AP Human Geography Chapter 7 - Ethnicities

Explain some of the problems of determining ethnicity.

An individual's two parents may identify with different ethnicities, races, and nationalities. Many societies muddle the three concepts of race, ethnicity, and nationality, either through unclear language or deliberate decisions.

Explain the complexity of Brazil's ethnicities.

Brazil is composed of people whose ancestors emigrated from many places; mostly Portugal and West Africa, large numbers have from other European countries, Japan, Southwest Asia, and elsewhere. In addition, a large number of indigenous people inhabited Brazil prior to the emigration of people from other continents. Brazilians identify themselves as belonging to many races.

START OF KEY ISSUE 1: Define Ethnicity

Derived from a place on Earth's surface; identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Define apartheid

Laws no longer in effect in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

What are some reasons why these enclaves developed?

New immigrants often locate in places where people of the same ethnicity have already clustered. In an ethnic enclave, newcomers can find people who speak the same language, practice the same religion, and prepare the same foods. Most importantly, ethnic enclaves offer newcomers economic support, such as employment opportunities, affordable housing, and loans.

Define white flight

The emigration of white from an area in anticipation of blacks immigrating into the area.

Explain how ethnicity played a role in dividing people in South Africa.

Under apartheid, a newborn baby was classified as being one of four races-black, white, colored (biracial white and black), or Asian. To ensure geographic isolation of these groups, the South African government designated 10 homelands for blacks. Every black was expected to become a citizen of one of the homelands and to move there.

Explain how voluntary migration from Latin America and Asia has impacted the distribution of ethnicities today.

Until the late 20th century, quotas limited the number of Latin American and Asian immigrants to the U.S. After the immigration laws were changed during the 1960s and 1970s, they flocked to the U.S. They mostly came in search of work, but today, most Hispanics or Asian Americans are second or third generation.

How did colonialism create a conflict between ethnicity and nationalism in Africa?

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, European countries carved up the continent into a collection of colonies, with little regard for the distribution of these ethnicities. When these colonies became independent states, their areas matched the colonial administrative units imposed by the Europeans rather than the historical distribution of ethnicities. As a result, most states contained a large collection of dissimilar ethnicities, and ethnic groups were divided among more than one state.

Define Race

Identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait, such as skin color (not place specific).

Define Nationality

Identity with a group of people who share legal attachment to a particular country.

Define nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to a nationality; promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others and emphasizes its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nationalities.

Explain ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia.

The Balkans is a region the size of Texas that includes countries that once comprised Yugoslavia, as well as Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania. The many ethnicities in the region has made it full unrest. Here, the incident that sparked World War I occurred; in June 1914, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary was assassinated by a Serb who sought independence for Bosnia. After World War I, the Allies created Yugoslavia to unite several Balkan ethnicities. (Josep Tito played a large part in this) Rivalries among the ethnicities resurfaced in Yugoslavia during the 1980s after Tito the president's death, leading to its breakup into seven small countries. This led to ethnic cleansing because the boundaries of the new countries did not match the distribution of the ethnicities.

Explain the Kurds as an example of one ethnicity divided among several countries.

The Kurds live in the Caucasus Mountains and are Sunni Muslims who speak a language in the Iranian group of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European and have distinctive cultural traditions. When the victorious European allies carved up the Ottoman Empire after World War I, they created an independent state of Kurdistan under the 1920 Treaty of Sevres. But before the treaty was ratified, the Turks fought successfully to expand their territory. The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 established modern Turkey, and in 1926 the League of Nations allocated much of Kurdistan over to Turkey. Today, the 30 million Kurds are divided upon several countries; 14.5 million in eastern Turkey, 6 million in western Iran, and so on.

Define racism

The belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

START OF KEY ISSUE 3: What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?

The cultural values shared with others of the same ethnicity derive from religion, language, and material culture, whereas those shared with others of the same nationality derive from voting, obtaining a passport, and performing civic duties.

