AP HuG Unit 7 test

insensive sub ag. wet rice not dominate

Areas with low precipitation Crops: wheat, barley, legumes, etc. that use crop rotation, Common to China

illegal drugs

illegal cash crops are typically grown in the periphery and sold to the core; coca(cocaine; >50% grown in Colombia); poppy (heroin, opium; >90% grown in Afghanistan& Myanmar); marijuana (or cannabis).

secondary

- stages are stone age-copper age- iron age, etc. - manufacturing- converting raw materials into finished goods - major changes in human history marked by new ways to convert raw materials into finished goods

LDC: Shifting cultivation

Characterized by - Slash and burn agriculture - Using field for only a few years - Cleared land called Swidden or ladang, milpa, chena or kaingin Crops - SE Asia: rice - S America: maize & cassava - Africa: millet & sorghum

nucleated settlement

intense cultivation with homes clustered in a village-most of the world's farms are nucleated.

extensive subsistence ag.

- Slash and burn agriculture and nomadic herding are examples - This predominately occurs in semi-arid desert

Domestication

... (im sorry i got lazy)

monoculture

Growing or raising a single specialty crop on large tracts of land

food irradiation

began in the early 1900s; provides the same benefits as when food is processed byheat, refrigeration, freezing or treated with chemicals to destroy insects, fungi, bacteria,or viruses that cause food to spoil or cause human disease; makes it possible to keepfood longer and in better condition in warehouses and homes

walled village

e.g. Medieval Europe

sustainable yield

ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together with production are able to provide satisfactory yield

linear village

follows a stream or road

multicropping

growing two or more crops in the same space during a single growing season

genetically modified organism (GMO)

have had their genes altered in a laboratory for specific reason (e.g., disease resistance, nutritional value, or increased productivity);grant producers greater control, predictability, and efficiency

ways for a country or region to incease the food supply

increase the amount of land in production Increase agricultural productivity Identify new sources of food Import more food

patterns of rural settlement

particular to the region in which they originated, or diffused to other parts of the worldthrough diffusion and colonization

little ice age

period of global cooling that occurred between the 16th c. and 19th c. after the Medieval Warm Period (10th c. to 14th c.); greatly affected the northern empires of Rome and China (e.g., helped lead the Chinese to abandon overseas expeditions and focus inward to protect their lands).

tertiary

provide essential services in a complex society - doctors, dentists, hospitals - lawyers and teachers - stores, shops, banks, offices quaternary and quinary are high tech and specialization - administration - research

grid village

spanish colonial villages and modern day planned towns

subsistence agriculture (LDC's)

the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family - purpose: personal consumption - labor force: on avg. 55% of workforce engaged in farming - machinery: human and animal powered tools - farm size: very small - off farm contact: occasional surplus sold

Agriculture

the purposeful tending of crops and raising of livestock in order to produce food and fiber modern def: the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain.

Round Village

to corral livestock (rundling-slavic farmers)- traditional circular rural land use patterns include Northern Germany and sub-saharan Africa (are most associated with it today)

Biotechnology

using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops (genetically modified crops) - Has helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides

polyculture

using multiple crops in the same space and avoiding large stands of single crops (imitates the diversity of natural ecosystems); helps prevent monocultures' susceptibility to disease. Can cause agricultural exhaustion if not done efficiently, making people move away from the land.

debt-for-nature swap

when agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries thatthey will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their naturalresources

commodity chain

(e.g. agribusiness) a sequential process used by firms to gatherresources, transform them into goods or commodities and, finally, distribute them to consumers

life expectancy

(infant & child mortality rate) a figure indicating how long an average person may beexpected to live. Normally expressed in the context of a state. Relatively high mortalityrates may drastically lower life expectancy, as seen in many least developed countries(LDCs).

whittlesey agricultural regions

- 11 main agricultural regions: 5 in LDC's & 6 in MDC's - Plus 1 where ag is nonexistent - The aspect of Whittlesey's map that indicates plantation agriculture in North America is obsolete because it no longer exists - Relationship exists between climate and agriculture as you can see with Both Whittlesey's Agricultural Regions Map and Koppen's Climate Regions Map - Dry climate often equates to livestock ranching rather than farming

