AP Human Geography Final part 2

Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals

Pesticides

Along with maize, the most important crop in the US mixed crop and livestock region is...

Soybeans

Agriculture used primarily to feed the farmer and their family

Subsistence agriculture

When animals are tamed and used for food and profit

Domestication

What is another name for truck farming

Market gardening

Ranching is practiced in a climate region most similar to that of which type of agriculture

Pastoral nomadism

The earliest known domesticated wheat, barley, and rice are thought to have originated in Asia about __________ years ago

10,000

In the US many farms are integrated into a large food production industry. This is known as...

Agribusiness

Areas of early human settlement, especially along major rivers, from where farming and cultivation of livestock diffused

Agricultural hearths

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain

Agriculture

The idea that land becomes less valuable the further away it is from a market which influences the types of agriculture practiced in relationship to the market

Bid-rent theory

Which of the following religions' hearth is NOT from Southwest Asia Christianity Islam Buddhism Judaism

Buddhism

Maize, potato, squash, peppers diffused from South America through the...

Columbian Exchange

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Carrying Capacity

The following are all common animals utilized in pastoral nomadism except for... Camels Horses Sheeo Chickens

Chickens

The diffusion of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas, Africa, and Europe beginning in 1492

Columbian Exchange

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm

Commercial Agriculture

Mixing crops and livestock allows farmers to create a system of...

Crops proving food for livestock and manure for fertilizer

Farming varies around the world because of __________ across space

Cultural and environmental factors

The action of clearing a wide area of trees

Deforestation

The process by which fertile land becomes a desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, soil salinization, or other inappropriate agriculture

Desertification

Pastoral nomadism is mainly centered in...

Dry and arid climates such as Southwest and Central Asia

The theory that people can adjust their way of life and adapt to limitations put on them by their physical environment

Environmental Possibilism

Which of the following includes a positive and negative effect of palm oil plantations?

Exports help corporations but caases heavy deforestation

Farming practices that involve the use of LITTLE energy, capital, or resources

Extensive Agriculture

Do LDCs use intensive or extensive agriculture? Name 3

Extensive, Mixed crop and livestock, ranching, and market gardening

Which food movement involves consumers in MDCs buying goods from LDCs with the goal of reducing inequalities

Fair trade

A method of international trade which promotes fair wages, fair prices for farmers, and limiting the environmental impacts of agricultural production

Fair trade movement

A __________ state is where power is shared between central and local governments

Federal

Dating back 10,000 it achieved plant domestication and animal domestication

First agricultural revolution

Agricultural products whose DNA have been altered to improve their taste, appearance, resistance to threats, speed of growth, etc

GMOs

Redistricting is required to take place after the census; however, _________ is a decision made by politicians

Gerrymandering

1. What is the geographic scale of this map? 2. What is the map's scale of analysis? 3. What type of map is this? 4. Are farmers in Africa more likely to practice commercial agriculture or subsistence agriculture?

Global, national, choropleth, and subsistence agriculture

Rapid diffusion of new, more scientific agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers

Green revolution (Third agricultural revolution)

Changes in agriculture produced by the introduction of science (pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, hybrid seeds, higher yielding crops, etc)

Green revolution (third agricultural revolution)

What does vertical integration do

Helps reduce costs, improve efficiency, and increase profit

Chemicals that kills plants and weeds

Herbicides

Breeding technique results in offspring with the best traits of both combined organisms

Hybridization

Farming practices that involve the use of A LOT of energy, capital, or resources

Intensive agriculture

Do MDCs use intensive or extensive agriculture? Name 3

Intensive agriculture, pastoral nomadism, shifting cultivation, and plantation

This agricultural practice is often associated with soil salinization

Irrigation

English is the most commonly spoken 2nd language in the world because...

It is a lingua franca

Three features that distinguish subsistence from commercial agriculture include all but... Size of individual farm Farmers in labor force Machinery Lack of environmental impacts

Lack of environmental impacts

What does LDC stand for

Less developed countries

Rural land use pattern common today in areas colonized by the French like Quebec, Canada, and Louisiana, with narrow plots of agricultural land stretching back from a river or road

Long lots

Wood and lumber is closer to the market compared to grain crops like wheat and corn because....

