AP Human Geography Chapter 3

Destination of immigrants within the U.S.

- 1/5 in California - 1/6 in New York Metropolitan area - 1/4 in California (unauthorized) - Proximity influences movements - Immigrants cluster in communities where people from the same country previously settled - Job prospects affect the states to which immigrants head

Global migration patterns

- Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net out-migration - North America, Europe, and Oceania have net in-migration - The highest net in-migration rates can be found in petroleum exporting countries of the Middle East, which attract immigrants primarily from poorer Middle Eastern countries and from Asia to perform many of the dirty and dangerous functions in the oil fields

Migration from rural to urban areas

- Began in the 1800s in Europe and North America as part of the Industrial Revolution - 3/4 of the people in the U.S. (+other MDCs) live in urban areas - Most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement - Pushed from the rural by declining opportunities in agriculture - Pulled to the cities by the prospect of work in factories/service industries

U.S. attitudes toward immigrants

- By the early 20th century, most Americans saw the frontier as closed and thought that therefore entry into the country should be closed as well -Hostile citizens in California (+others) have voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to most public services

Migration transition

- Consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition - A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Cultural push and pull factors

- Cultural factors can be especially compelling push factors, forcing people to emigrate from a country - Forced international migration has historically occurred for two main cultural reasons: slavery and political instability - Refugees - People may migrate to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in education, career, and place of residence - Restricted emigration: Berlin Wall (Communist built to prevent emigration from Communist controlled East Berlin into democratic West Berlin)

Reasons for migrating

- Most people migrate for economic reasons - Cultural and environmental factors also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic factors - People decide to migrate because of push and pull factors

Interregional migration

- Movement from one region of a country to another - Rural to urban in search for jobs - Urban to environmentally attractive rural areas (older cities to newer suburbs) - Important in stage 2 countries

Intraregional migration

- Movement within one region - Within urban areas (older cities to newer suburbs) - Principal form of internal migration for stage 3 and 4 countries

Migration from urban to rural areas

- People move for lifestyle reasons - Rocky Mountain states (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming) - With modern communications and transportation systems, no location in an MDC is truly isolated, either economically/socially - Net in-migration into the Rocky Mountains state has been offset by out-migration from the Great Plain states, where the economy has been hurt by poor agricultural conditions - 1/4 of people

Economic push and pull factors

- People think about emigrating from places that have few job opportunities - They migrate to places where jobs seem to be available - United States & Canada: prominent destinations for economic migrants

Temporary migration for work

- Prominent forms of temporary-work migrants include guest workers in Europe and the Middle East and time-contract workers in Asia - Europe: guest workers are protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, etc. - Guest workers serve a useful role in Western Europe because they take low-status/low-skilled jobs that local residents won't accept - By letting their people work elsewhere, poorer countries reduce their own unemployment problems - Guest workers help their native countries by sending a large percentage of their earning back home to their families - Guest workers: North Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia

Environmental push and pull factors

- Pulled toward physically attractive regions (mountains, seasides, warm climates) - Pushed from hazardous ones (too much water-floodplain, too little water- Sahel region of northern Africa)

Migration between regions in other countries

- Russia: interregional migration was important in developing the former Soviet Union (officials were eager to develop Russia's Far North because it is rich in natural resources); forced migration, encouraged voluntary migration, and then Komsomol (sent students to work during summer vacation) - Brazil: increased interregional migration by moving the capital from Rio to Brasilia (people migrated for jobs) - Indonesia: government paid for the migration of people (families received 2 hectares of land, materials to build a house, seeds/pesticides, and food) - Europe: Flow of migration- from east and south to west and north (low incomes and bleak jobs) - India: require a permit to migrate to the State of Assam (purpose is to protect ethnic identity of Assamese by limiting the ability of outsiders to compete for jobs and purchase land)

Net migration

- The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants - If the number of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, the net migration is positive (net in-migration) - If the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the net migration is negative (net out-migration)

Forced migration

- The migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors - Cultural factors compel forced migration - Compelled by pressure to search for food/jobs

Voluntary migration

- The migrants has chosen to move for economic improvement - Economic push and pull factors induce voluntary migration

Migration between regions within the U.S.

- The opening the American West - U.S. Census Bureau computes the country's population center at the time of each census - Colonial settlement: Population center (1790)- Chesapeake, Maryland (near water for trade) - Early settlement in the interior: transportation improvements (Erie Canal) - Migration to California: Population center (1890)- Greensburg, Indiana (pull toward California: Gold Rush) - Settlement of the Great Plains: advances in agricultural technology enabled people to cultivate the Great Plains, expansion of railroads encouraged settlement of the Great Plains, increased trade - Recent growth of the South: Population center (1940-2000): South (jobs/environmental conditions)

International migration

- The permanent movement from one country to another - Much less numerous - Divided into two parts: forced and voluntary - Becomes especially important in stage 2 countries

Internal migration

- The permanent movement within the same country - Less traumatic (familiar language, foods, broadcasts, literature, music, social customs) - Can be divided into two parts: interregional migration and intraregional migration

Unauthorized immigration to the U.S.