Prime agricultural land

- A serious problem in the United States has been the loss of the most productive farmland, known as prime agricultural land, as urban areas sprawl into the surrounding countryside. - Areas Susceptible to Losing Prime Agricultural Land in the US - California's Central Valley - The Chicago-Milwaukee-Madison triangle - Coastal California - South Florida

truck farming

- A truck (an old English word for trade or barter) farmer in the city of Jakarta, Indonesiaraises vegetables within sight of great skyscrapers. - Land is valuable and a growing population requires that every square inch of fertileland is used to produce food- Sometimes called market gardening but generally is on alarger scale than market gardening also called specialty farming, intensive commercialagriculture, or commercial gardening and fruit farming

Ester Boserup 2nd Agricultural Revolution

- Agricultural output depends on the population - Anti-Malthusian - The work undoes the assumption that agricultural methods determine population (via food supply). - population determines agricultural methods. A major point of her book is that "necessity is the mother of invention". It was her great belief that humanity would always find a way and was quoted in saying "The power of ingenuity would always outmatch that of demand" - theorized that when population increased in a subsistence agriculturally based community the level of technology and labor efforts must increase to meet the demands of increased population pressures. - 5 stages of intensification of farmland 1. forest fallow, 2. bush fallow 3. short fallow 4. annual cropping 5.multicropping She also influenced debate on the role of women in workforce and human development, &the possibility of better opportunities of work & education for women

advantages of domesticating animals

- Animals provide meat, milk furs, skins - Animals were beasts of burden

cattle feedlots

- As cattle reach maturity production shifts from extensive grazing to intensive CAFOs(Concentrated animal feeding operations) - Feedlots- are feed fattening farms - They tend to locate mainly in the Southeast and west of the US because of proximity togrowing markets in the south & west and that area tends to have less severe weather Advantages of feed lots include - They combine a number of steps in the meat packing industry in one location - They are more efficient at adding weight to cattle - They reduce transportation costs of cattle prior to being slaughtered - They reduce transportation costs of the finished product Disadvantages - Increase use of CAFOs means more antibiotics and can lead to more E coli whichcould be greatly reduced if cattle were to graze for a couple of days before slaughte

intensive commerical agriculture

- Commercial agriculture dominates MDC's - Due to globalization and competition, profit margins have decreased. - Farmers must specialize in order to stay competitive - Farmers are part of a complex and highly integrated system called agribusiness- thetrend whereby large corporations buy and control many different steps in a foodprocessing industry (vertical integration) - EX: dairy, truck farming, mixed crop and livestock, and horticulture - Environmental impacts include over harvestings of ocean fisheries, deforestation,erosion of top-soil, and chemical contamination of drinking water

Agribusiness and the changing geography of agriculture

- Commercialization of Crop Production - With the development of new agricultural technologies, the production of agriculture has changed. - eg. Poultry industry in the US production is now concentrated farming is turning into manufacturing - Less than 1/5th of the cost of a food dollar goes to farmers - 81% of the food dollar goes to corporations that transport, process and market the food

containerization

- Containerization has changed the geography of linkages between production areasand location of consumers because Economies of scale, production areas have shifted to many Last Developed Countries (LDC's) - It has made the Suez and Panama Canals less important - It has made long distance trade more efficient and more profitable

farm crisis in the US 1970's and 1980's

- Corporate farms were playing a larger role in rural America I - Increased size of the average farm - Many family farms went bankrupt- they have to be bigger to compete and buy thelatest machinery which then they cannot repay the loans for which makes it muchmore difficult for an individual to become a farmer

MDC: dairy farming

- Dairy farms must be located close to the consumer due to the high perishability and high transportation costs - Ring of dairy suppliers around a city is known as the "milkshed." (must be close to the market) - They locate on this suburban fringe of a metropolitan area because it provides greater access to its market - Due to refrigerated trucks and rail cars the milkshed has dramatically increased to over300 miles-in the early days of rail it was only 30 miles. - Different regions in the US specialize in different dairy products because of their relative location with respect to the milkshed - If you are outside the milkshed you generally produce something other than fresh milkie. - Cheese or butter Cheese and butter are generally produced in Wisconsin rather than fresh milk becausethe entire country is their market area for these products

