament and accepted by William and Mary that limited the powers of British monarchs and affirmed those of Parliament (they had to swear on it as part of their agreement in taking the throne I believe!): affirming Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes and making it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament by stipulating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament. Allowed citizens to petition the sovereign, keep arms, have a jury trial, and not be subject to excessive bail. Kings could not interfere with the elections of Parliament by the people, and the Bill of Rights laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre (August 24, 1572)

A massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by Valois King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici - occurred during a time of apparent reconciliation because the Catholic sister of King Charles IX was marrying Protestant Henry of Navarre (his mom introduced Calvinism to his region) - Huguenots came up to Paris for the wedding where they were slaughtered in the streets for three days straight tf 😀 - Henry of Navarre was spared bc he promised he would convert to Catholicism (the first of many religious flip-flops you'll see from him)

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute monarch or sovereign power with the ultimate authority in the state in the hands of a king claiming divine right (not restricted by a constitution, laws, etc.)

Petition of Right

A major English constitutional document signed in 1628 by Charles I that set out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing (No imprisonment without due cause; no taxes levied without Parliament's consent (did bro actually read the terms of agreement here orrr) ; soldiers not housed in private homes; no martial law during peacetime).

Elizabeth I of England (AKA MY QUEEN LIZZIE)

A monarch who allowed religious freedom as long as the people practiced "quietly" (she didn't want her country to be torn apart by religion which is honestly so valid if you ask me) - daughter of Henry VIII and Ann Boleyn - reign lasted from 1558-1603, last of the Tudor monarch - a "politique" aka focused on strategy and what was best for her country instead of religion - her foreign policy can be described as "caution and moderation" bc she was fearful of war - Besties with the Netherlands and lowkey highkey funded their revolt in discreet manners (weakened the Spanish through ordering Francais Drake to sink ships with bouillon coming back from the new world) because not only were the Netherlands Protestant, but also because Lizzie was the only Protestant ruler in Europe and wanted to keep the Catholics weak enough from coming for her #girlboss - During her reign she imprisoned Queen Mary of Scots (generational trauma ?) - almost married the Duke of Anjou but then her people were like "hey girly! I know you don't know me but..." and slandered her in the media so then she chopped off the hands of the authors who wrote unfavorable articles on her ❤️ AYO WALTER RALEIGH FROM APUSH WAS ONE OF LIZZIE'S FIRST LOVERS? This feels like a crossover episode between two old Disney shows #RipRoanoke tho 🙏 (this again is not at all important to know I just felt the need to share this with you all)

Battle of Lepanto (1571)

A naval battle between the Ottoman Turks and a coalition of Christian powers led by Spain which ended in a decisive Christian victory, halting the Ottoman advancement into Europe. - occurred on the island of Cyprus (this isn't very important to know I just love Cyprus 🙌 ❤️)

Emergence of Austria

A new empire in the 17th century located in south/southeast Europe like Tyrol, Styria, Carnicla. Leopold I supported movement east but stopped by the Ottoman Empire in Transylvania and then in 1683 the Ottomans laid siege to Vienna but were defeated in 1687. In the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), Austria gained Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia, and then at the end of the War of Spanish Succession Austria also gained the Spanish Netherlands Austrian Hapsburg - a collection of territories united by personal union (not absolutist) and political life (Hapsburg emperor = archduke of Austria, and king of both Bohemia + Hungary). Many land aristocrats connected to the house as well as military officers and governors.

Council of Troubles

A special tribunal sent by Philip II to the Low Countries to convict the people involved in the Iconoclastic Fury - Inaugurated reign of terror where thousands Calvinists, nobles and merchants were killed - Begins inquisition in Netherlands - The Dutch called it the Council of Blood

Queen Mary of Scots (This is for you Lilia 🙌)

A strong Catholic who was ousted by Calvinist nobility so she fled to England where Lizzie put her on house arrest for 14 years before beheading her for involvement in a murder plot - since she was Lizzie's cousin she could have a claim to the throne (aka a threat to Lizzie) - she would send secret letters to her supporters at home - in 1585 Mary was demoted from house arrest and brought to an actual castle jail where she wasn't allowed to write, so she set up a smuggling system BUT IT WAS A LIE LIZZIE'S GUARDS WOULD READ EVERYTHINGGG #embarassing and in the letters her supporters mentioned murder plot AND SHE AGREED WITH IT OH NO so then she got caught 😔 - Mary was charged guilty and it took two tries to cut off her head (why did the video mention this???) and Lizzie pretends to feel bad #PolitiqueQueen - oh wait but then after Lizzie dies Mary's son takes over England so that is kinda good for her #PartialSlay

Revolt of the Netherlands (1573)

A successful revolt of the Protestant Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg) against the Roman Catholic King Phillip II of Spain who had inherited Seven Provinces from the Duchy of Burgundy. Detailed Explanation/Order of Events: - Philip II was obsessed with them bc the Spanish Netherlands was one of the richest parts of Europe from their commerce and textile industry - Philip was also really pressed tho bc the Spanish Netherlands was influenced by Lutherans, Anabaptists (you thought you were done hearing abt them didn't you ), and Calvinists - The provinces had no substantial political bonds holding them together...just a foreign ruler - Philip tried to strengthen his control by taxing them large sums and by attempting to eradicate protestant religions so the protestant nobles were like "ur done. ❤️" and began to destroy churches which Philip responded to by sending in troops - Philip then imposed restrictive economic policies which really did not help his case at all bc then the merchants aligned with the nobles

Divine Right Monarchy

According to the book "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture" by Bishop Jacques Bousset, government is divinely ordained so that humans could live in an organized society, God established kingdoms and through them He reigned the entire world, and that because kings received their power from God their authority was absolute + responsible to no one except God

Louis XIV of France

After the death of Mazarin, Louis expressed wanting to be the sole ruler of France and got his act together to become a strong ruler eager for glory! The reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715) is the best example of absolute monarchy in the 17th century because French culture, language, manners, diplomacy, and politics affected all of Europe - "The Sun King" - built the Palace of Versailles + gaslit all the nobles - revoked Edict of Nantes - the og material girl Although Louis believed in absolutism, France still had many overlapping authorities (regional courts, nobility with power, etc)

Pacification of Ghent ✌️ ☮️ 🌈 (1576)

Agreement set forth that all provinces in the Netherlands would stand together under William of Orange's leadership, respect religious differences, and demand the removal of Spanish troops.

