AP European History Ch. 14 (Multiple-Choice, Terms, and Short Answer)

The church is a spiritual priesthood of all believers, an invisible fellowship not fixed in any place or person.

Protestants held that church is a?

E) (confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.)

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a A) mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers. B) withdrawal from the world of business and politics. C) mass exodus from the city of Geneva. D) fashion for astrology. E) confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

Union of Utrecht

the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

pluralism

the clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each

C) (was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.)

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans. B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity. C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. D) favored Catholics over Protestants. E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England.

D) (the heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine.)

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on all of the following EXCEPT A) the immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy. B) the ignorance of priests who were barely literate and merely mumbled the Mass in memorized latin. C) the pluralism of clerics who held several different church offices and collected their revenues. D) the heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine. E) the absenteeism of clerics who seldom visited the regions or religious houses under their authority.

penance

a Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution; "indulgences undermined the sacrament... competing with the preaching of the Gospel and downplayed the importance of charity in Christian life" --Luther; voluntary self-punishment inflicted as an outward expression of repentance for having done wrong

iconoclasm

is the destruction of religious icons and other images or monuments for religious or political motives, refers to aggressive statements or actions against any well-established status quo (i.e. in the Netherlands: Calvinist men and women break stained-glass windows, remove statues, and carry off devotional altarpieces, many mobs

Yes, he was able to limit their Protestant impact since he had grown up there and had influence over the Netherlands, but when power was transferred to his son Phillip II, Protestant ideas began to spread rapidly.

Did Charles V control the Netherlands?

B) (The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.)

How widespread was the influence of the Inquisition? A) The Inquisition was filled with internal rivalries and conflicts that prevented it from effectively working outside of a few famous cases. B) The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere. C) The Inquisition had considerable success in all Catholic lands where political leaders supported it. D) The Inquisition became a powerful and effective force throughout Catholic lands. E) The Inquisition's success at rooting out heresy was so effective that many Protestant leaders invited it to work in Protestant lands.

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

What was an indulgence?

E) (to side with the peasants.)

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. B) to undertake penance for the peasants' sins. C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a crusade against the Turks. D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. E) to side with the peasants.

Spanish Armada

the fleet sent by Phillip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

Religious authority came from the Bible alone.

For Protestants, religious authority came from?

E) (prevent Charles V from increasing his power.)

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism. B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany. C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine. D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs. E) prevent Charles V from increasing his power.

B) (Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.)

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women? A) Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life. B) Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women. C) Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literature, which were denied to them in the convent. D) Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role. E) Upper-class women were able to take administrative abilities developed in the monasteries into the royal courts and bureaucracies.

E) (To secure reconciliation with the Protestants.)

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent? A) To eliminate the Bohemian church. B) To reinforce the power of monarchs. C) To recognize bishops as completely independent of secular rulers. D) To expand noble authority as counterweight to monarchs. E) To secure reconciliation with the Protestants.

E) (the entire community of Christian believers.)

Luther believed that the church consisted of A) the entire body of clergy. B) the elect. C) all those who supported his views. D) the saints and Christ, not human beings. E) the entire community of Christian believers.

C) (a lengthy civil war.)

The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre led to A) the end of Protestant power in France. B) new efforts to bring civil order to France. C) a lengthy civil war. D) an international peace conference. E) a new spirit of cooperation between Protestants and Catholics.

C) (the Habsburg-Valois Wars.)

The treaty of Cateu-Cambresis ended the conflict known as the A) War of the Roses. B) Hundred Year's War. C) Habsburg-Valois Wars. D) Thirty Years' War. E) War of the Spanish Succession.

It ended the religious war in Germany for many decades and created peace in the empire, but left a divided church and faiths with Protestants and Catholics across the Roman Empire.

What is the Peace of Augsburg?

E) (They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.)

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft? A) They were found guilty and executed. B) They were found innocent and exonerated of any wrongdoing. C) They were found guilty and their property seized. D) They were found guilty and sold into slavery. E) They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

The power of indulgences, their harm to faith and teaching.

What were the 95 Theses about?

Baptism and the Eucharist (were the two sacraments Protestants believed in). (Ref: p. 412, 3rd paragraph @ end)

Which two sacraments did Protestants believe in?