START OF KEY ISSUE 2: Explain the impact of forced migration from Africa on the distribution of ethnicities today.

The forced migration began when people living along the east and west coasts of Africa captured members of other groups living further inland and sold the captives to Europeans. Europeans in turn shipped the captured slaves to the Americas, selling them. Different European countries operated in various regions of Africa, each sending slaves to different destinations in the Americas.

Define balkanization

The process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

What are some of the motivating factors for African American interregional migration?

The world wars stimulated expansion of factories in the 1910s and 1940s to produce war material, while the army drafts created a shortage of factory workers. After the wars (1920s and 19502), factories produced steel, motor vehicles, and more essential goods.

How did the policy of "separate but equal" impact the distribution of ethnicities in America?

Throughout the country, not just in the South, house deeds contained restrictive covenants that prevented the owners from selling to blacks. Restrictive covenants also kept blacks from moving into all-white neighborhoods. In recent times, many African-Americans, recent immigrants, and those of other ethnicities remain clustered in urban neighborhoods because of economic and cultural factors.

Explain, in detail, the conflict in India.

When the British ended their colonial rule of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they divided the colony into India and Pakistan. Pakistan comprised two disconnected areas, West Pakistan and East Pakistan, separated 1,000 miles by India. An eastern region of India was also practically cut off from the rest of the country, attached by a narrow strip of land north of Bangladesh. The people living in the two areas of Pakistan were mostly Muslim, while those in India were Hindu. Antagonism between the two religious groups was so great that the British decided to place the Hindus and Muslims in separate states; India and Pakistan. Muslims have long fought with Hindus for control of South Asian territory, and the British control of India in the early 1800s only complicated matters. Hope for reconciliation was lost with the assassination of Gandhi in 1948. The creation of separate India and Pakistan resulted in massive migration because the territories did not align with the distribution of the two ethnicities. About 6 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 1 million to East Pakistan. 6 million Hindus migrated to India from West Pakistan and 3.5 million from East Pakistan. Violence occurred near the borders; extremists attacked refugee groups and stopped trains to massacre passengers. Furthermore, the two countries never agreed on the boundary separating them in the northern region of Kashmir. Since 1972, they have maintained a line of control (Pakistan: northwest; India: southeast). Muslims comprise a majority in both portions and have fought to unify Kashmir, either as part of Pakistan or as an independent country. In addition, there are 23 million Sikhs in India who resent that they were not given their own country during the partition of India.

Take notes on the clustering of races in Brazil: a. South b. North c. Northeast d. West-Central

a. - Whites are clustered in the south. - Four southernmost states are 70% white (country is 40%) - Destination for European countries after independence and major destination for immigrants from Portugal. b. - Covered primarily by Amazon tropical rain forest - Highest percentage of indigenous people c. - Populated primarily by "brown" persons - Received largest number of blacks - forced migration of slaves - 1/2 of Brazil's blacks clustered along the east coast d. - Mix of white and brown - Was sparsely inhabited until Brasilia was made the capital

Explain some of the problems in taking the census with: a. Hispanic Americans b. African Americans

a. Because the census considers Hispanic to be an ethnicity, Hispanics also get to identify with any race they wish. In 2010, 53% of Hispanics picked white, 37% some other race, 6% more than one box, and 4% one of the 13 other categories. b. African American is an ethnicity, but the census grouped "Black, African American, or Negro" as a race. Some American blacks trace their cultural heritage to regions other than Africa, including Latin America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands. The term African American identifies a group with an extensive cultural tradition, whereas the term black merely refers to dark skin.

