AP Human Geography Review - Unit Two

Which factor is most responsible for the increase in Japan's dependency ratio? A. An increase in life expectancy B. An increase in the death rate C. An increase in the rate of natural increase D. A decrease in the doubling time E. An increase in the total fertility rate

A. An increase in life expectancy

Based on the graph, predicted population growth in which of the following regions is explained by a high total fertility rate? A. Asia B. Africa C. Latin America and Caribbean D. Europe E. United States and Canada

B. Africa

Which of the following countries is best described as being at Stage 3 of the demographic transition model? A. China: birth rate = 13, death rate =7 B. Democratic Republic of the Congo: birth rate = 44, death rate = 10 C. Bolivia: birth rate = 24 , death rate = 7 D. Ivory Coast: birth rate = 37, death rate = 13 E. Hungary: birth rate = 10, death rate = 13

C. Bolivia: birth rate = 24 , death rate = 7

In 1798 Thomas Malthus argued that populations grew exponentially while food supplies grew arithmetically. Consequently, Malthus argued that food shortages would develop until famine and other checks slowed population growth. What statement correctly explains why Malthus' prediction did not come true in 1800s Europe? A. Urbanization resulted in smaller household sizes, and the mechanization of agriculture increased food production. B. Immigration to Europe and the abolition of slavery resulted in a more productive agricultural labor force. C. Rising education levels among women and increased numbers of single-person households reduced fertility and the demand for food. D. Antinatalist population policies placed limits on the number of children per family and reduced the demand for food. E. Global trade in manufactured food products increased the food supply and offset the demand for food.

A. Urbanization resulted in smaller household sizes, and the mechanization of agriculture increased food production.

Which of the following types of countries are most likely challenged with the problems associated with a large youth-dependent population, such as providing public primary education for all children? A. More developed countries B. Less developed countries C. Free market countries D. Landlocked countries E. Island countries

B. Less developed countries

Which of the following is most characteristic of societies currently in the last stage of demographic transition? A. Hyperinflation B. Unemployment C. Youth dependency D. Aging population E. Overpopulation

D. Aging population

Based on the data provided, which of the following best describes how changing roles for women influence patterns of social values? A. Similar birth rates shown in the table for France, Russia, Brazil, and China indicate that women in these countries have access to similar levels of education. B. High death rates shown in the table for Nigeria and Russia reveal a similar lack of women's rights and access to health care in these countries. C. Women living in France choose to have less children but die at higher rates than in Egypt due to greater pollution in industrialized countries such as France. D. Higher birth rates in African countries suggest that women in African countries have less access to education and employment than European women. E. All women in developing countries have higher fertility rates due to the lack of medical care and political rights.

D. Higher birth rates in African countries suggest that women in African countries have less access to education and employment than European women.

What is the likely impact of the numerical change by 2050 of the total population on the eventual shape of Japan's population pyramid? A. Since the impact will be gradual over a 40-year period, the 2050 population pyramid likely will not change. B. Because of low birth rates over many years, by 2050 Japan will likely attain a column-shaped population pyramid. C. Owing to the large numbers of pregnancies in the growing reproductive-age cohorts, in 2050 the population pyramid will likely have the shape of a pentagon. D. Because of an increasing death rate due to an older population, in 2050 the population pyramid will likely have the shape of an equilateral triangle. E. Because of low birth rates over many years, the 2050 population pyramid will likely be an inverted pyramid.

E. Because of low birth rates over many years, the 2050 population pyramid will likely be an inverted pyramid.

Sri Lanka and Australia have about the same population. What data would help you determine which country has a higher physiological population density? A. The area of each country B. The number of farmers in each country C. The total fertility rate of each country D. The amount of arid land in each country E. The amount of arable land in each country

E. The amount of arable land in each country

The demographic transition is a general model that seeks to explain A. the relationship between the size of age cohorts and natural population change B. how variations in population size and food supply can lead to periods of crisis C. the effects of changes in population size on the gross domestic product D. variations in population size, population migration rates, and the rate of natural increase E. how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

E. how differences in birth and death rates result in natural population change

Which of the following best identifies the data for the Eastern Great Rift Valley, shown on the map? A. High arithmetic density B. Low arithmetic density C. Low carrying capacity D. High total fertility rate E. Low total fertility rate

A. High arithmetic density

Physiological population density is viewed as a superior measure of population density for which of the following reasons? A. It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land. B. It yields the average population density. C. It is more reflective of the world's largest population concentrations. D. It measures the average by dividing total land area by total number of people. E. It best reflects the percentage of a country's population that is urbanized.