Jesuits

members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.

predestination

the teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose not the merit of works.

Christian life rested on the Scriptures and the sole basis of religious truth and the pure words of God. He, like Luther, agreed that God initiates salvation.

What was Zwingli's belief about salvation?

At the Colloquy of Marburg, they tried to unite the Protestants who viewed Luther's ideas and Zwingli's, but were unable to resolve the differences between the two Protestant views.

What was decided at the Colloquy of Marburg?

When the Lutherans developed a statement of faith at the Imperial Diet in 1530 at Augsburg, basically confessing their faith and causing a war between the Protestants and Catholics, and more specifically Charles V, who launched a war against them (at first was successful, but his support dwindled leading him to sign the Peace of Augsburg).

What was the Augsburg Confession?

A general council, which met intermittently from 1545-1563 at Trent, an imperial city near Italy and called to reform the Church and try to secure reconciliation with Protestants.

What was the Council of Trent?

Women who were viewed as maker and easily giving in to an offer by the Devil, were often perceived as What group of people were usually accused of being witches.witches, ultimate heretics, enemies of God. With the Reformation came a rise in the witchcraft trials which began before the Reformation and was specifically common in the 1560s.There was also a general nen.

Why was there a rise in Witch trails in the 16th and 17th centuries?

Holy Office

the official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.

He (and Zwingli) knew that all individuals, religious leaders, and political authorities would have to accept their Protestant ideas. Luther lived in a territory (Wittenberg) where he worked closely with political authorities (German princes), viewing them as fully justified in asserting control over the church in their territories. They were the reformers that would reeducate the territory's clergy, sponsor public sermons, and confiscate church property, etc.

Explain Luther's work with political authorities.

A) (a body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva.)

The Consistory was A) a body of laymen and pastors who led Geneva. B) the intellectual leaders of the Reformation. C) those individuals chosen for salvation. D) all Protestants. E) the elected ministers of the church.

A) (an accuser could be sued if charges were not proven.)

The inquisitorial legal procedure differed from the accusatorial legal procedure in all of the following ways except A) an accuser could be sued if charges were not proven. B) a suspect would not be told the charges against him. C) people were more willing to make accusations since the authorities would bring the cases publicly. D) intense questioning of the suspect occurred. E) the subject could be tortured.

1) clerical immorality 2) clerical ignorance 3) clerical pluralism

Give three problems of the clergy in the 16th century.

E) (The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.)

How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire? A) Individual parishes selected their leaders, who would decide whether to reform the parish. B) Local religious councils determined whether or not to embrace reform. C) Individual priests decided whether or not to embrace the Reform movement and introduce new doctrines and practices. D) Individual Christians responded to the call for reform and then required local religious officials to adopt the Reform movement. E) The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

E) (spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.)

In Hungary, Lutheranism was A) embraced by the high nobility as attacking their clerical rivals. B) destroyed by Turks when they seized control of the realm. C) rejected by nearly all people as a heresy of the hated Germans. D) widely adopted as a symbols of anti-Habsburg sentiment. E) spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

A) (opposed to human nature and God's commandments.)

Luther viewed celibacy as A) opposed to human nature and God's commandments. B) the ideal act of spiritual devotion. C) required for all Lutheran pastors. D) a gift only the spiritually mature could enjoy. E) undermining efforts to expand population.

A) (appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.)

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany A) appealed to the national sentiment of German princes. B) were met with dismay by the ruling elite. C) led to administrative reform in the empire. D) found an audience only among the peasantry. E) are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.

D) (granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.)

The Edict of Nantes A) permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continued to pay taxes to the Catholic church. B) ordered all French Huguenots to convert to Catholicism or leave France. C) required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king. D) granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns. E) permitted each French nobleman to determine the religion for his territory.

C) (popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.)

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to A) the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. B) the popularity of John Calvin. C) popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation. D) popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. E) the piety of Teresa of Avila.

A) (the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.)

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A) the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. B) the missionary activity of the Lollards. C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. D) efforts by Luther and his followers. E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism.

A) (resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.)