- Those entering without proper documents - Wish to work but do not have permission from the government

U.S. immigration patterns

- Three main eras of immigration: 1. Initial settlement of colonies 2. Began in the mid-nineteenth century and culminated in the early twentieth century 3. Began in the 1970s and continues today

Immigration policies of host countries

- U.S. uses a quota system to limit the number of foreigners who can migrate permanently to the country and obtain work - Other recipients permit guest workers to work permanently but not stay permanently

Brain drain

a large-scale emigration by talented people

Mobility

a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another

Migration

a permanent move to a new location

Guest workers

citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East

Pull factor

induces people to move into a new location

Push factor

induces people to move out of their present location

Quota

maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate to the U.S. from each country during a one-year period

Emigration

migrating from a location

Immigration

migrating to a location

Counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas

Refugees

people who have been forced to migrate from the their homes and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, memberships in a social group, or political opinion

Floodplain

the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends

Chain migration

the migration of people to a specific location because relatives/members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Circulation

types of short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually

Distinguishing between economic migrants and refugees

- Economic migrants are generally not admitted unless they possess special skills/have a close relative already there, and even then they must compete with similar applicants from other countries - Emigrants from Cuba: U.S. government regarded emigrants from Cuba as political refugees after the 1959 revolution that brought the Communist government of Fidel Castro to power - Emigrants from Haiti: Haitian government persecuted its political opponents at least as harshly as did the Cuban government - Emigrants from Vietnam: thousands of pro-U.S. South Vietnamese who were not politically prominent enough to get space on an American evacuation helicopter tried to leave by boat

Intervening obstacles

- Environmental/cultural feature that hinders migration - Bodies of water (Atlantic Ocean) - Mountains/deserts (Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, desert country) - Obstacles created by local diversity in government and politics (passport to emigrate, visa to immigrate)

Legacy of European migration

- Era of the massive European migration to the U.S. ended with the start of World War 1 (1914) - Rapid population growth in Europe fueled emigration - Cultural heritage spread

U.S. quota laws

- Era of unrestricted immigration to the U.S. ended when Congress passed the Quota Act of 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 - For each country that had native-born persons already living in the U.S., 2% of their number could migrate each year - Quote laws insured that most immigrants to the U.S. continued to be Europeans - Immigration Act of 1965: quotas for individual countries were eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas - 3/4 of the immigrants are admitted to reunify families - Admitted without limit: spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens - Giving preference to skilled workers, immigration policies contribute to a brain drain

Attitudes toward guest workers

- Europe: many guest workers suffer from poor social conditions - Most guest workers remain indefinitely - Most Western Europeans dislike the guest workers and oppose government programs to improve their living conditions - Middle East: petroleum-exporting countries fear that the increasing numbers of guest workers will spark political unrest and abandonment of traditional Islamic customs - With high unemployment and limited job opportunities in the principal destination countries, potential migrants have less incentive to risk the uncertainties and expenses of international migration

Nineteenth century immigration from Europe

- Europeans comprised more than 90% of immigrants to the U.S. - Germany has sent the largest number of immigrants to the U.S. - 1840s & 1850s: 3/4 of U.S. immigrants came from Ireland and Germany (political unrest) - 1870s: emigration resumed after U.S. Civil War - 1880s: Swedes and Norwegians - 1900-1914: 2/3 immigrants came from Southern/Eastern Europe (diffusion of Industrial Revolution)

Recent immigration from less developed regions

- Immigration dropped sharply during the Great Depression and World War 2 - More than 2/4 of the recent U.S. immigrants have originated in two regions: Asia (China, India, and the Philippines) and Latin America - Mexico: passed Germany for most immigrants in 2006 - 1990s: unusually large number of immigrants came from Mexico (& others) as a result of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the U.S. illegally)

Migration from urban to suburban areas

- MDCs - Population of most cities in MDCs declined during the the second half of the twentieth century, and suburbs grew rapidly - People are pulled by a suburban style (houses, yards, schools)

Gender of migrants

- Males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration - Males were more likely than females to be employed - The increased female migration to the United States partly reflects the changing role of women in Mexican society

Colonial immigration from England and Africa

- Most African were forced to migrate to the U.S. as slaves - Most Europeans were voluntary migrants - About 1 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies prior to independence, and another million from the late 1700s until 1840 (most came from Great Britain)

Characteristics of migrants

- Most long distance migrants are male - Most long distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

Family status of migrants

- Most long-distance migrants were young adults seeking work, rather than children/elders - About 40% of immigrants are young adults between the ages of 25-39, compared to about to about 23% of the entire U.S. population - Immigrants are less likely to be elderly people; only about 5% of immigrants are over the age of 65, compared to 12% of the entire U.S. population - 16% of immigrants are under the age of 15

Distance of migration

- Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country - Long distance migrants to other countries head for major center of economic activity