Explain ethnic conflict in the different regions of the former Yugoslavia. a. Bosnia b. Kosovo c. Croatia

a. Bosnia: - Most ethnically diverse republic of Yugoslavia. - Country's Serbs and Croats fought to unite the portions of the republic that they inhabited with Serbia and Croatia rather than living in an independent multi ethnic state with a Muslim plurality. - Serbs and Croats engaged in ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks. - Ethnic cleansing ensured homogeneous populations of Bosnian Serbs and Croats in areas, which made them better candidates for union with Serbia and Croatia. - Agreement in 1996 by leaders of the ethnicities divided Bosnia into three regions, each dominated by Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs. - Currently relatively peaceful b. Kosovo: - During breakup of Yugoslavia, 82% were ethnic Albanians and 10% were Serbs. - Serbs fought, but lost, a battle in Kosovo against the Ottoman Empire in 1389 and were given control of Kosovo when Yugoslavia was created in the early 1900s. - Serbs ethnically cleansed Albanian majority. - NATO launched air attack against Serbia; ended when Serbia withdrew from Kosovo. - Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008; induced 90% of Serbs to leave. c. Croatia: - Declared independence in 1991 with breakup of Yugoslavia. - Ethnic Serbs (12%) rebelled against new government and tried to form the Republic of Serbian Krajina in the east. - Serbs engaged in ethnic cleansing; expelled 170,000 Croats from eastern Croatia. - Four-year war ended in Croat victory; 20,000 Serbs were expelled and 180,000 chose to leave Croatia.

Explain the various aspects of ethnic cleansing in Sudan. a. Darfur b. South Sudan c. Abeyi d. South Kordofan/Blue Nile e. Eastern Front

a. Darfur: - Black African ethnicities launched rebellion in 2003; resenting discrimination and neglect by Arab-dominated national government - Arab nomads (Janjaweed) legally crushed black population - 450,000 victims of genocide, 2.5 million victims of ethnic cleansing - E.C. victims live in refugee camps in desert b. South Sudan: - War from 1983 until 2005 between Sudan's northern and southern ethnicities resulted in death of 1.9 million Sudanese and ethnic cleansing of 700,00. - War ended with South Sudan creates as independent state in 2011 - Mostly Arab Muslim northerners. South Sudan: Christian Dinka and folk religionist Nuer - War sparked by south resisting northerners' Muslim legal system - South Sudan's diverse ethnicities have not been able to create a stable government together c. Abeyi: - Conflict along new international border with South Sudan - Inhabited by ethnicities aligned with both Sudan and South Sudan - Status was to be settled by referendum; vote is postponed - Considered citizens of both Sudan and South Sudan - Ethiopian peacekeeping force d. South Kordofan/Blue Nile: - Large number of ethnicities aligned with both Sudan and South Sudan - Referendum deciding where to place territory was canceled e. Eastern Front: - Eastern ethnicities fought Sudanese government forced - Support of Eritrea - Issue: disbursement of oil profits

Explain the differences among the four English "nationalities" a. English b. Welsh c. Scots d. Irish

a. English: - Descendants of Germanic tribes who crossed the North Sea and invaded the country in the fifth century b. Welsh: - Celtic people conquered by England in 1282 - Formally united with England - Act of Union of 1536 - Welsh laws were abolished and Wales became a local government unit c. Scots: - Celtic people who had an independent country for over 700 years - In 1603, Scotland's King James VI also became King James I of England, uniting the two countries - Act of Union in 1707 formally merged the two countries - Scotland was allowed to retain its own systems of education and local laws d. Irish: - Celtic people ruled by England until 20th century; most of island became independent country of Ireland - Northern portion remained part of the U.K.