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) 👎 ❌ 😒

An English military, political, and religious Puritan figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War and called for the execution of Charles I. As Lord Protectorate of England, he ruled as a military dictator. - Captured Charles in 1646 at the end of phase one of the war. There was a split between the Presbyterian majority in support of Charles and the Independents not in support which led to the 1647 Puritan March on London where Charles escaped - Phase two of the war ended with Cromwell winning and capturing Charles again. The presbyterian parliament was purged, Charles was beheaded, and the monarchy was destroyed.

Cardinal Mazarin (whenever I see his name all I think of is the word "manzana")

An Italian advisor running the French government after Richelieu died and Louis XIV was too young to rule (this man was like 2 lol), he was very disliked 😔 - the nobles hating the centralized government aligned with the people hating the higher taxes from war which resulted in a series of revolts called La Fronde resulting in people preferring the crown/monarchy because it was more stable

Holy League

An alliance of ultra-Catholic nobles proposed by Henry Guise to exterminate heresy (so in their eyes Calvinism) and to put a "true Catholic champion" on the throne (aka to replace Henry III with a member of the Guise family)

William of Nassau, Prince of Orange

Led a revolt /resistance in the Netherlands against Philip II of Spain, which resulted in the establishment of the independent Dutch Republic - worked with Dutch pirates called "The Sea Beggars"

Reign of Louis XIV : Administration of Gov

Because the location of his royal court was at his home in Versailles, Louis was able to restructure central policy-making machinery - eliminated the threat of high nobility wanting the role of royal minister by removing them from the royal council and relocating them to his personal court with no intention of sharing power 😁 - domination of ministers + secretaries allowed for control of central policy and therefore also control over foreign policy, making of war/peace, the assertion of the secular crown over any religious authority, and the ability to levy taxes - less success with internal administration because traditional groups in French society were too powerful for King's direct rule (control over provinces + their people through bribery) - Louis had both political and economic control over the courts

Thirty Years War (1618-1648): "The Last of the Religious Wars"

Before I start this (I'm doing multiple parts haha there's no way it would all fit under one term), if you want here is the slideshow Mrs. Vroman used in class so if you prefer just use this instead: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1cP3fJ_qAXl8FA1u9kiwC60nap0FwVR_7Xs291I-kMDo/edit#slide=id.p

Reign of Philip V of Spain

Beginning of the reign was hopeful with a good chief minister Gasper de Guzman, but domestic reform to centralize the gov didn't work because the nobles were too powerful rip - also wanted further imperalism but revolts from joining the Thirty Years War plus a civil war halted that growth - Spain lost significant army of their army at the Battle of Rocroi in 1643 - Revolts of the 1640s, economic problems, and the loss of the Spanish Netherlands and Artois (Peace of Pyrennes) ended Spain's great era

The Decline of Spain

Both Philip II and III spent too much money and went bankrupt, armed forces were out-of-date, insufficient government, the commercial class was weak and not supported, suppressed peasantry, luxury-loving nobles, and oversupply of priests/monks; Spain was still highly populated and a great power on the outside, though. - weakness became apparent under Philip III because he only cared about money so he let his first minister the Duke of Lerma run Spain but in reality, Lerma was greedy and only tried to advance his own money and family's social status.

The Thirty Years War Stage Four: French (1635-1648)

Cardinal Richelieu fears the Habsburgs are too powerful (he likes when his biggest threat is weak, disunited and unorganized ya know) - Decides to declare war on Spain in 1635 & the HRE in 1636 (he's cominggg for the Hapsburgs ) Goal of France: a weak HRE and a weak Hapsburg dynasty Ferdinand II dies in 1637, and his son wants to end the war but this took time War at this point no longer religious and not a local war: French, Dutch, Swedes, Scots, Finns, Germans, Austrians, Danes, English, Spanish Portuguese, Bohemians, Hungarians, and more were all involved. All sides loot, burn, and destroy German property, and no one side has the means to secure quick victory. The Battle of Prague (1648) is the last battle of the war. A series of treaties was soon negotiated.

The Thirty Years War Stage Three: Swedish (1630-1635) 🍭🐟 (they don't have a Swedish fish emoji okay I'm trying my best 😔)