Carl Sauer Agricultural innovations

- Domestication probably did not develop in response to hunger - Starving people must spend every waking hour searching for food Started by people who had enough food to remain settled in one place - Did not occur in grasslands or river floodplains because of thick sod and periodic flooding - Must have started in regions where many different kinds of wild plants grew - Started in hilly district areas, where climates change with differing sun exposure and altitude - Carl Sauer identified 11 areas (independent hearths)where agricultural innovations occurred specifically plant domestication none of which were located in Europe - He believed these hearths developed in areas with high biodiversity through a gradual process - He believed vegetative planting (transplanting part of actual plant) started 1st in Southeast Asia because the region's biodiversity allowed people to become more sedentary, which naturally led to experimentation with plants, eventually to seed planting

ridge tillage

- Farming practice that helps preserve soil conservation by planting crops on the tops of hills - This system is usually used on soils that may drain poorly or warm slowly in the spring.The rows are maintained in the same location each season and at planting the top ofthe ridge are leveled off. Planting on these ridges provides warmer conditions for earlyplant growth. In most cases, the residue on the soil surface between ridges is notdisturbed and provides for moisture conservation during the seaso

Von Thunen Model

- First ring, horticulture- market gardening/truck farming and dairying- horticulture produces perishable items which need to get to market quickly - Before refrigeration strawberries, tomatoes, and dairy need to get to market quickly and are farmed intensively. - 2nd ring- Forestry ring is included in his model because wood was used for construction purposes and heating, and it is heavy therefore expensive to transport - 3rd ring = crops such as wheat and corn- valuable but not as perishable as milk and vegetables and not as difficult to transport as wood. - The outermost concentric ring for agriculture would be used for grazing and livestock farming because they could walk when it was time to transport them. The extensive nature of grain and livestock farming meant farms were larger than those located in the inner ring of the model. Where there was more farmland available in the larger outer rings, that was not necessarily the reason for these crops located here. Grain and livestock farmers could find adequate space in the innermost ring if they were willing to pay enough to acquire the land.

MDC: mixed crop and livestock

- Most common form of commercial ag in US - Most crops are fed to animals rather than for human consumption - corn or soybeanscommon - Uses crop rotation

extensive commerical agriculture

- Generally seen with wheat and grain farming and livestock ranching - What geographic factor best explains why a piece of land is used intensively or extensively for agriculture? - Distance to the market - Intensive & extensive farming practices are determined in part by land costs (bid-rent) - Ratio of Size of land and to amount of labor on said land. - Extensive uses lots of land with less labor- lower labor density - Intensive uses less land with more labor- higher labor density

regional and local change

- Geographer Judith Carney finds that changing agricultural practices alter the rural environment and economy and also relations between men and women. Lands used traditionally by women to grow food for their families - In Gambia, international development projects have converted wetlands into irrigated agricultural lands, in order to make production of rice year round. - In India, the Green Revolution has increased environmental damage due to the increased use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, increased interregional migration,and increased the gap between wealthy and poor farmers

primogeniture

- German custom: system which the eldest son in a family (or daughter if necessary)inherits all of a dying parent's land (tradition brought by the Normans to England). - North America, Northern Europe, Australia etc. - In Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America-land is divided up among sons with much fragmentation of farmland

Colombian Exchange

- Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals from Europe to the Americas - Pigs, horses, sheep, and cows brought from Europe to Americas - Diseases were also brought, killing millions of natives - Led to changes in diets - Example of relocation diffusion Corn and potatoes were taken from Americas to Europe (MIRACLE CROPS)

LDC: Plantation farming

- Governments in core countries set quotas for imports & subsidize domestic production - Large scale estate owned by an indvidual, family, or corporation and organized to produce acash crop (commercial agriculture) is called plantation agriculture-a hold over from the colonial period- generally focus on one or 2 crops - Practiced in the tropics and subtropics - Bananas, tobacco, cotton, sugar, palm oil, coffee, cacao, rubber and tea are examples. - Sugar cane is a cash crop that drives the economies of many Caribbean nations - Cartels are formed to boost prices, but are seldom successful - Located in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, SE Asia, South Asia - Usually in areas of low population density - must import workers

intensive sub ag. with wet rice

- Intensive: farmers more work more intensively to subsist - Areas of high population density resulting in less land available/farmer - Some are wet rice areas - Some have double cropping

