AP European History: Chapter 18

b

According to the rules of the French Constitution of 1791, "active citizens" were defined as: a. married men with property and family b. men who paid annual taxes equal to three days of labor wages c. men who were landowners and servants or employees under their care d. women and men who paid their taxes and could dmeonstrate an income e. men who could prove their aristocratic or noble status

b

At the heart of the French monarchy's problems in the 18th century was: a. series of conflicts with Spain and Austria b. the government's insufficient income c. a series of failed colonial ventures d. a deep ideological divide in the country e. a split with the Catholic Church

c

During the French Revolution, emigres were: a. foreigners who wanted to join the sans-culottes in the Revolution b. immigrants from the French colonies who sought political refuge in France c. aristocrats who relocated on the French border and tried to stimulate a counterrevolution d. members of the Jacobin group e. women who were denied admission to the Convention

e

Following the end of the Reign of Terror, the Jacobins: a. were summarily executed b. took control of the republic c. were imprisoned d. were made to conform their political views to the more moderate views of the Thermidoreans e. were exiled

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen reflects the 18th-century values of the Enlightenment through its political language. Rousseau believed that women and men should inhabit different spheres. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen clearly outlined that men were made for citizenship and women were destined for motherhood and the domestic life. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen drew directly from Rousseau's Enlightenment ideas of different jobs for each gender.

How does the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen reflect the social and political values of the 18th-century Enlightenment?

The Estates General transformed into the National Assembly because of the cahiers de doleances. For many weeks, the Third Estate held a standoff because they did not want to be a separate order. On June 1, the Third Estate brought several nobles and priests with them to form a new legislative body called the National Assembly. On June 19, the Second Estate also voted to join the Assembly.

How was the Estates General transformed into the National Assembly?

d

Proponents of the "Republic of Virtue" developed their notion of civic virtue from the writings of: a. Montesquieu b. Locke c. Voltaire d. Rousseau e. Diderot

b

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, issued in 1790: a. prohibited the clergy from public worship b. transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the French state c. encouraged members of the clergy to organize their own diocese borders and to handle administrative aspects of the Church independently of the government d. was positively received by the French Church, which welcomed the change e. was designed to increase the number of bishoprics in the country

c

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen established all of the following EXCEPT: a. equality before the law b. proportional taxation c. legal equality of men and women d. presumption of innocence until proof of guilt e. equality of access to public office

a

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was modeled after the: a. American colonies' Declaration of Independence b. Magna Carta c. Declaration of Rights adopted by Virginia d. Tennis Court Oath e. American colonies' 1787 constitution

a

The French Revolution had each of the following effects EXCEPT: a. France was from then on a true democracy b. Europe was plunged into decades of war c. Catholicism in France was seriously challenged d. conscripted armies defeated professionally trained armies e. people of lower birth held wide influence in political and military affairs

c

The founder of the civic religion, the Cult of the Supreme Being, was: a. Montesquieu b. Danton c. Robespierre d. Louis XVI e. Marie Antoinette

c

The most famous political club to emerge from the Estates General was the: a. sans-culottes b. Brotherhood of Paris c. Jacobins d. Liberals e. Committee of Public Safety

b

The result of the Tennis Court Oath was the formation of the: a. sans-culottes b. National Assembly c. Third Estate d. Estates General e. Second Estate

e

The sans-culottes wanted, above all else: a. the return of the monarchy b. democracy c. the right to vote d. tax relief e. relief from food shortages and high prices

The revolution of 1792, or more commonly the Second Revolution, was a series of riots and uprisings by the bourgeoisie. On the 10th of August, 1792, the crowds ran over the Swiss Guards guarding the Tuileries Palace and nearly killed Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI. The uprisings were caused because of the outrageous food shortages, the ongoing political conflict, and the monarchy's neglect for their people.

What was the revolution of 1792 and why did it occur?

The Terror was caused by fear. The French people understood that the new social order put the achievements of the revolution in danger. To stop the fight from going to waste, the politicians silenced the people through terror.

What were the causes of the Terror?

France was not prepared for such a quick and unexpected war. Their unprepared French forces proved to be too weak for the Austrian military. Louis XVI was believed to be a part of a conspiracy with Prussia and Austria.

What were the drawbacks and benefits for France fighting an external war in the midst of a domestic political revolution?

c

Which of the following forced Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to return to Paris from Versailles? a. a destructive fire set by the sans-culottes b. an assassination attempt c. an angry mob of Parisian women d. the Paris Parlement e. the fall of the Bastille

a

Which of the following groupings represents the membership of the First, Second, and Third Estates, respectively? a. clergy, nobility, commercial/professional middle-class b. nobility, clergy, commercial/professional middle-class c. commercial/professional middle-class, nobility, clergy d. commercial/professional middle-class, clergy, nobility e. clergy, commercial/professional middle-class, nobility

The sans-culottes were shopkeepers, artisans, wage earners, and factory workers. This group was more radical than the Jacobins and the Girondists. Their already difficult lives became harder because of the constant food shortages and the revolutionary inflation. They were anti-monarchy and strongly republican. Their influence was most important in Paris where they gained experience in the meetings of the Paris sections. Their work eventually overthrew the monarchy.