Catholic Ferdinand's actions seen as a threat to Lutheranism everywhere!!! Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (Lion of the North) joins the war 😎 🇸🇪 💪 Goals: - keep Catholicism from spreading to land near him - Gain economic influence in the Baltic Sea area - Gain territory - Keep the HRE weak (literally everybody except the Emperor wants this lol) Adolphus is militarily strong, and gets financing from the French (Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII. Richelieu is a politique like our fav queen Lizzie 🇬🇧 💂‍♀️ ) From 1630-1634. Gustavus' army drives Catholic the forces back. But his gains so much territory to the point that many leaders become concerned... But then, Ferdinand II brings back Wallenstein 😳 Wallenstein agrees if given nearly unlimited authority (BRUH WHY WOULD YOU AGREE TO THIS 😭 "Yeah no totally that sounds like a great idea and not concerning at all!" LIKE WHAT) and reconquers a large amount of territory. In Nov 1632, Gustavus attacks Wallenstein's army, bloody battle, Gustavus dies in battle NOOOOOO 😔 (can we hold a funeral for him one day during 6th hour) - fun fact: on the ap euro t-shirt design I made Mrs. Vroman's head was photoshopped onto Gustavus Adolphus lol Wallenstein day's also limited because he was sloppy smh (living off the land, peasants were unhappy, and demanded leadership of the Spanish army which was very unpopular) - Word gets out of Wallenstein's duplicity (HE TOLD LIKE 5 OTHER COUNTRIES THAT HE'LL JOIN THEM IF THEY PAY HIM MORE YOU TRAITOR) Then in Feb 1634 Wallenstein is assassinated by Ferdinand teaaaa After his death, Wallenstein's army join Spanish forces The Swedish & German Protestant armies were defeated in 1634 In Spring of 1635: - Swedish resistance in the south of Germany is done (Souther Germany will remain Catholic) - German protestants & imperial officials meet in negotiations - Ferdinand agrees to nullify E of Restitution yay! - Peace of Prague 1635 gave favorable provisions to the HRE (a lot of German states left the war) and this upset the French #foreshadowing

The Thirty Years War: The Rise of Witch Trials

Causes: 1) Ppl believe in witchcraft (no really!? ) 2) Religious uncertainty--a higher number of prosecutions where there is religious warfare 3) The shift in values...communal to the individual; time of uncertainty Characteristics: - Mostly women (75-80% of those executed) - Older women (mostly over 40) - Believe women more susceptible to temptation/devil Why do they decline in the mid-17th century? - Stabilization (religious wars end, governments stabilize) - Authorities are uncertain they can truly discern if someone is a witch (still believe in witches tho)

Ship Money

Charles I decided he couldn't work with parliament anymore, so he stopped calling meetings. Only problem: parliament controls money Alternative used by Charles: There was always an English tax on port towns which required each town to pay for a mercenary vessel to protect it. Under Charles I, this was expanded so that inland towns paid as if they were also port towns so Charles got the money. It was deeply resented by the inland towns it affected.

Test Act of 1673

Charles II's Parliament said that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices Debate over the bill: Whigs (no king, Protestant) and Tories (support the King but don't like Catholic James II) Charles dismissed parliament and relied on French subsidies to rule alone (LMAO WHY DO THEY ALL DO THIS ITS DUMB AF YOU ARE QUITE LITERALLY CUTTING OFF YOUR DIRECT SOURCE OF FUNDING PLZZZZ 😭)

The Thirty Years War Stage Two: Danish (1625-1629) 🍩

Christian IV is the Protestant king of Denmark and also the Duke of the German state of Holstein! his incentive to join war areeee: - Protect Protestants - Gain more territory Christian believes that he will be joined by the Dutch, English & French! He is very wrong 😁 (Charles I in England is preoccupied with his own troubles, the Dutch are broke af rn plus they don't have many men available to fight, and Louis XIII of France is busy with Huguenots in France) Christian Christain IV is unlucky bc has to face the mercenary Albrecht von Wallenstein (a convert to Catholicism at 20 years old, and an eccentric but brilliant military officer. He offered Ferdinand II an army of 20,000 men in exchange for an opportunity to increase landholdings) - Wallenstein defeats the Danes, and they renounce all claims to German land other than previous holdings In March 1629, Ferdinand II issues The Edict of Restitution : - Prohibits Calvinist worship - Restoration of all Catholic properties that had been secularized since 1555 (enforcing Augsburg Peace). - Outlaws all religions besides Lutheranism & Catholicism - Results in both Protestants & Catholics alike feel threatened (no one likes emperor assertion/power) so in the summer of 1630 people demand that the emperor dismiss Wallenstein and force him to disband his army.

The English Civil War

Conflict in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's Anglican monarchy. - features religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following the execution of King Charles! - New Model Army of extreme puritans = Independents - Roundheads = support parliament - Cavialiers/Royalists = support monarch

Instrument of Government

Cromwell favored toleration on the issue of religion in England. The Instrument of Government gave all Christians, except Roman Catholics, the right to practice their faith. The constitution that had been prepared for by the army. It invested executive power in a lord protectorate and a council of state. Cromwell did eventually tear up the constitution tho...

Long Parliament (1640-1660)

Desperate for money after the Scottish invasion of northern England, Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament (which were essentially just limiting royal power): abolish arbitrary courts + taxing without the permission of parliament, parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min of once every 3 years; ship money abolished - part of parliament wanted to abolish bishops from the Anglican Church so the king arrested the parliament members of the radical faction... and civil war broke out!

Mary Tudor / Mary I

Devout Catholic queen who repealed Protestant statutes of Edward, daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, married Philip II of Spain. - kills several hundred Protestants (where the nickname "Bloody Mary" likely originated from) - imprisoned Queen Lizzie I for most of her reign - died in 1558

The Thirty Years War: Effects on Germany

Due to - the majority of fighting of the war occurring in the German lands of HRE - mercenary armies decimating the countryside - houses being burned, crops being seized or destroyed, and all armies living off the land It will take 65+ years to rebuild the population in Germany.