LDC: intensive subsistence agriculture

- Most commonly seen with year round paddy rice farming - Irrigation is essential to intensive subsistence agriculture - lands that used to be used for family subsistence are now used for commercializedfarming with revenues going to the men. - women do the work of rice production and see little of the benefit because of thepower relations in Gambia

third agricultural revolution (green revolution)

- Invention and quick diffusion of agricultural techniques during 1960's-80's Main techniques Genetic Engineering - Higher-yield seeds - Norman Borlaug - Drought/disease resistance - Quicker growing season (double-cropping) Expanded use of fertilizers Mechanization: Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to makethe most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmer's in LDC's cannot afford thismachinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery. - invention of high-yield grains, especially rice, with goal of reducing hunger. increased production of rice new varieties in wheat and corn doubled and tripled crop yields in many developing countries. technological advancements helped increase yields throughout the world. High yield varieties (HYV's) increased yields in many parts of the world reduced famines due to crop failure, now most famines are due to political problems The US provided massive relief to prevent worldwide famine impact (in terms of hunger) is greatest where rice is produced, Sub-Saharan Africa benefitted least from the Green Revolution

managing water

- Irrigation is diverting water from its natural course of location to aid in the production of crops. This has been used for thousands of years. Irrigation has become more effective on a large scale the last couple of centuries to help rapidly growingpopulations - Irrigation can damage the local environment when misused - Disrupts the natural drainage of water and reduces the normal regeneration of soils caused by natural flooding - It can result in salinization *increasing the salt content* of soil, which can result in decreases in crop yield and soil fertility. - It can pump so much groundwater to the surface that it causes land subsidence- the collapse of land resulting from the removal of underground water that supports the surface land. - Extensively used in California namely in the Central and Imperial Valleys - Nebraska to Northern Texas use underground water supply- Ogallala Aquifer

koppen climatic classification system

- Koppen was the first to devise a scheme for classifying the world's climates on the basis of average temperature and precipitation. - It is important to have a sense of where the major world climate types are located. For all but B climates, the basis is the amount of precipitation and when it falls-B is both temp. & precip. - A climates are hot or very warn and humid. - The Af regions are equatorial rainforests. - The Am climate is known as the Monsoon climate-farmers here are depend on monsoon rains to grow crops. - Aw are hot dry grassland or savanna - The yellow and light brown colors mean dry climates-BW are deserts and BS are steppes. (few live in A or B climates - The Koppen map explains why the world faces a long-term world wide water crisis

classifications

- LDC's = subsistence agriculture - MDC's = commercial agriculture

enclosure

- Land went from being held in common with grazing and communal gardens to being appropriated by the government who in turn sold it or gave it away to increase tax revenue. People put hedges or other barriers up to clearly define the boundaries of their property. - Encouraged the use of more farm machinery - Consolidated oddly shaped fields - Shifted farming from the commons to more private ownership

MDC: grain (cereal) farming

- Most widely produced grains in the world are wheat, rice, barley, millet, oats, & maize (corn) - Crops grown primarily for human consumption - Stores easily & transported a long distance - N. Am prairies - world's "breadbasket" - Uses in America for grain: - Most are fed to livestock - Purchased by food processing companies for baked products - Sent around the world as foreign aid Stored in grain elevators and sold in the market when prices increase Sent to sub-Saharan Africa for famine relief - Area in Canada most associated with grain farming is the Prairie Provinces

globalizations impact on dairy farming

- Once only in MDC's, now more common in S & E Asia - - India is the #1 producer - We are seeing an increase in the use of feedlots - Ownership of is in the hands of fewer people - Increased use of mechanization in dairy operations - Increase in size of farms - Dairy farming has become less profitable due to lower milk prices per unit and increasing operating costs so some dairy farmers have turned to specialty farming,such as growing mushrooms, asparagus, herbs, and nursery plants

wetlands

- People have drained wetlands to provide more farmable land. - farmland means an increased carrying capacity (# of crops that can be supported in an area) - By draining the wetlands biodiversity is reduced in both plants and animals. - Wetlands often act as natural filters that protect and promote surface water andgroundwater quality.