Take notes on the different ethnicities found in the U.S.: a. Hispanic American b. Asian American c. African American d. Descendants of Indigenous Peoples

a. Hispanic American: - Migrated (may be ancestors) to the United States from a Spanish-speaking country in Latin America - Latino/Latina = Hispanic. U.S. government adopted the term Hispanic in 1973 because it was inoffensive and applied to all people from Spanish-speaking countries, while avoiding the masculine term Latino. - 1980 U.S. Census was the first to classify some Americans as Hispanic - 33% of 'Hispanics' prefer that term, 15% Latino/Latina, and 52% don't care. Only 20% of all of them actually use either of those terms - Most Hispanics prefer to identify with a more specific ethnicity or national origin - Nearly 2/3 Mexican and 1/4 from Caribbean islands b. Asian American: - Americans who trace their heritage back to a number of countries in Asia. - 19% ethnically identify as Asian American - 62% identify with their ethnicity as their country of origin c. African American: - Ancestors arrived around 300 years ago from places that were not yet organized into independent countries; records were not kept for slaves - Came from three areas in Africa: - Senegal, Mali, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia - Southern Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria and southwestern Cote d'Ivoire - Western Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola d. Descendants of Indigenous Peoples: - U.S. grouping: Native American, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian - Most numerous: Native Hawaiians, Cherokee, Navajo, Chippewa, Sioux, and Choctaw - 4% of Canadian population (aboriginals) - Canada: First Nations (southern Canada, 2,500 years ago), Inuit (northern Canada, 3,000 years ago), and Metis (descendants of indigenous peoples who married Europeans beginning 400 years ago)

Take notes on the clusters of different American Ethnicities: a. Hispanics b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. Native Americans

a. Hispanics are clustered in the Southwest, near the Mexico border. California is home to 1/3 of all Hispanics. b. African Americans are clustered in the Southeast. c. Asian Americans are clustered in the West (low population; comprise more than 40% of Hawaii's population; 1/2 of all live in California) d. Native Americans are clustered in the Southwest and north-central states, as well as Alaska.

What two important events ended separate but equal?

a. The Supreme court decision Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in 1954, found that segregating schools was unconstitutional. A year later, the Supreme Court ruled that schools had to be desegregated. b. Civil Rights Acts during the 1960s outlawed racial discrimination.

Make notes on ethnicities in various countries: a. Turkey b. Lebanon c. Syria d. Iraq e. Iran f. Afghanistan g. Pakistan

a. Turkey: - Ethnic Turks: 75% - Turks descended from migrants to present-day Turkey 1,000 years ago - Most populous minority: Kurds; 18% b. Lebanon: - 54% Muslim, 41% Christian, 5% Druze - Most numerous Christians: Maronites - Muslims divided equally between Sunnis and Shiites - 18 official religions - Independence in 1943 required each religion to be proportionally represented in the Chamber of Deputies - Religious groups live in different regions of the country - Civil war between 1975 and 1990 led each religious group to form a private militia to guard its territory c. Syria: - 90% Arabs and 9% Kurds - Arab population: 64% Sunni Muslim, 11% Alawi Muslim, 10 percent Christian (most numerous Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic), and so on. - Alawis (Shiite Muslims) have held power in Syria since 1970 d. Iraq: - 55% Shiite Muslim Arabs, 21% Kurds, 19% Muslim Arabs - 2003; U.S. exterminated Saddam Hussein. He ran a brutal dictatorship, created W.M.Ds, and had close links with terrorists e. Iran: -Mostly Persians, descendants of Indo-European tribes that migrated from Central Asia into Iran - Persians: largest ethnicity of Shiites - 1979: revolution brought fundamentalist Shiites to power, who held 52 Americans hostage for a year f. Afghanistan: - Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara: most numerous ethnicities - Unrest since 1979; rebellion against government by several ethnic groups - Taliban: Pashtun faction gained control of most of country in 1995 - U.S. invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and overthrew the Taliban (harboring terrorists) - Created struggle for control of Afghanistan among many ethnicities g. Pakistan: - Majority since ancient times: Punjabi - Border area with Afghanistan mostly Baluchi and Pashtun - Pashtun and Punjabi converted to Islam in 600s - Punjabi: Sunni - Pashtun: Shiite

What is a centripetal force in the context of nationality?