Lumber is heavier and bulky and thus has higher transportation costs

The relatively small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops, frequently sold directly to consumers and restaurants

Market gardening

What are three types of intensive agriculture

Market gardening, plantation, and mixed crop/livestock

Agribusiness is often associated with these 4 types of farming most commercial

Market gardening, plantation, mixed crop and livestock, and ranching

4 commercial practices

Mixed crop and livestock, ranching, market gardening, and plantation

Rural land use pattern using landmarks like trees or hills and measurements between them to establish boundaries

Metes and bounds

Producing one agricultural produce on a large scale, typically for commercial purposes on plantations or ranges

Monocropping

Producing one agricultural product on a large scale, typically for commercial purposes on plantations or ranches

Monoculture or monocropping

What does MDC stand for

More developed countries

The United States, Mexico, Russia, and Brazil are all examples of...

Multinational states

Subsistence agriculture that involves herding domesticated animals in dry and arid climates

Pastoral nomadism

2 types of agriculture found in arid, dry climates

Pastoral nomadism and ranching

2 subsistence practices

Pastoral nomadism and shifting cultivation

Deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding

Plant domestication

Multinational corporations own these types of farms in LDCs leading to neocolonialism

Plantation

Which practice relies on monoculturee

Plantation

Commercial farming commonly in post-colonial, LDCs tropical countries with large monoculture land

Plantations

Feedlots are most commonly associated with this type of farming

Ranching

Raising domesticated animals like cattle or sheep for commercial purposes

Ranching

What type of agriculture practice is commercial and extensive

Ranching

A farming method involving the cutting of trees, burning them to fertilized the soil, then moving to a new place after the soil is no longer productive

Shifting Cultivation/ Slash-and-burn

What is another name for slash-and-burn

Shifting cultivation

Which is NOT an example of intensive agriculture? Mixed crop and livestock market gardening shifting cultivation plantation

Shifting cultivation

2 types of agriculture found in tropic, wet climates

Shifting cultivation and plantation

What are three types of extensive agriculture

Shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching

Deforestation is a major environmental effect of this type of agriculture

Shifting cultivation/slash-and-burn

Shifting cultivation causes severe environmental effects due to the practice of...

Slash and burn

Distortion is most severe on...

Small scale maps

The cultural hearth of potatoes is...

South America

A creolized language is one that is... Dialect Indo-European Imperialized Syncretic

Syncretic

Which of the following are NOT examples of functional regions Area of dominance of a local newspaper Pizza delivery area State boundaries The fan base for the Los Angeles Angels

State boundaries

In India, McDonald's does not serve Big Macs, but it does serve McSpicy Paneers. This is an example of...

Stimulus diffusion

The major change during the 2nd Agricultural Revolution was a shift from...

Subsistence to commercial agriculture

All of the following are assumptions Von Thunen made in the 1800s EXCEPT... There is only one market in any country All the land was flat and without variation Transportation was via wooden carts Technology like refrigeration allows for more flexibility

Technology like refrigeration allows for more flexibility

A farming system that changes the landscape by forming steps up a mountain

Terrace farming

A positive environmental effect of this is the creation of more wetlands

Terracing

What are four agricultural practices that alter the landscape

Terracing, irrigation, draining wetlands, and aquaculture

What did Esther Boserup believe

That humans would come up with a way to have enough food for everyone

What did Thomas Malthus believe

That the world wouldn't be able to feed the entire world population

Wheat production in India has tripled due to the Green Revolution. Which of the following best explains this change?

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Rural land use pattern commonly found west of the Mississippi River that divided land into 6 mile x 6 mile square grids that could be sold in smaller sections

Township and range

Small scale commercial gardening and fruit farming located close to a market

Truck farming or market gardening

True or false India now produces more milk and dairy products than the United States

True

True or false Subsistence agriculture is when the the agricultural products are used to feed the farmer

True

True or false The only type of COMMERCIAL agriculture practiced in LDCs is plantation agriculture

True

What 2 practices attempt to use the environment innovatively

Urban farming and aquaculture

What are five specific food movement patterns

Urban farming, community supported Ag., organic farming, fair trade, and value added specialty crops

Which food movement patterns often result in food prices

Value Added Specialty crops, organic farming, and fair trade

3 examples of grain

Wheat, rice, and corn

Scientists sometimes breed different varieties of plants to enhance specific characteristics, such as making wheat more frost tolerant. Which of the following terms refers to this agricultural process? a. Hybridization b. Organic farming c. Genetic modification d. Natural selection e. Commodity specialization

a. Hybridization

Which problem is most associated with the African Sahel and the shaded area in the map of North America? a. desertification b. Deforestation c. Air pollution d. flooding e. Water pollution

a. desertification

Which of the following is a benefit of empowering women in the agricultural sector? a. Rural men become more likely to migrate to urban areas to earn a living for the family b. Children are better nourished and receive more education c. More female farmers go into commercial farming d. The number of female farmers worldwide increases e. Patterns of consumption in households change as women take over the farm work

b. Children are better nourished an receive more education

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields? a. The increased yield of the Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa decreased the incidence of famine, but the program was unsuccessful in India because of poor soil quality. b. Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, large gaps in the success of the Green revolution outside of urban cores c. The Green Revolution was not successful in China because the strain of rice produced was prone to widespread crop failures, and China dropped out of the program. d. Rice production surpassed all other crop production in sub-Saharan Africa, but corn production in Mexico was

b. Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, large gaps in the success of the Green revolution outside of urban cores