The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Ended the Thirty Years War in 1648! Some of the conditions and effects were... - Sweden gains territory & control over the Baltic Sea, several river estuaries oops - France gains territory (Alsace Lorraine, later becomes German) - The Netherlands formally recognized as independence - The Swiss Confederation is independent - All secular lands restored to those who held them in 1618 - Every HRE state brought a representative (so there were hundreds 😀) on purpose to weaken the power of the Emperor through a diplomatic prosses, resulting in states of the HRE being nearly sovereign (can make war & peace, and have no central courts or central govt, no raising taxes, and no war can be declared by Emperor without consent) Basically, the Emperor is reduced to a figurehead The Ecclesiastical settlement confirms the Peace of Augsburg (religious toleration to Lutherans but also extends toleration to Calvinists yay: affirms that all religions allowed private worship, liberty of conscience, and right to immigration) In practice, northern German states = Lutheran, southern German states = Catholic (this is a continuation, not a change) Balance of Power in Europe: - HRE (Austrian Habsburgs) and Spain weakened - France now the most powerful along with England & the Dutch - State governments are larger, bureaucracies organize war efforts + taxes, and armies grow - Paves way for new power in Central Europe... Brandenburg! (eventually known as Brandenburg-Prussia) 1648 is considered a turning point in European, if not global, history. Westphalian system of government & treaty negotiations established is established: Westphalian system: 1) States instead of empires will become the "norm" - states have sovereignty: borders matter, no interference, right to control internal affairs without interference from outside groups/nations - this is the system we use to organize the world today. 2) System for treaty negotiations - all sit at the table, not just 2 or 3 parties at once 3) Never again will religion be the main cause of a war in Europe

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada - also known as a "Seadog" (English pirate) - waged war with the Spanish because he would sink their ships full of gold and silver from the New World (Spain would constantly complain about this to Lizzie and she was like "idk what you're talking abt " then knighted him personally LMAO)

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) - author of The Leviathan - this man was suchhh a debbie-downer he would always describe life as "nasty, brutish and short".

James II (1685-1688)

Final Stuart ruler; he was forced to abdicate in favor of William and Mary during the Glorious Rev, who agreed to the Bill of Rights, guaranteeing parliamentary supremacy. He was unpopular due to his Catholic Religion but Parliament didn't step in due to his old age... (that's kinda sad tbh 😭)

DBQ REVIEW!!! Tips + Tricks to Remember

For many of our topics this unit, you can contextualize with: The Rise New Monarchs (see last unit's Quizlet if you new to refresh your memory on this) The Protestant Reformation (1517) The French Religion Wars Make your thesis specific and concise! If the thesis asks for extent, use professional wording (ex: "an okay extent" vs "a moderate extent", see the difference?) Use your time wisely and categorize which documents are which to help save you time later! Don't forget HIPP for at least two documents (do more if you have the time), and remember to mention bias/a lack of bias in the document if you see it! (reformer, a speech, or a personal diary that someone thought nobody else would see) And lastly, don't get too stressed about anything on this test! Test corrections are always available, and this is our first graded DBQ of the year :) Be kind to yourself, get some sleep, and show up tomorrow ready to do your best 😎

Saint Petersburg

Founded by Peter the Great, Imperial capital of Russia; important trade city because of location of the Baltic Sea. - Peter the Great would host social gatherings here for both sexes - the death toll of serfs that died during construction here was sometimes thousands a day

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin - frequently persecuted by the King because Calvinist nobles were a threat to the catholic monarch

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

It was the time between the death of Ivan the Terrible and the rise of the Romanov dynasty with Michael Romanov as the first ruler. It was also a period of resurgence of aristocratic power (the boyars attempted to use the vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; while Ivan IV's relatives struggled for power, ordinary people suffered drought, crop failure, and plague).

Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584) You know this guy is gonna be weird just off his name 😭

He became the first ruler to assume the title of Czar in all of Russia (arrogant much?). Earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. - expanded eastward because Swedes and Poles blocked him westward - crushed power of the boyars (Russian nobility)

French King Henry II

Henry II was King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death on July 10, 1559. Under the April 1559 Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis which ended the Italian Wars, France renounced its claims in Italy, but gained other territories, including the Pale of Calais and the Three Bishoprics. These acquisitions strengthened French borders while the abdication of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in January 1556 and the division of his empire between Spain and Austria provided them with greater flexibility in foreign policy. In July 1559, Henry was injured in a jousting tournament held to celebrate the treaty (LMFAOOO) and died ten days later after his surgeon was unable to cure the wound inflicted by Gabriel de Montgomery, the captain of his Scottish Guard. Though he died early, the succession appeared secure as he left four young sons, as well as a wife in Catherine Medici, to lead a capable regency during their minority. Three of those sons would all live long enough to be king themselves, but their ineffectual reigns, and the unpopularity of Catherine's regency, helped to spark the French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Protestants, and an eventual end to the House of Valois as France's ruling dynasty.

The War of the Three Henries

Henry III (Son of Catherine de De Medici), Henry of Guise Henry VI (aka Henry of Navarre) All three wanted the French throne...who will win 😳🙀 Jk both Henry III and Henry of Guise got assassinated so only Henry VI is left and he becomes the new monarch of France. Detailed Explanation/Order of Events: - Duke of Guise was paid by Phillip II of Spain to seize Paris bc #CatholicsUnite - Medici Henry was like nah so he assassinated Guise and collabed with Navarre (who is protestant again at this point) to crush the ultra-Catholic league and retake Paris! - Medici Henry then got assassinated by a monk bc the monk was mad he worked with a Protestant (aka Navarre) and then Navarre was like "oooo the crown is open 😏" so he converted to Catholicism AGAIN so he could rule and he became Henry IV

♡ Please Read ♡

Hey Guys! So as per usual I'm gonna add vocab terms from our notes and in-class lessons (cough cough The 30 Years War ), but I'm also gonna randomly pick some questions from the Albert so you can review the MC format, and I'm gonna go some DBQ review at the end. The Albert questions will start on term # 87 DBQ review on term # 98 Please let me know if there's any important information you want me to add / incorrect information I should change, good luck studying!!! Francesca :)

CHECKPOINT #2

How are we feeling right now? Take some time to process the monstrosity known as the Thirty Years Year, get a sip of water, and let's move on :)

Brandenburg-Prussia (VROMAN SAID THIS WOULD BE ON THE TEST 🗣)