The dissolution of the English monasteries A) resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. B) resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. C) deeply disturbed the English upper classes. D) was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. E) was reversed by Elizabeth I.

D) (to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.)

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was A) institutional reform. B) reconciliation with Protestantism. C) to combat heresy and Protestantism. D) to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity. E) conversion of Asians and Africans.

Those rulers who sacrificed religious principles to political necessity of country, finding a "happy medium" of sorts between religions (Catholic and Protestant)

What is a politique?

Salvation came through faith, a free gift of God's grace.

What was Luther's belief about salvation?

B) (Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.)

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms? A) Luther obtained permission to continue to call for reform as long as he remained loyal to papal authority. B) Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices. C) Luther guaranteed the personal protection of the emperor for the rest of his life as long as he remained within imperial lands. D) Luther was granted permission to call for church reform of institutional corruption as long as he accepted official papal doctrine. E) Luther was granted permission to challenge church teachings as long as he remained submissive to the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.

Luther initially sided with the peasants, blasting the lords for robbing their subjects of fake salvation, but after the rebellion of peasants and the great massacres and fights and the number who died, his support dwindled. He felt that the rebellion would ruin civil society and would hurt very many, with which he tried to prevent, denouncing the peasants instead with his pen and words.

How did Luther respond to the German Peasants' War?

B) (Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.)

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor? A) Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind. B) Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified. C) Work marked the duty to which God called the unlearned, freeing the superior minds to contemplation. D) Hard work was the duty of criminals and non-Christians so that Christians could pursue holiness. E) All were called to hard work in fields in order to keep them in contact with God's creation.

A) (Ursuline Order.)

A new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the A) Ursuline Order. B) Society of Jesus. C) Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. D) Colloquy of Marburg. E) Evangelines.

D) (became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.)

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany A) remained Catholics. B) were able to practice the religion of their choice. C) converted to Lutheranism. D) became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince. E) threw off the papal yoke.

Huguenots

French Calvinistsd

After being unable to unify his empire under one faith/religion (Catholicism), he gave up fighting and basically "retired" giving his power and land over to Phillip II, his son, and his brother, Ferdinand.

How did Charles V's reign end? Who ruled the Holy Roman Empire after Charles V?

They both believed CELIBACY went AGAINST human nature and God's commandments, and that MARRIAGE BROUGHT spiritual advantages so it was ideal for all humans.

How did Luther and Zwingli view a priest or nun's vow of celibacy?

The printing press made quick copies and distributions of the 95 Theses, spreading Protestantism quicker than it would have before, especially to the educated.

How did the printing press contribute to the Protestant Reformation?

A) (failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.)

The Colloquy of Marburg A) failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist. B) established the basic tenants of Catholic reform in opposition to the Protestant Reform movement. C) created the basic tenets of Calvinism that could then be adopted to specific national contexts. D) required all Protestants to adopt a common reformed liturgy and standards for clerical behavior. E) identified Luther's teachings as heretical and called for the elimination of all who embraced his ideas.

Pope Leo X (authorized the sale of a special Saint Peter's indulgence to finance his building plans in Rome).

What Pope authorized the sale of a special Saint Peter's indulgence to finance his building plans in Rome?

B) (Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.)

What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged? A) Luther did not need political support and, therefore was able to develop his ideas without political interference. B) Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works. C) Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms. D) Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas. E) Luther's friendship with the pope offered him protection from his religious enemies during the crucial early years of the Reform movement.

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

What did the Edict of Nantes do?

The hierarchical elements, elaborate services, special robes, great monasteries, etc. were elements kept by the Anglican Church from the Catholic Church, although it was more Protestant by definition.

What elements of the Catholic Church are retained by the Anglican Church?

Educated people, many humanists, scholars, political leaders, and later even peasants with the general anticlericalism of the time

What group of people found Protestantism appealing?

Women because they were viewed as weaker, easily giving.

What group of people were usually accused of being witches.

The princes "protested" the decision of the Catholic majority. (Ref: p. 412, 2nd paragraph @ middle)

What happened at the Diet of Speyer in 1529?

Luther was called by Roman Emperor Charles V and a council, to recant his works in front of Charles V and nobility.

What happened at the Diet of Worms?

An office held by the clergy, where they performed spiritual responsibilities.