Which term refers to the network that connects places of production with distribution to consumers? a. terraced farming b. commodity chain c. vertical integration d. pyramid agriculture e. dual agricultural economy

b. commodity chain

In Less Developed Countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides and by tractors or aircraft in More Developed Countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications? a. Crop dusters are at risk when applying pesticides with aircraft in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. b. Farm animals used to plow fields are at risk from pesticides in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk is less developed countries. c. Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries d. Crops are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in less developed countries. e. Contract harvesters are at risk in more developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in l

c. Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries

Which of the following terms refers to the scenario of a company owning and controlling more than one stage of the production of goods? a. Terraced farming b. Commodity chain c. Vertical integration d. Pyramid agriculture e. Dual agricultural economy

c. Vertical integration

In the US, many farms are integrated into a large food production industry. This is known as... a. a milk shed b. mechanized farming c. subsistence farming d. Agribusiness e. commercial farming

d. Agribusiness

Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution? a. Genetically modified crops and ever-increasing levels of mechanization drove productivity up and eliminated hunger. b. Innovations such as crop rotations and hybrid selection, aided by technology, made agriculture productive enough to support the growth of urban centers and the creation of modern civilization. c. The adaptation of newly introduced crops such as potatoes and corn from the New World made European farms more productive, leading to better diets, longer lives, and more available workers for factories. d. Technological innovations, such as devices shows, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, long life expediencies, and more people available for work in factories e. The Second Agricultural Revolution is ongoing, as engineers continue to improve agricultural machinery and scientists search

d. Technological innovations, such as devices shows, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, long life expediencies, and more people available for work in factories

Which of the following explains the growth of agribusiness in the 20th century? a. The growth of niche markets allowed small-scale farmers to get their products to consumers more efficiently b. Decreasing globalization of agriculture resulted in market preference for locally produced products c. The growth of consumer preferences for fair trade and non-GMO foods lead to specialized farming d. The increasing globalization of agriculture resulted in fewer consumer preferences for food, which made large-scale farming more economical e. Improvements in technologies made farming more efficient and specialized which resulted in farmers increasing dependency on food manufacturers, distributors, and marketers

e. Improvements in technologies made farming more efficient and specialized which resulted in farmers increasing dependency on food manufacturers, distributors, and marketers

Which of the following explains the growth of agribusiness in the 20th century? a. The growth of niche markets allowed small-scale farmers to get their products to consumers more efficiently b. Decreasing globalization of agriculture resulted in market preference for locally produced products c. The growth of consumer preferences for fair trade and non-GMO foods lead to specialized farming d. The increasing globalization of agriculture resulted in fewer consumer preferences for food, which made large-scale farming more economical e. Improvements in technologies made farming more efficient and specialized which resulted in farmers' increasing dependency on food manufacturers, distributors, and marketers

e. Improvements in technologies made farming more efficient and specialized which resulted in farmers' increasing dependency on food manufacturers, distributors, and marketers

In which of the following world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture? a. East Asia b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. Central America e. Sub-Saharan Africa

e. Sub-Saharan Africa

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change? a. The elimination of poverty in India's rural regions b. The use of genetically modified seeds c. The increase in microloan programs that provide farmers with credit d. The use of large farm tractors and combine harvesters e. The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

e. The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Dramatic increases in global grain production since 1950 have been made possible by... a. substantial increases in the amount of land under cultivation b. global warming c. an increase in the urban workforce d. an increase in the agricultural workforce e. an increase in the use of energy and technology

e. an increase in the use of energy and technology

A way of supplying water to an area of land

irrigation

Migrant farmers are often used to pick the vegetables and fruit in...

market gardening

The primary factor in von Thünen's model for choosing commercial farm products is...

market location

The primary factor in Von Thunen's model for choosing commercial farm products is

market location and resulting transportation costs

All of the following practices are connected with soil and water salinization EXCEPT FOR... irrigation feedlots aquaculture organic farming

organic farming

What product is LEAST likely to be produced with plantation agriculture

wheat