market gardening

- Small-scale farm usually under 1 acre that grows a diverse range of products from fruits, to vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants - Farms located close to large urban areas because: - The expensive land costs force farmers to grow crops with a higher profit margin. - The products tend to be highly perishable - Transport costs are high due to special handling requirements - Farmers need large amounts of capital for specialized machinery - Dominates NJ, Deleware, parts of FL, west coast of Mich., & the Central Valley of Cali. - On a larger scale it is called a truck farm

Classifying ag societies

- Subsistence or Primitive - Intermediate or Traditional - Developed or Modern

commercial agriculture

- Term used to describe highly efficient large scale farming, usually the average size ishundred of acres and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, have a heavyreliance on large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor forces, and the latesttechnology. - roots are in colonial agriculture - today, global production made possible by advances in transportation & food storage - product is consumed off the farm - a small percentage of the workforce is engaged directly in agriculture because of it in the U.S. only 2-5% of people in the labor force work directly in agriculture - purpose is to make a profit - Large-scale commercial agricultural operations are replacing small family farms

Persistence of agriculture

- The US only has 2 million farmers - Mechanization and farm consolidation have forced out many small scale farmers. - Yet US farm production is at an all time high. - IN MOST OF THE WORLD-AGRICULTURE REMAINS THE LEADING EMPLOYMENT SECTOR-40% of the world's population are farmers

organic agriculture

- The production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides& fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, & synthetic feeds. - sales of organic foods on the rise - production has increased by 20% per year for the last 20 years. - grown everywhere - demand in wealthier countries - on a global scale most organic products are sold in North America and Europe

slash and burn

- Tropical areas-red soil is heavily leached- tropical soils are nutrient-poor so the same plot is generally farmed for only one or two years - Plot of land is cleared by burning-ash replenishes soil (land cleared is called Swidden).Crops are grown until the nutrients in the soil are depleted - A type of crop rotation-tubers in warm tropics, grains in humid subtropics, fruit in cooler regions. - Not nomadic-central, small villages with parcels of land worked in succession usually farmers return to the same area approximately 20 years later - Conserves forests & soil, requires organization - Still practiced in many parts of South America Is threatened because of competition for resources from logging and mining companies and population increases - Intertillage spreads food production over the farming season- it is the process where people engaged in shifting cultivation interplant crops of varying heights in order to protect lower crops - It reduces the loss from disease or pests or drought. - It helps control soil erosion and soil depletion. - Hill planted crops have deeper root systems & tall stalks while flat earth crops are spreaders. - No expensive fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides or machines are necessary

Primary (extractive)

- agriculture is associated with the primary sector of the economy primary or extractive activities hunting and gathering - Farming - Livestock raising or herding - Lumbering - Mining - Quarrying - Working in the natural environment-often the environment suffer

fuctional differentiation within villages

- cultural landscape of a village reflects - social stratification (How is material well being reflected in the spaces of a village?) - differentiation of buildings (what are they used for? How large are they?)

LDC Pastorial Nomadism

- dominant in Central Asia (typically occurs in semi-arid deserts or deserts). - Also called extensive subsistence agriculture or nomadic herding (animal husbandry) - Estimated 30-40 million worldwide but use 20% of Earth's land area - Livestock are herded towards fresh pastures in an irregular pattern of movement-livestock may include cattle, yaks, sheep, goats, reindeer, horses, donkeys, or camels - Pastoral Nomads consume mostly grains rather than meat and trade meat and skins they do have for grains. They primarily depend on animals for their survival . They generally stay in one place when rainfall is plentiful.

Longlot linear agricultural land use pattern

- houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access. - Found in Canadian Maritimes, Quebec and Louisiana, a remnant of French rule - People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented

township and range

- survey's used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop. - The Township and Range system is the single most important factor contributing to rural land use patterns for most of the Great Plains in the US - Responsible for dispersed rural settlements in many parts of the US - Township and Range land division system most closely resembles a square

food manufacturing (green revolution)