Who were the sans-culottes and how did they become a factor in the politics of the period?

Revolutionaries believed that war would unify France and was an effective way to spread the ideas of revolution throughout France. The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria in 1792. They did poorly at first but became successful as the war progressed.

Why did France go to war with Austria in 1792?

The Jacobins and the sans-culottes cooperated at first because they wanted to overthrow the monarchy. These extreme Jacobins were called the Mountain because their seats were high up in Assembly Hall. They were more willing to cooperate with these popular forces than the Girondists were.

Why did the sans-culottes and the Jacobins cooperate at first?

The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was the major blunder of the National Constituent Assembly. The Constitution transformed the Roman Catholic Church of France into a secular state and made bishops salaried employees of that state. The number of bishops drastically decreased. It worsened relations between the French Church and the new secular state. The Assembly required all the clergy to obey the constitution but only 7 bishops and less than half of the clergy did so. The Assembly removed those who did not from their positions.

Why has the Civil Constitution been called the major blunder of the National Constituent Assembly?

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

a law passed by the Assembly in July 1790 that transformed the Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the secular state and provided for the election of pastors and bishops, who became employees of the state

Chapelier Law

a law passed by the Assembly in June 1791 that banned worker's associations

Girondists

a less radical offshoot of the Jacobins that sought war with Austria in order to preserve the revolution and decrease the king's power

Estates General

a medieval legislative assembly of the different estates of French society that was called in 1789 to address the financial crisis

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

a statement of broad political principles issued by the National Constituent Assembly in August 1789; these included the natural rights of liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, as well as equal rights under the law, due process of law, and freedom of religion

cahiers de doleances

lists of grievances that were brought by representatives of the estates to the Estates General; included criticisms of government waste, indirect taxes, and church corruption

Edmund Burke

the British statesman who condemned the French Revolution and predicted much of the turmoil and violence that was yet to come in France

5 Person Directory

the executive body that was created by the Constitution of the Year III

Louis XVI

the king of France from 1774-1792 who was overthrown and eventually executed during the French Revolution

bastille

the medieval fortress and political prison in Paris that was stormed by angry protesters on July 14, 1789

emigres

the name for aristocrats who left France during the French Revolution and sought to encourage counterrevolution

Parisian Women's March on Versailles

the name of the event in October 1789 in which thousands of Parisian women marched to Versailles and demanded that the king and queen move back to Paris

The Night of August 4, 1789

the name of the event in which members of the nobility and clergy rose in the National Assembly and renounced their rights and privileges; afterwards, all French citizens were subject to the same and equal laws

The Great Fear

the name of the event in which peasants in the countryside destroyed the property of the nobility and attempted to take possession of the land

National Assembly

the new legislative body created by the members of the Third Estate and eventually joined by the Second Estate and some priests

Maximilian Robespierre

the person who emerged as the dominant figure on the Committee of Public Safety and who oversaw the Reign of Terror and the executions of thousands of French citizens in the name of defending the revolution

Thermodiran Reaction

the phase of the French Revolution in which the Reign of Terror was brought to an end and those responsible for it were removed from power and the Jacobin club was closed

Reign of Terror

the phase of the French Revolution in which thousands of people from all walks of life were arrested and executed in an effort to protect the revolution and silence dissent

Tennis Court Oath

the pledge that the members of the National Assembly took to continue to meet until they had a written constitution for France

Jacobins

the radical political group during the French Revolution that drew their political language from the most radical thought of the Enlightenment, including Rousseau's thoughts on equality and civic virtue; they called for a republic rather than a constitutional monarchy

sans-culottes

the radical political group made up of urban shopkeepers, artisans, and wage earners that sought economic relief and a radical republican form of government

Committee of Public Safety

the revolutionary committee that saw its job as saving the revolution from enemies at home and abroad; the committee came to be dominated by Robespierre, who enjoyed almost dictatorial powers

Law of 22 Prarial

the revolutionary law that permitted the revolutionary tribunal to convict suspects without hearing substantial evidence against them

Jacques Necker

the royal director general of finances under Louis XVI whose financial report revealed that a large portion of royal expenditures went to pensions for artistocrats

First Estate

the social class in Old Regime France that was made up of the clergy

Second Estate

the social class in Old Regime France that was made up of the nobility

Third Estate

the social class in Old Regime France that was made up of wealthy members of the commercial and professional middle classes as well as peasants and the urban poor