(Example: nationalism) An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Centrifugal force tends to divide a state) Hinduism has become a great centripetal force in India. With modern India's hundreds of languages and ethnic groups, it has become the cultural trait shared by the largest percentage of the population. An example of a centrifugal force is the Turks trying to suppress Kurdish culture. Use of the Kurdish language was illegal in Turkey until 1991, and it is still illegal to use in broadcasts and classrooms.

Explain the conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis in central Africa.

- Hutus were settled farmers, growing crops in fertile Rwanda and Burundi (Great Lakes region) - Tutsis were cattle herders who migrated to Rwanda and Burundi from western Kenya's Rift Valley beginning 400 years ago - Hutus: majority of population, but Tutsis controlled kingdoms for hundreds of years - Rwanda's independence in 1962 led to Hutus gaining power and ethnically cleansing and undertaking genocide against Tutsis. - Descendants of the Tutsis invaded Rwanda in 1990 and launched a 3-year civil war - In Burundi, where Tutsis remained in power, a civil war resulted in genocide both by and against Tutsis and Hutus - Rwanda peace agreement was shot in 1993, but genocide resumed after presidents of both countries were assassinated in 1994 - Hutus launched genocide campaign; Tutsis prevailed in both countries - Rwanda currently governed by Tutsis, Burundi led since 2005 by democratically elected Hutus - Conflict spilled into Congo - Tutsis helped in overthrow of president Mobutu in 1997 - New president Kabila relied on Tutsis, permitting them to kill previously criminal Hutus. Kabila soon split - Tutsis offered support to rebels overthrowing Congo government - Kabila turned to Hutus and enemies of Tutsis (neighboring countries) - Kabila assassinated in 2001 and succeeded by his son, who negotiated an accord with rebels - Violence and conflict continues

What are the two primary trends of the internal migration of African Americans?

- Interregional migration from the South to northern cities during the first half of the 20th century. - Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to outer-city and inner suburban neighborhoods during the second half of the 20th century.

What are the four steps often found in ethnic cleansing?

1. Move a large amount of military equipment and personnel into a village that has no strategic value. 2. Round up all the people into the village. Segregate men from women, children, and old people. Place men in detention camps or kill them. 3. Force the rest of the people to leave the village. March them in a convoy to a place outside the territory being ethnically cleansed. 4. Destroy the vacated village, such as by setting it on fire.

Define racist

A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.

Define sharecropper

A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops.

Define Ethnic Enclave

A place with a high concentration of an ethnic group that is distinct from those in the surrounding area; generally neighborhoods within large cities.

Define Triangular Trade

A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa.

Define blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convinced white homeowners to sell their houses at low prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline.

START OF KEY ISSUE 4: Define ethnic cleansing

A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.

Define balkanized

A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into stable countries because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other.

Define ethnoburb

A suburban area with a cluster of a particular ethnic population.

Explain "expansion of the ghetto."

African Americans moved from the tight ghettos into immediately adjacent neighborhoods during the 1950s and 1960s. Expansion of the ghetto typically followed major avenues that radiated out from the center of the city.

How did World War II impact ethnic groups in Europe?

After World War II ended, millions of ethnic Germans, Poles, Russians, and other groups were forced to migrate as a result of boundary changes. For example, when a portion of eastern Germany became part of Poland, the Germans living in the region were forced to move west to Germany, and Poles were allowed to move into the area.

Explain President Obama as an example of the difficulty of defining someone's ethnicity.

Barack Obama, Senior (President Obama's father) was born in the village of Kanyadhiang, Kenya. He was a member of Kenya's third-largest ethnicity, known as Luo. President Obama's mother, Ann Dunham, was raised in Kansas, and most of her ancestors migrated to the United States from England in the nineteenth century. President Obama's stepfather, Lolo Soetoro, was born in the village of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. He was Javanese, which is Indonesia's most numerous ethnicity. President Obama has chosen to identify as African American.