In 1609, the Hohenzollern Dynasty of northeast Germany inherited the land in the Rhine Valley of western Germany then in 1618 they received the duchy of Prussia 🔜 by the 17th century they renamed to Brandenburg-Prussia and had land in the east, west, and central part of Germany. Ruled by the Hohenzollern family, and became one of Europe's most powerful states in the seventeenth century. Its military strength was supported by its hereditary landowners/nobility called the Junkers (resisted kings power) who were granted autonomy in their territories. Frederick William the Great Elector - The leader that realized Brandenburg-Prussia had no natural defense frontiers #awkward so he built a force of 40,000 but it was expensive so he established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes and oversee army growth (commissariat became an agency part of the civic government) - nobles supported him bc they made a deal that the nobles would have unlimited regional power and no taxes in return for reducing power for Estates General - mercantilism to build up their economy

Cromwell's Rule

In 1649, Cromwell abolishes monarchy, house of lords and becomes a "republic" or "commonwealth" -Becomes military dictator -Suppresses rebellion in Ireland (Ireland still mentions its brutality to this day...) - his rule is very conservative and oppressive with censorship heavily imposed. Overall strict Calvinist society. - he didn't like working with Parliament so he dissolved it? BRO DIDN'T YOU SEE WHAT HAPPENED TO CHARLES YOU LITERALLY CAPTURED HIM AT LEAST TWICE This man is soooo contradictory smh

Reign of Louis XIV : Daily Life at Versailles

In 1660, Louis decided to convert a hunting lodge into a chateau 🔜 in 1668 Versailles was open! Versailles served a myriad of purposes (home, office, court, entertainment, center for political strategy, and overall, a symbol for an absolute state) The court of Louis XIV set the standard for other rules: - life became a court ceremony + the King had almost no privacy bc he was followed around and doted on by a group of nobles who did demeaning things like dressing the King, but these actions actually served as a prerequisite for noble titles and positions that only the King could grant - court etiquette was very complex: nobles and princes were arranged in elaborate seniority and expected to follow certain rules of precedence (such as sitting in very specific chairs with the example of Philip of Orléans, Louis's brother, who canceled his trip to Versailles because Louis wouldn't let him sit in an armchair but rather only offered him a stool lmaooo) - numerous forms of entertainment: walks, boating trips, performances, ballets, etc Three evenings per week, there was a 7pm-10pm lawn show held where Louis was "at home" in his court with relaxed etiquette - fashion was elaborate and expensive, and one could never be seen wearing the same outfit twice (consisting of pears, silk, lace, embroidery, buttons, and anything else that is intricate and shows wealth) Essentially, the King had all the nobility at Versailles wrapped around his finger and kept them so busy (and drained their wallets with all the expensive fashion) that they could not possibly plan a coup or assassination

Charles I of England

King of England 1625-1649; He believed in the Divine Right of Kings, had numerous conflicts with Parliament; fought wars with France, Spain, and Scotland; eventually provoked Civil War, convicted of treason, and beheaded. Not to be rude or anything but why instead of sailing around the coasts for 30 years trying to collect money COULDN'T HE HAVE JUST DONE SOMETHING USEFUL AND LISTEN TO PARLIAMENT LIKE YOU'RE GONNA HAVE TO CALL EM BACK EVENTUALLY HE WAS LIKE: "Hey guys! I know it's been awhile but I was wondering if you could give me your money?" Parliament was like: " BFFR BE FU- "

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) - Cavalier parliament strong in his gov - controversial bc apparently he was sympathetic to Catholics (his brother James II is Catholic) - Issued in 1672 the Declaration of Indulgence (a document that suspended English laws against Roman Catholics and Protestant non-conformists aka Puritans)

CHECKPOINT #3

Last one you got this! Get up and stretch, drink some water, then go go go!

Reign of Louis XIV : Religious Policy

Louis did not want Protestants in a Catholic France (had the mentality of "one king. one law. one faith") so in 1685 he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (revoked Edict of Nantes + enabled the destruction of Huguenot churches and schools) - it is estimated that 200,000 Huguenots sought asylum in England, the Netherlands, and Germany, but France gained an influx of English and Irish refugees so the economy remained relatively stable

Reign of Louis XIV : Financial Issues

Louis was very extravagant and built Versailles partially as a demonstration of wealth, wanted to maintain court with money, and perused war which made monarchy need a lot of money as well Jean Baptiste Colbert - the controller general of finances who sought to expand the French economy through mercantilism (wanted to increase exports and decrease imports ya feel 💶 📈 🗣) Colbert also... - invited Venetian glass makers + Flemish clothmakers to France - made instructions for regulating the quality of goods - oversaw the training of workers - granted privileges to people who established new industries (tax exemption, loans, subsidies) - built roads and canals to improve communication + transportation of goods - raised tariffs on foreign goods to try to stimulate internal economic growth and to create a merchant marine to carry French goods While given credit for developing the French manufacturing industry, historians wonder how helpful/useful his policies actually were lol (regulations were evaded, tariffs brought foreign retaliation, the French entered trade competition way too late, etc), plus his and Louis policies were expensiveeee which overwhelmed peasants with taxes