- the Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing the world population to grow about four billion since stared, also allowing populations in developing nations to consume ~25% more than before. This increase in diets is questioned by the content in diets; Asian farmers are eating more rice than fish and other vegetables because they can rely on rice to grow efficiently. - Because of Green Revolution, agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population. (e.g., major impact in Mexico, India, China, ...) - Technology has increased economies of scale in the agricultural sector and thecarrying capacity of the land

hybridization

- the cross-breeding of plants of different varieties in order to produce a new plant with desirable traits from both parent varieties; the Green Revolution has popularized its use - Benefits of hybridization - Increased yields, better resistance to pests and diseases - ability to increase production of a crop in different regions and climates

metes and bounds

- uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, todefine the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined bya measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as awaterway, wall, public road, or existing building. - Found on the East Coast of North America

Second agricultural revolution

A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output ofagricultural surpluses (started before the industrial revolution- allowed the industrialrevolution to happen but then the new technology helped increase agriculturalproduction). Ex: - seed drill helps increase production - new crops-potatoes & corn - advances in livestock breeding- led to increased production of meat and dairy - new soil preparation methods & new fertilizers - The wealthy bought more land and began to experiment Results: - Tried new agricultural methods - Small farmers were forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities because there were larger farms now - Prices of food decreased which will lead to Population increasing 2nd ag rev new technology & increased food production in the 2nd ag rev led tobetter diets, longer life expectancies, & more people available to work in factories

cool chains

Advances in refrigeration created cool chains, which are transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip. Allows fruit and vegetables from the tropics to be delivered fresh to NA and Europe atrelatively low prices for consumers

subsistence agriculture

Agriculture in which people grow only enough food to survive. farmers often hold land in common - some are sedentary - Some practice pastoral nomadism - Some practice shifting cultivation- which is slash and burn farming -they only farm thecleared land for 1-2 years (swidden)

hunter gatherers

Before the invention of agriculture, all humans probably obtain the food they needed for survival by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants (including berries, nuts,fruits, and roots). - settlements are NOT permanent - populations remain small and rapidly declining (around 50 people) - tend to be isolated from modern societies - provide insight into prehistoric cultures TODAY - estimated 250,000 people living in isolated areas still live as hunter-gatherers - arctic and the interiors of Africa, south America, and Austalia - San of southern Africa - Aboriginials of Australia - native Americans of Brazil

Poultry Production

Broiler (young chickens) production has been dramatically transformed from a smallscale to industrial scale production controlled by 10 companies like Tyson Foods &others. Factory like conditions are used to grow chickens, produce eggs & poultry for meat.Much of the industry moved to the southern states like Arkansas.

nutrition and diet

Caloric intake: often excessive in the core and deficient in the periphery (e.g., >50%of US adult population is overweight, ... >30,000 people starve to death each dayworldwide!) (World Bank determines 2,500 calories per day is adequate). Dietary balance: calories alone does not determine a balanced diet, but necessaryrequirements for the body to function and survive (e.g., the "food pyramid") Hidden hunger: people who may consume enough calories to survive, but lack certainnutrients - specifically protein (protein deficiency in the first three years can causepermanent damage; both to mental capacity & physical growth)

Agriculture and climate

Climate Regions (based on temperature and precipitation) help determine agricultureproduction. Agriculture Regions - drier lands usually have livestock ranching and moisterclimates usually have grain production

horticulture

Cultivation of flowers, fruits, and vegetables - Includes market gardening, truck gardening, and Mediterranean agriculture. - China's vegetables are increasingly being grown in urban plots because ofincreased interregional migration

wheat yield increase

Dramatic increases in wheat yields has been seen in developed countries since the1950's due to - Increased use of machinery - Increased use of pesticides - Increased use of fertilizers - Development of improved seed varieties

crop rotation

Europeans evolved from farming a single field in early medieval times to rotating crops into 4 different sections or fields by the 18th century (4 field System) - This increases yields and soil fertility - This allowed more food to be grown which in turn meant a city could be supported - Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients) - Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients) **Year 3: Barley **Year 4: Clove

