AP Euro Unit 4 Study Guide

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Frederick's concerns expressed in the passage could best be understood as an argument against which of the following developments at the time he wrote his Political Testament?

An increasing emphasis on popular sovereignty in European political thought

Bentham's arguments concerning personal liberty reflect most closely the principles of the

Enlightenment

Which of the following pairs of European rulers is generally identified as "enlightened" monarchs?

Joseph II and Catherine the Great

The passage above best reflects the argument of

Mary Wollstonecraft

Which of the following best explains why Enlightenment thinkers were interested in applying principles from the natural sciences to the interpretation and improvement of social and political institutions?

Natural scientists had developed predictive laws and rigorous methods for understanding natural phenomena.

Descartes' understanding of the human body, as shown in the image, is most similar to which of the following?

Newton's notion of a mechanistic universe

Frederick's testament was most likely intended to justify which of the following?

Prussia's adoption of enlightened absolutism

A historian could best use Herberle's discussion of the comet as evidence for which of the following features of early modern intellectual life?

The persistence of a traditional view of the world as governed by supernatural forces

Which of the following would most directly undermine Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?

The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

The third paragraph was most likely intended to argue in favor of which of the following?

The view that religious belief was a private rather than a public matter

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophes were primarily concerned with

critical and inquiring approaches to knowledge

Galileo was found guilty of heresy and condemned by the Inquisition on the grounds that he

publicly advocated Copernicus' heliocentric system

According to Adam Smith, the "invisible hand" would

reconcile selfish individual interests with general economic benefits

The author of the quotation above was most likely a

ruler influenced by Enlightenment precepts

The change in eighteenth-century thought described in the passage is best understood in the context of

the application of reason and empiricism to human institutions

The development of new political theories in the Enlightenment, such as those of Locke and Rousseau, can be explained as a reaction to

the growth of absolutist forms of government across much of Europe

The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following?

Aristotle

Which of the following activities did Adam Smith believe was most appropriate for a national government?

Defending the state against foreign invasion

In addition to the political pamphlets described in the passage, which of the following did the most to turn public opinion against the Old Regime?

Discussions in French salons and coffeehouses

Voltaire's mockery of the notion of one true religion in the second paragraph of the passage is most directly influenced by which of the following?

Europeans' deeper awareness of the world's cultural diversity, gained through scientific exploration and travelers' accounts

Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claim regarding the motion of the spheres?

Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

The events shown on the maps best illustrate which of the following principles of international diplomacy in early modern Europe?

Maintenance of the balance of power

The child-rearing practice illustrated in the engraving is best explained in the context of which eighteenth-century social change?

The increasing wealth and decreasing infant mortality, particularly in the upper and middle classes

The worldview described in the passage became dominant most likely as a result of which of the following developments?

The spread of printed materials that popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment

The influence of Newton's methodology described in the passage is best understood in the context of which of the following?

The spreading influence of thought associated with the Scientific Revolution.

Copernicus' citation of Cicero and Plutarch was likely intended to counter which of the following ideas?

The use of classical authorities to support traditional views of the natural world

Which of the following developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries best explains why Enlightenment political thinkers called for the expansion of political rights and popular participation in governance?

The Commercial Revolution increased the economic power and influence of a wide segment of European society outside the traditional aristocracy.

Just as the reign of Louis XIV of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of

enlightened monarchy

Hobbes and Rousseau would have agreed that

the state is based on a social contract

The great scientific discoveries of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led European scholars to believe that

the universe was orderly and operated according to fixed rules


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