Reign of Louis XIV : Wars

Louis's reign is characterized by war (and debt ❤️). Under the secretary of war François-Michel le Tellier, France had an army of 100,000 in peace and 400,000 during war. King Louis waged four wars between 1667-1713: 1) In 1667 Louis decided to invade the Spanish Netherlands and the region of Franche-Comté (part of modern-day France but in this period it was under Spanish control) bc why not? Turns out this was not appreciated so the Tripple Alliance of the Dutch, English, and Swedes made France sue for peace in 1668 (but they got to keep a couple of towns #WorthIt 💪 ) 2) Butttt the French are petty and never forgave the Dutch for that so in 1672 they isolated them with some success but these victories then made Brandenburg, Spain, and the HRE (why is this country still here?) formed a group that forced Louis to end the war at Nimwegen (a city in the Netherlands). They got Franche-Comté from Spain tho 3) France wasn't scared of the HRE so decided to annex Alsace and Lorraine then occupied Strasbourg which was met with so much backlash that the formation of the League of Augsburg (Spain, HRE, Dutch, Swedes, and Engslish) occurred and fought France from 1689-1697 ending with the Treaty of Ryswick that made Louis give up most of his conquests except for parts of Strasbourg and Alace 4) War of Spanish Succession 1702-1713 was fought over the succession of the Spanish throne after Charles II died and left the throne to child Philip V. There was a ✨suspicion✨ that France and Spain would merge countries, so a coalition of England, Netherlands, Hapsburg Austria, and Germany formed and tried to stop the merging/seizing of land in both the Old and New World (a memorable defeat = 1704 Blenheim by allied troops who demolished the French lol). At the end of the war, the Peace of Utrecht in 1713 + Rastatt in 1714 Treaties confirmed that Philip V was the Spanish ruler + affirmed they would remain separate from the French. But, the Spanish Netherlands, Milan, and Naples were all given to Austria, Brandenberg-Prussia gained more territory, and England got Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay

Duke of Alva (1508-1582)

Military leader sent by Phillip II to "pacify" the Netherlands, establishes the Council of Troubles/Blood

Levellers

Radical group for free speech, religious toleration, democratic republic, voting rights, annual Parliament, gender equality, and government programs for the poor - Cromwell smashed them by force 😔

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Religious conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics resulting in Henry of Navarre taking the throne as Henry IV. - officially began when the Guise family massacred Huguenots at Vassay, but Huguenots held their own despite being a smaller minority than Catholics - besides the obvi divide of religion, another factor that drove the war was resentment of the growing monarchy/attempts at centralization (both peasants and nobles alike were opposed to this)

Les Intendants

Royal officials sent to provinces for financial reasons and strengthened the central administration. Got in many disputes with provincial governors but won them #slay 💅 - Richelieu's financial system was very inefficient and tbh corrupt which didn't help the preexisting debt so the taille (the french tax from last unit) got increased so the people were upset and then Richelieu was like "do I look like I care " and spent MORE of their money trying to weaken the Hapsburgs

Great Northern War (1700-1721)

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea

The Spanish Armada (1588)

Spain was soooo over Lizzie She kept telling Francis Drake to sink their ships, increasingly started showing outward support for the Netherlands, she was Protestant unlike England's previous ruler/Philip's ex-wife, and then she executed Mary of Scots 😱 Spain saw overthrowing England as cleansing heresy/an act of God so Philip II rendez-vous'ed with the Duke of Parma in Flanders and brought both Spanish and Dutch fleets to the English channel... only to lose severely The Spanish only had huge immobile commerce ships meant for the New World, whereas the English had nimble warships as well as a secret weapon called "The Hellfire" where they would set an old/rusty ship on fire and send it directly into the Spanish fleets so they would disperse and be uncoordinated. Also, the English armory and weaponry slayed (literally 👀) The defeat of the Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire and appointed the English as the "masters of the sea"

The Thirty Years War Stage One: Bohemian (1618-1625)

The "Spark" of the war = The Defenestration of Prague (aka someone got thrown tf out of a window) - as Ferdinand started closing Protestant Churches in Bohemia, Protestant officials were like "um no" and conferred in Prague to meet with Hapsburg officials... the meeting does not go well ❤️ - The Protestant officials accused Habsburg officials of violating the 1609 imperial decree by Emperor Rudolf II (which granted local religious liberty), and then Hapsburg officials got thrown out the window honestly I'm kinda here for it 💅 #TeamProtestant But what's kinda awkward is that the Hapsburg representative survives the 70ft drop due to the angled wall of the building as well as a pile of manure below him... so this does in fact lead to a civil war between the Catholic League & the Protestant Union in Bohemia In 1618, Ferdinand II is deposed from his position, and the crown is offered to Frederick V (Elector Palatine and a Calvinist!) with the hope of help from Frederick V's relatives Hungarians also in revolt against Habsburgs bc why not Ferdinand II/Catholics will be victorious (I'm assuming this is referring to the Hungarian revolt?) - Ferdinand receives help from Spanish Habsburgs - Also uses mercenary armies (generals looking to gain land) Battle of White Mountain = the most decisive battle for Catholic forces. - ome fighting continues, but war stays in favor of Catholics. - Frederick V flees to Belgium, and protestant noble land seized - Ferdinand II wipes out Protestant areas & brings in Spanish Jesuits - Bohemia comes Catholic, completely! (not to be a language nerd or anything, but the word for window in French is "fenêtre" so the word "Defenestration" is basically saying "De-window-ing" lol)

The Book of Common Prayer

The Anglican service book of the Church of England (You'll need to know this not only for the Act of Uniformity, but also causes behind the English Civil War #foreshadowing 👀)

The Thirty Years War : Background Information/Contextualization

The Holy Roman Empire = a loose confederation of hundreds of German states (some Czech + French ones too but mostly German) - religion more of a tie than language - seldom worked together unless it was against a foreign enemy (ex: the Ottomans) or to limit the power of the Holy Roman Emperor, but besides these exceptions, there were hundreds of princes each with their own agenda - the emperor was elected by seven distinct electors, and the emperor was almost always from the house of Hapsburg (Spain + Austria) - France benefitted from a weak HRE - the origins of the Protestant Reformation are here - catholic church land in Protestant kingdoms seized & secularized. - reformation leads to religious warfare between Lutherans & Catholics - The Peace of Augsburg (1555) helps partially settle religious tension with the rule that each ruler/kingdom may decide which religion they want to practice AND the peace also prohibits the additional seizure of Catholic land (but will this be enforced? the answer is no ❤️) then... things get interesting - Charles V abdicated/relinquished his position as emperor, and the realms are divided between his son Philip II (Spain, Spanish Netherlands, and overseas colonies) and his brother Ferdinand II (modern-day Austria, Bohemia, and will be elected Holy Roman Emperor) - Jesuits start gaining converts, and tensions start resurfacing - Calvinism has also grown significantly but because this occurred after the Peace of Augsburg it is not recognized which does not help the already growing religious divides - By 1612, 2 out of the 3 Protestant electors for the Holy Roman Emperor are Calvinist Two camps form: The Protestant Union (1608) The Catholic League (1609) The goal of both? No religious advancement for the other. In 1617, Ferdinand II (a fierce Catholic) becomes the new king of Bohemia as well as gains jurisdiction over several Lutheran, Calvinist, & Hussite areas... He is also elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619

Toleration Act 1689

The Toleration Act of 1689 extended a degree of freedom of worship to all Christians (except Catholics rip), although dissenters from the established church still had few political rights.