Fair Trade Agriculture

Fair Trade Coffee - shade grown coffee produced by certified fair trade farmers, who then sell the coffee directly to coffee importers. - guarantees a "fair trade price"- Fair trade Movement- significantly reduces the commodity chain for agricultural products - over 500,000 farmers - produced in more than 20 countries often organically produced - generally not consumed where it is produced unlike tea

government agricultural subsidies

Farm subsidies - Give farmers a minimum price for their product regardless of market conditions - Establish import barriers on imported products. - Pay farmers not to produce more than a certain quantity of a particular crop. - Give farmers special tax incentives for conservation efforts - Protects national security by creating a dependable food supply - Helps farmers by increasing ag exports - Consumers helped by reducing food costs

sustainable agriculture

Goals: Reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage. Help preserve the social fabric of rural communities Preserve the long term productivity of the land Return to a better system of integrating crops and livestock Examples: Intensive subsistence farming Organic Truck farming

transhumance

Herders who seasonally move their animals between fixed summer and winter pastures (unlike nomadic pastoral ism) - Typically moving between mountain pastures in the summer & lowland valleys in the winter

regions of agricultural production

Hog (pig/swine) production is nearly nonexistent in Southwest Asia and North Africa because cultural taboos exist on eating pork in those areas - low to nonexistent in predominantly Muslim (& Jewish) regions due to religious taboo on pork. - In the last twenty years Sub-Saharan Africa has experienced a decline in food production compared to its population growth - North America is the region with the lowest percent of the labor force directly engaged in agriculture Canada - Fishing dominates the economy of the Maritime provinces - Timber production is most prevalent in British Columbia

luxury crops

Legal crops like coffee, tea, cacao, and tobacco grown on plantations in the tropics forexport to More Developed Countries (MDC's) are known as luxury crops

MDC: cattle (livestock) ranching

Livestock ranching is done on semiarid or arid land-it is practiced in MDCs where thevegetation is too sparse or soil too poor to support crops - Both livestock ranchers & pastoral nomads operate most efficiently in similar climates - US cattle ranching expanded in the west with the demand for beef by the growing citiesof the east-Chicago became a major meat packing city - Ranching is only found in Spain & Portugal in Europe - Southern Brazil, Uruguay & Argentina Pampas due to proximity to sea coast ports inSouth America - Livestock ranching has been responsible for a lot of the deforestation of therainforest in parts of Central and South America - Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and South Africa herd sheep for wool & meat - Commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area - Introduction of new cattle breeds

US wheat production

Major wheat producing states include North Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Montana

rubber

Originally collected from a wild tree in Brazil and Africa, the seeds were planted tocreate plantations in Malaysia, Indonesia and other SE Asian countries. - Today 70% of world rubber production is in SE Asia. - Automobile production in the early 20th century boosted the demand for rubber. Of 17.7tons used per year today about 10 million tons are synthetic-made from petroleum

Agrarian

People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext. Where agrarian people and societies are located is not generally near cities; but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities.

MDC: Mediterranean agriculture

Products include grapes, olives, dates, lemons, oranges, and cereals - The most important of which are grapes and olives - Most Mediterranean farmers make their money off of fruits and vegetables - Mostly horticulture: fruits, vegetables, and flowers & commercial tree crops Most of world's olives & grapes produced in Med. areas - Through relocation diffusion Mediterranean agricultural products are grown in Chile, theCentral Valley of California, southern Spain, SW Australia, and North Africa. - All of the above borders seas, most on west coast off continents - Even though North Africa is capable of producing wine because their climate is suitable to growing grapes, they do not largely b/c there is not a cultural tradition to consume wine

ways to increase food supply for a country

Putting more land into production Increasing the yield of land under cultivation Identifying new food sources Increasing food imports

suitcase farms

Suitcase farms are farms in which no one lives, planting and harvesting are done byhired migratory crews. Typically seen in American commercial grain agriculture

Colinialization impact on agriculture

THE GOOD Conducted soil surveys Built irrigation systems Established lending agencies to loan money to farmers THE BAD Tried to compel subsistence farmers to modernize by charging them taxes Made them devote valuable land to cash crops like cotton

world corn (maize) production

The U.S. is the leading producers of corn (maize) in the world. Much of the corn is used for animal feed.