What is a benefice?

The Book of Common Prayer was published during Edward VI's reign in England and was written by Thomas Cranmer regarding the order of all services and prayers in the Church of England.

What was the Book of Common Prayer?

A massive rebellion that proved to be the largest in English history, regarding a popular opposition in the north toward religious changes in England and the Anglican church.

What was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

A fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

What was the Spanish Armada?

A treaty between France and Spain in 1559 which ended the long conflict known as the Habsburg-Valois Wars.

What was the treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?

A firm believer in Calvinisim, he felt Phillip II's "pacification" of the Protestant faith as a ruthless extermination of religious and political dissidents.

Who was the Duke of Alva?

French Calvinists.

Who were the Huguenots?

transubstantiation

a dogma held by Catholicism, by the consecrating words of the priest during the Mass, the bread and wine become the actual body and blood of Christ.

purgatory

a place where souls on their way to Heaven went to make further amends for their earthly sins.

During Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)'s reign England witnessed a sharp move back to Catholicism. Mary Tudor married Phillip II of Spain (her cousin) and executed hundreds of Protestants--alienating her subjects.

Characterize the reign of Mary Tudor.

John Calvin's basic cornerstone of theology was his belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and total weakness of humanity.

What were the basic theological arguments of John Calvin?

Edict of Nantes

a document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists.

politiques

moderates of both religious faiths who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

anticlericalism

opposition to clergy.

D) (They held strong anti-German feelings.)

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement? A) They were exempt from most church taxes. B) They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy. C) They believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith. D) They held strong anti-German feelings. E) They opposed the idea of the priesthood of all believers.

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

B) (Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.)

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers? A) Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular rulers must be obeyed and respected no matter what their religious beliefs. B) Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly. C) Lutherans taught opposition to ungodly leaders while Calvinists taught obedience to all secular authorities. D) Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular leaders who violated the laws of nature must be opposed, while all others must be obeyed. E) Lutherans and Calvinists believed that all secular leaders who were ungodly must be opposed.

Catholics and Protestants became divided during the time when the French were fighting with the Holy Roman Empire in Italy, and as a result the Catholic church and the unification of the empire/country was impossible for Charles V, who ended up signing the Peace of Augsburg, enabling either Protestant or Catholic faiths and religions to be practiced. He then gave up his land and power to his son and brother.

What were the results of the results of the Habsburg-Valois wars?

D) (Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.)

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation? A) Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated faith. B) Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments. C) Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save. D) Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace. E) Salvation came through priestly intercession with God on behalf of the sinner.

The heir to a vast and incredibly diverse collection of states and people each governed in a different manner, but held only together by the Roman Empire and the emperor, Charles V himself.

Who was Charles V?

Queen of the Scots, Mary was Elizabeth's cousin, a Catholic, next in line to the English throne, and targeted to overthrow Elizabeth I, which is why she was eventually executed when implicated in a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth.

Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?

A) (Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.)

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed? A) Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth. B) Elizabeth executed Mary to demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism. C) Mary had married Philip II of Spain against Elizabeth's wishes. D) Elizabeth resented Mary's beauty and ability to dominate men. E) Mary had led Scottish troops against England in order to seize the throne.

Henry VIII wanted an annulment with Catherine of Aragon, a devout Catholic and daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, because they failed to produce any male heirs, but the Catholic Church refused, so Henry VIII broke away from the church (creating the Anglican church, he also had six wives)

Why did Henry VIII break from the Catholic Church?

C) (Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God.)

Why did John Calvin reject the idea of human free will? A) Human free will would undermine the idea of human sinfulness. B) Human free will would eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings. C) Human free will would detract from the sovereignty of God. D) Human free will would undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ. E) Human free will would detract from the authority of the church.

B) (Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.)

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce? A) Protestants believed that individuals were responsible for their own salvation. and therefore should be allowed the choice to stay in a marriage or not. B) Protestants viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community. C) Protestants believed that the "priesthood of all believers" required that all be treated equally before the law to make decisions about their marriages. D) Protestants viewed marriage as a temporary arrangement in this world that had no significance for the afterlife. E) Protestants believed the right to divorce in marriage was the equivalent of the idea of spiritual free will.