Elizabethan Settlement (1559)

The attempt by Elizabeth to settle England's religious problems through compromise: Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were still allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately - the Puritans (members of the Anglican church inspired by Calvinist ideology to cleanse any aspect of Catholocism from their church) were NOT having this tho, and strongly opposed the settlement

Glorious Revolution (1688)

The bloodless coup and peaceful transfer of power in 1688 in England when James II (a Catholic) gave up the throne and his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange (of the Netherlands.) - both Protestants - replaced James II to reign jointly. No Catholic monarch has reigned in England since.

The Triennial Act of 1640 best reflects which of the following historical developments? A) A power strong between the monarchy and aristocracy B) The constitutional monarchy of England C) The symbiotic relationship between the Parliament and the King D) The absolute power possessed by the King of England.

The correct answer is A !

The map most directly reflects which of the following historical developments? A) The Expansion of the Thirty Year's War B) The Peace of Augsburg C) The One-Hundred-Year's War D) The Defenestration of Prague

The correct answer is A ! If you look closely on the map after "Dominion of the House of Hapsburgs" it reads "In Europe at the Abdication of Charles V"

The passage above could best be described as a monarch's attempt to: A) assuage religious differences in order to increase power B) assuage political differences in order to increase power C) use religious tolerance in order to increase power D) deny religious freedom in order to increase power

The correct answer is A ! Queen Lizzie is addressing the Catholics and saying that she knows to them her father's actions were heretical, but that they need to stop defying her or she's gonna punish them

This drawing is an example of a charivari, or a public shaming, whose purpose was to... A) Reinforce Gender Roles and to Impose Communal Values B) Make an Individual more Pious, Obedient, and more Reluctant to Criticize the Clergy C) Promote Later Marriages so that Young People were Financially Stable and Able to Start a Family D) Bring About Economic Changes In the Community

The correct answer is A ! This is because the purpose of charivaris was to "blow off some steam" and to reinforce societal norms

Which of the following actions of Louis XIV most clearly reflect the description of the passage? A) The building of Versailles B) The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes C) The use of intendants D) The waging of war against the Dutch

The correct answer is B ! By revocating religious toleration in France, Louis XIV hoped to end religious differences that would lead to his downfall (unite France under one religion!)

Which contemporary of Louis XIV, because of similar threats he faced to his accession to the throne as a boy, became an absolute ruler and built his nation into a military power that threatened the balance of power in Europe? A) Frederick Wilhelm I B) Peter I C) Charles VI D) George I

The correct answer is B ! Peter and Louis are similar in many ways, I believe we went over this a little in class as well!

Mazarin's concerns help explain which of the following historical trends? A) Why France ultimately became a republic B) Why - following the 30 Years War - the Bourbon monarch was forced to engage in such passive foreign policy C) Why many French nobles had converted to Protestantism in the 16th century D) Why there were such rapid turnover of French kings

The correct answer is C ! After narrowing your answer options down to A and C, but the reasoning that C triumphs is that nobles would resist the monarch by opposing them religiously (rebellious nobility), whereas for a rebellion could lead to a republic but this is not certain

The passage above MOST represents the political philosophy of A) John Locke B) Thomas Hobbes C) Bishop Jacques Bousset D) Sir Thomas More

The correct answer is C ! Bishop Jacques Bousset was a leading Divine Rights Theorist, and no other option supports this theory Side Note: If you're in 6th hour, Thomas More is the guy Miguel started playing jail harmonica music for since he spent so much time writing in prison 😀

(Thomas) Hobbes' book is one of the earliest, clearest statements on the concept of government as a social contract. In his work, he was attempting to establish a theory of legitimate central government based on which of the following: A) Divine Right B) Medieval Saxon or Germanic Custom C) A secular and rational reason for the state D) Papel decrees and ecclesiastic law

The correct answer is C ! Hobbes bases his arguments on rationality/logic (known for his use of "rational imagination") PS: Hobbes had little use of divine right as a means to justify state power because he was agnostic :)

The point of view of Adolphus' speech is indicative of a continuation of which of the following? A) The continuous demand for politiques as advisers to monarchs B) The expansion of mercantilism as a means of economic growth in nations C) The ongoing strife between Catholics and Protestants after the Reformation D) The belief in absolute monarchs as Defenders of Faith

The correct answer is C ! Religion was a large factor behind the outbreak of the 30 Year's War and one of the main reasons Adolphus joined as well.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

The edict of Henry IV acknowledging Catholicism as the official religion of France, but also granting Huguenots the rights of public worship in select places per district, allowed pre-existing Calvinist fortified towns to remain for protection, and retained political privileges. - established religious toleration in France

The Acts of Supremacy

The first Act of Supremacy (1534) was an act of the Parliament of England under Henry VIII declaring that he was 'the only supreme head on earth of the Church in England'. Started and separated the Anglican Church from the Catholic Church and put the king as the head. Followed by Edward VI, but repealed by Mary I, who was Catholic. The second Act of Supremacy (1559) reinstated the first after Anglican Elizabeth I took the throne. - but, Lizzie did NOT say she was the head of the Church because she was trying to appease Catholics and religious divide in general

