AP EUROPEAN HISTORY :TOWARD a New World

Natural philosophy

an early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, it's purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

What new ideas about society and human relations emerged in the enlightenment, and what new practices and institutions enabled these ideas to take hold?

The new ideas that emergef in the Enlightenment were methods or narural cience should be user in eceryday life, scientific method, and progress. These 3 ideas ultimatly ked ti a ratioslism way of thinking.

Public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe.

Enlightenment

The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress.

Reading revolution

The transition in Europe from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse.

Rococo

A popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.

Rationalism

A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.

Philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing up the light of knowledge to their of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.

Law of inertia

A law formulated by Galileo that states the motion, not rest, is the the natural state of an object, and that an object continue in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.

Empiricism

A theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather that deductive reason and speculation.

Enlightened absolutism

Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.

Haskalah

The Jewish Enlightenment of the self,d half of the eighteenth century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

Cartesian dualism

Descartes view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter

Law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attractions is proportional to the objects' quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Salon

Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.

Experimental method

The approach, pioneered by Galileo, that the proper way to explore the workings of the universe was through repeatable experiments rather than speculation.

What intellectual and social changes occurred as are slut of the scientific revolution?

The development of better ways to obtain know,edge about the world. Improvements in experimentation and mathematical reasoning.

What revolutionary discoveries were made in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

The understanding of motion and matter. The rise of the university along with the intellectual vitality of the Renaissance and technological advancements. As well as a better understanding if the universe.

What impact did new ways of thinking have in political developments and monarchical absolutism?

These new ways jacw an inpact towards monarchial absolutism and political development due to kings having all the power, which lef to serfdom coming back. Kings would train man to be battle ready amd would call upon them when needed.

Cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, and that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources races and authority to increase the public good.