First Agricultural Revolution

The first domestication of plants was probably in South East Asia-root crops-taro,yams & bananas 14,000 years ago this is a gradual process Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops such as wheat, barley & oats-10,000 years ago- generally considered the first area to incorporate domestication of both plants and animals MesoAmerica-maize (corn), squash & beans Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons Multiple hearths for the 1st Agricultural Revolution

agricultural landscape

The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields. Effects how much yield one gets from their plants

aquaculture

The production and harvesting of fish and shell fish in secioned off coves and land-based ponds - The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food. Due to over harvesting of fish stocks and increased demand for seafood aquaculture has increased substantially in the last 30 years Aquaculture has allowed us to use the sea & its abundant sources of food for our benefit

globalization and improved transportation links impacts

They have changed the geography of production areas for products like apples,grapes, and fresh cut flowers because: - Farmers seek out areas with the lowest production costs - North American farmers no longer have a competitive advantage all year - Production areas have become more competitive in Least Developed Countries (LDC's) - Southern hemisphere producers have increased production of these items

Green revolutions impact on gender roles

Traditional economies of LDCS have had subsistence farming as a cornerstone economic activity. Women do much of the labor, while men tend to dominate socially, politically, and economically in these traditional economies. When Green Revolution technologies were introduced to these countries it was men who benefitted and were given decision-making power. Men ran the machinery and were educated in newer methods of farming. Women were often excluded from learning the new methods. This further marginalized the role of women within manysocieties.

increasing intensity

Traditional extensive subsistence agricultural areas are under great economicpressures to farm and continuously than letting lie fallow and recover. Shiftingcultivation is more difficult because of the global demand for tropical cash crops ofcoffee, tea, and cacao compete for more land use along with the timber industry.These pressures have resulted in food security issues in areas like Africa

Fertile Crescent

Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising (SW ASIA) • (used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops) - Agriculture first diffused to Europe from SW Asia

commercial vs. subsistence farming

Where the product is consumed Commercial focuses on profit whereas subsistence motivation is to feed one's family Land ownership in subsistence agricultural communities is generally communal

subsistence farming

World-wide most farmers are subsistence-growing just enough to feed their families. - Intensive subsistence agriculture is the most practiced economic activity in the world - They find building material and fuel in the natural environment-no cash economy - Small fields-intensive farming on land they often don't own. Methods and tools used are generally very low tech. - Found in South & Central America, Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia - Dominates less developed countries

double cropping

a second crop is planted after the first has been harvested. This is an agricultural technique that allows subsistence farmers in tropical and sub-tropical areas to support a large population with a small amount of arable land

opposition to the green revolution

has led to: - vulnerability to pests - Soil erosion - Water shortages - Micronutrient deficiencies - Dependency on chemicals for production - Loss of control over seeds - Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) are yielding some ethical problems. In the semi-periphery, farmers typically keep seeds from crops so that they can plant the seeds the next year. Companies that produce genetically engineered seeds do not approve of this process; generally, they want farmers to purchase new seeds each year. The most widely used and distributed GMO's are soybeans and corn. - Many semi-periphery farmers can not afford the new seeds, fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides. - Some of the poorest areas of the world have benefited the least from the GreenRevolution-especially Africa. - Small farms can't take advantage of the innovations-India 4 acres, Bangladesh 1.8acres, China ½ acre - Many countries in Europe are reluctant to importing GMO produced foods from the US for many reasons including: - They could severely alter local agricultural economies - They could possibly crossbreed with domestic varieties - They would cause economic dependence on US Corporations - They are considered less nutritious

chemical farming

increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Thedevelopment of higher-yield crops has produced: a 'miracle wheat seed" which isshorter and stiffer, less sensitive to variation in day length, responds better tofertilizers, and matures faster; a similar miracle rice seed, that was heartier and hasincreased yields; a high-yield corn seed is currently being developed

dispersed settlement

individual farmhouse widely spaced-North America

Cluster Village (nucleated)

intersection of roads (most commonly associated with New England)

Commercial agriculture (MDC's)

production of food primarily for sale off the farm - purpose: grow crops and raise animals primarily for sale off the farm for profit - labor force: on avg. 5% of workforce engaged in farming - machinery: mechanized farm machines, computer technology and science - farm size: large (US avg. in 2008 = 418 acres) - off farm contact: agribusiness- farms one part of a large food production industry including food processing, packaging, sorting, distributing, and retailing

cadastral system

survey system that determines the value, extent, and ownership of land for purposes oftaxation. (method of land survey)