La Fronde

The first one was from 1648-1649 by Parliament nobles (known as "nobles of the robe", or the inferior noble group) and the second one was from 1650-1652 by medieval/generational wealth nobles, both groups of nobility wanted their power back! - Louis XIV was traumatized by La Fronde because when he was very little somebody broke into the castle and wanted to hurt him and his family

King Philip II of Spain

The greatest advocate for active and militant Catholicism of his time! - expanded royal power by centralizing monarchy (did almost every little detail by himself) - wanted to make Spain a powerhouse through New World resources + commerce but the influx of silver actually depreciated the price #RIP... and war costs didn't exactly help the economy - The Spanish viewed themselves as a nation divinely chosen to save Catholocism from Protestant heretics Philip II is the son of Charles V (Hapsburg fam ) and consolidated the land inherited from his father which included Spain and the Netherlands He is known as the King of Spain from 1556-1598, but he was also the King of... Portugal from 1580-1598 Naples and Sicily from 1554-1598 * He was also the jure uxoris King of England and Ireland from his marriage to Queen Mary I in 1554 until her death in 1558, and was the Duke of Milan for a hot sec starting in 1540. From 1555, he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. Factors behind the Spanish Armada were that he wanted to invade England to convert it back to Catholic and believed the English would rise up to help him defeat their own queen...yikes

The Principality of Moscow

The region around the Russian capital city of Moscow. It is considered to be the place where modern Russia began to grow into a nation

James VI of Scotland / I of England

The son of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, he succeeded Queen Lizzie as James I of England. He was not popular and was an outsider (knew nothing about England + believed in absolute power) - alienated Parliament which was not a good idea for him bc then they started rejecting requests for money needed to increase the government - his religious policy also angered the puritans because he supported the Anglican Church (lowkey making it more Catholic) not because he was Anglican but because they supported him lol (the gentry aka well-off landowners right below the nobility level were puritan so that was unwise)

Whigs and Tories

These were the two parties in the Parliament: 1) The Whigs were mostly liberal and wanted change (English political party for constitutional monarchism and opposed to absolute rule) 2) The Tories wanted to keep the government as it was (English political party for monarchism and are conservative Anglicans usually)

ALBERT TIMEEEE

These will be selected at random but lmk if there are any in particular you want me to add!

Act of Uniformity (1559)

This act mandated a revised version of the second "Book of Common Prayer" for every Anglican parish. - revisions included some Catholic alterations and 39 articles that defined theological issues between Lutheranism and Calvinism (tried to avoid extremes so that no group felt alienated)

Reign of Peter the Great

This man was 6'9 hello??? After a trip to Europe from 1648-1649, his biggest goal was to westernize Russia - formed the first Russian navy with 210,000 men with 25-year stints ayoooo that is way too long - reorganized the central gov like the West with a senate, boards, provinces, a police state, and a sense of civic duty - required all nobles to serve in the military/civic office - The Table of Ranks (1722) allowed anyone to join the nobility if they reach the 8th rank (out of 14 btw) - absorbed 4/5 of state revenue for the army/navy and adopted mercantilist policies for economic growth but eventually just raised taxes - want state control over the Orthodox Church so he abolished the patriarch and replaced with a head called the procurator (layman with tsar interests) - adopted Russian customs and practices (no spitting, cut one's beard), and women are overall getting treated better (Peter the Great supports marrying at free will) yayyy - during his reign, Russian serfdom (the majority of the population as the nobility made up maybe 5% of the population) did not improve, but rather worsened Idk why this man had the title "the Great" he was mid at best tbh If you want more info about him go look at the documents in our practice DBQ!

Final straw before the English Civil War broke out 😳

When King Charles I and Archbishop Williams Laud imposed the Anglican Book of Common Prayer in Scotland and after revolts ensued that Charles had no money so he haddddd to call parliament And parliament was fed up (woah shocker!)

Henrietta Maria

Wife of Charles I; the Catholic sister of King Louis XIII of France; laws against Catholicism were not strictly enforced if Charles could marry a Catholic woman

Catherine de Medici

Wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of their father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army, which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

CHECKPOINT #1

You're doing great! Take this time to drink some water and get a snack :) Also not to be a downer, but you should also probably review the Society Readings activity right about now 😬 While you're doing that, here's a fun poem for you: H I P P (by yours truly) H = Help I don't wanna be here I = I can't wait till this test is over P = Please let me get a 5 on the AP exam P = Praying on CollegeBoard's downfall (jk)

The Ottoman Empire

enjoy this photo of an ottoman chair After the fall of Constantinople (1453) the Ottomans tried conquering the Balkans but Hungarians resisted and internal problems slowed the advancement - During the reign of Sultan Suleiman (1520-1566) started advancing again to Belgrade in 1521, Hungary in 1526, and Vienna in 1529 but that last one failed oopsie - huge hold over the Mediterranean even after the fleet was defeated in Lepanto - treated like a European state because wanted trade, a good gov system, a bureaucracy of civic servants and administer state affairs, and organized military janissaries - Christian boys taken from their families → converted to Islam and then rigid military discipline forming 8,000 troops personally loyal to the sultan During the second half of 17-century the Ottomans pushed into Europe only to be escorted out by the Austrians, Poles, Bavarians, and Saxons (never considered a threat to Europe again)

Declaration of Indulgences

pair of proclamations made by James II, granted broad religious freedom in England by suspending penal laws enforcing conformity to the Church of England and allowing persons to worship in their homes or chapels as they saw fit, and it ended the requirement of affirming religious oaths before gaining employment in government office Suspended laws barring Catholics and dissenters from office parliament didn't revolt bc they knew he was old and also his descendants are Protestant