AP European History Mrs. San Juan Unit 2 (Chapter 13) Test
sola scriptura
"Scripture alone." It is the belief that all man needs for salvation is the Bible. This is a tenet for most Protestants.
Querelle des Femmes
"debate about women," debate among writers and thinkers about women's qualities and proper role in society
Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.
War of the Three Henrys
(1585-1589) French civil war because the Holy League vowed to bar Henri of Navarre from inheriting the French throne. Supported by the Holy League and Spain's Philip II, Henri of Guise battles Henri III of Valois and Henri of Navarre.
The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700 ? A The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period. B The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed increased significantly after 1600. C The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed was higher in periods where the number of accusations was increasing. D The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed was significantly lower after the end of the Thirty Years' War.
A The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.
Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph? A The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s. B The number of prosecutions increased continually throughout the period covered by the graph. C The number of prosecutions increased steadily from 1550 to 1650. D The number of prosecutions from 1450 to 1600 remained largely the same each decade.
A The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.
The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following? A The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation B The spread of new diseases in Europe after the discovery of the Americas C The loss of power by some traditional aristocracies D The end of the Thirty Years' War
A The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation
Anabaptists
A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and democratic church organization.
Johann Tetzel
A monk Luther found offensive because he sold indulgences with the slogan "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Roman Inquisition
A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Concordat of Bologna
1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
Martin Luther
95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Which of the following groups most frequently commissioned Mannerist and Baroque art during the 1500s? A Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature B Military commanders who sought to inspire their soldiers C Middle-class artists who sought to decorate their homes D Protestant reformers who sought to convert Roman Catholics
A Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature
Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following? A The Catholic Reformation B The Protestant Reformation C The spread of Christianity to the New World D The Peace of Westphalia
A The Catholic Reformation
Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments? A The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority B The abandonment of the Catholic Church's efforts to reassert authority over the German states C The increasing threat the expanding Ottoman Empire posed to the Holy Roman Empire D The acceptance of religious pluralism in some states in northern Europe after the Reformation
A The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
maleficium
An act of witchcraft performed with the intention of causing damage or injury; the resultant harm.
Henry III (of France)
Assassinated the Duke of Guise (also named Henry), then joined forces with Henry of Navarre to successfully crush the Catholic Holy League and retake the city of Paris
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.
Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt? A The view that God must forgive sin if the pope did so B Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses C Tetzel's claim that donations immediately released souls from purgatory D The presence of a Fugger accountant during Tetzel's campaign
B Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses
De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs? A That papal indulgences are corrupt B That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers C That wealth is a sign of God's favor and a reward for hard work D That salvation could be achieved by faith alone
B That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers
The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period? A Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with economic stress. B Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict. C Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with state centralization. D Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with immigration.
B Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.
Index of Prohibited Books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe
The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following? A The difficulty princes faced in dealing with social dislocations resulting from growing cities B The desire of many princes to more strictly regulate public morals C The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs D The fears created by the rise in accusations of witchcraft across Germany
C The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs
Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience? A Luther's criticism of Johann Tetzel on theological grounds B Luther's following of academic custom in publishing the theses in Latin C The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing D The subtle nature of Luther's criticism of a little-known figure such as Tetzel
C The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing
Mannerist works differed from works of the Northern Renaissance such as Massys' Madonna and Child in which of the following ways? A Mannerist works mostly avoided religious subjects, while Northern Renaissance works were mainly focused on religious subjects. B Northern Renaissance works rejected classical style and subjects, while Mannerist works sought to duplicate classical works. C While both Mannerist and Northern Renaissance works depicted religious subjects, Northern Renaissance works placed more emphasis on human-centered naturalism. D While both Mannerist and Northern Renaissance works used illusion and distortion, Northern Renaissance works mostly rejected humanist themes.
C While both Mannerist and Northern Renaissance works depicted religious subjects, Northern Renaissance works placed more emphasis on human-centered naturalism.
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend (1543-1563)
predestination
Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.
Cardinal Richelieu
Chief Minister of France that financially supported the Protestant Swedish army in the Thirty Years' War
Consistory (church council)
Council of cardinals that crafted much of the Catholic Church's response to the Reformation
Mannerist works, such as Madonna with the Long Neck, tended to employ which of the following elements? A Depictions based on the influence of newly discovered Asian and African art B Realistic depictions of individuals modeled on Roman and Greek classics C Abstract depictions meant to satirize the subject of the artwork D Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion
D Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion
The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following? A The refusal of some Protestants to subordinate the church to the state B The nobility using religious dissent to challenge monarchs' power C The belief that increasing material prosperity in some Protestant countries was a sign of God's favor D The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas
D The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas
Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by A appealing to the princes' political self-interest B appealing to the greed and economic interests of the princes C telling them to listen to the advice of the Catholic priests and the papacy D telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture
D telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religious unity in Europe. He was preoccupied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not solely focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
the elect
In Calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation.
95 Theses
It was nailed to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany in 1517 and is widely seen as being the catalyst that started the Protestant Reformation. It contained Luther's list of accusations against the Roman Catholic Church.
sola fide
Justification by faith alone Protestant belief
King Gustavus Adolphus
King of Sweden who fought for the Protestant cause and had the strongest military presence in Northern Europe.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.
Secular
Non-religious
anticlericalism
Opposition to the power of churches or clergy in politics. In some countries, for example, France and Mexico, this opposition has focused on the role of the Catholic Church in politics.
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV of France)
Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.
Schmalkaldic League
Protestant alliance formed by Lutherans against the Holy Roman Empire.
Thirty Years' War
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with Peace of Westpahlia (1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals, the Habsburgs (rulers of the Holy Roman Empire)
indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Geneva
Swiss city-state which became a Calvinist theocracy in the 1500s; today a major city in Switzerland
Ursulines
This was an order for women that established convents in Italy and France for the religious education of girls for all social classes that became very influential.
Defender of the Sacraments
Title given to Henry VIII by the Pope before his split with Catholicism
Henry VIII (of England)
Tudor King of England who launched the English Reformation because the Roman Catholic Church opposed his actions of divorcing Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn. Also: severed ties with Rome and allowed the Bible to be printed in English legally for the first time.
Catholic Reformation
a 16th century movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to make changes in response to the Protestant Reformation
Mary Tudor
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England Many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics
Peace of Westphalia
the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
Counter Reformation
the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)
Book of Common Prayer
the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal/Anglican Church
politique
those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else. Includes Catherine de Medici, King Charles IX, King Henry IV