A. It is more reflective of population pressure on arable land.

In the model shown, the lines for birth rate, death rate, and total population are indicators of a country's A. cycles of economic boom and bust over time B. level of social and economic development over time C. demographic change following a period of warfare D. demographic change following a period of famine E. demographic change following a period of totalitarian government

B. level of social and economic development over time

A country in the first stage of the demographic transition demonstrates which of the following? A. An old population age structure B. High birth rates, but low death rates C. Low birth rates, low death rates, and low rates of population growth D. High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth E. High birth rates, high death rates, and high rates of population growth

D. High birth rates, high death rates, and low rates of population growth

Which of the following would be most likely to increase life expectancy in a less developed country, resulting in an aging population in that country? A. An increase in the country's birth rate B. Rural-to-urban migration within the country C. Improvements in transportation and communication networks D. Improvements in access to health care and sanitation E. A decrease in the country's total fertility rate

D. Improvements in access to health care and sanitation

A country at the end of the demographic transition usually has which of the following? A. High birth and low death rates B. A high infant mortality rate C. A high crude birth rate D. Low birth and death rates E. High population density

D. Low birth and death rates

Which of the following describes information a geographer could identify from the map of urban populations in Brazil? A. Urban areas with rapid population growth B. Distribution of high and low incomes C. Areas with negative population growth D. Patterns of arithmetic density within specific regions E. Urban areas most at risk for overpopulation

D. Patterns of arithmetic density within specific regions

Which of the following describes the spatial pattern shown in the map of total fertility rates? A. The highest total fertility rates are shown in Latin America, North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. B. The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Latin America, North Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. C. The lowest total fertility rates are shown in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of the Middle East. D. The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada. E. The highest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada.

D. The lowest total fertility rates are shown in Europe, Russia, East Asia, Australia, and Canada.

The map shows the number of people per unit of land. Which of the following types of data are shown in the map? A. Arithmetic density B. Physiological density C. Agricultural density D. Urban density E. Suburban density

A. Arithmetic density

Which of the following characteristics applies to more-developed countries? A. Early stages of epidemiological transition B. Long life expectancies C. High total fertility rates D. Rapid population growth E. Early stages of the demographic transition

B. Long life expectancies

Which of the following best explains why, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Thomas Malthus proposed his population theory? A. Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself. B. Malthus theorized that the ability of a population to feed itself would increase with the expansion of the population; more people would mean greater knowledge invested in expanding food production. C. Malthus theorized that reductions of infant mortality would eventually result in slower population growth rates. D. Malthus theorized that agricultural developments in the mid-to-late eighteenth century would result in a significant expansion of food production, therefore alleviating the threat of overpopulation. E. Malthus theorized the only way to prevent overpopulation would be to create policies that would limit the number of children a family could have.

A. Malthus theorized that, if left unchecked by regular cycles of famine and misery, population would increase beyond the ability to feed itself.

Which of the following best explains the significant difference in North Africa's demographic data from the rest of the African continent and North Africa's closer similarity to global demographic data? A. North African improvements in nutrition, health care, and sanitation have reduced birth and death rates as well as improved life expectancies over time. B. North African declines in nutrition, health care, and sanitation have resulted in higher birth rates but have not affected death rates or life expectancies over time. C. North African investment in transportation and energy sectors has reduced birth and death rates as well as improved life expectancies over time. D. Foreign investment in North Africa's transportation and energy sectors has resulted in higher birth rates but have not affected death rates or life expectancies over time. E. North African business losses in transportation and energy sectors have resulted in higher birth rates but have not affected death rates or life expectancies over time.

A. North African improvements in nutrition, health care, and sanitation have reduced birth and death rates as well as improved life expectancies over time.

Based on the population pyramid above, which of the following will pose the greatest demographic challenge to China beginning in 2029? A. Providing for the needs of its aging population B. Finding enough teachers to educate the young C. Limiting out-migration of the 60- to 64-year-old age cohort D. Providing prenatal medical care E. Controlling population growth

A. Providing for the needs of its aging population

In the early part of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, Thomas Malthus developed a theory that population increases exponentially, while food production can increase only arithmetically. Which of the following statements best explains how the Industrial Revolution reduced the threats forecast by Malthus? A. The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered population growth rates below what Malthus predicted. B. Industrialization led to the manufacture of weaponry used in warfare, resulting in higher mortality during the conflicts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that dramatically reduced populations. C. The migration of people from rural areas to factory cities allowed farmers to expand their farm size and increase food production above Malthus' predictions. D. Industrialization enabled and promoted European imperialism, and Europeans migrated to overseas colonies, reducing the European population. E. Mechanization expanded to agriculture, increasing the need for agricultural labor to run the equipment, leading rural families to have more children and increasing population growth.

A. The resulting rural-to-urban migration for jobs in factories led to a decline in birth rates and lowered population growth rates below what Malthus predicted.

One would expect to find a population with a relatively young age structure in A. less developed countries B. highly developed countries C. countries with a low death rate D. countries with a low fertility rate E. countries with a high standard of living

A. less developed countries

Which of the following country demographics would be used to explain the need for the pronatalist policies shown? A. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , passes a law that requires paid maternity leave. B. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , legislates tax credits for working parents C. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , establishes long maternity leave periods from work D. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , requires full-day kindergarten. E. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , provides state-subsidized day care centers.

B. A country with a birth rate of , a death rate of , and a rate of natural increase of , legislates tax credits for working parents

What changes could local governments, businesses, and corporations make to reverse Japan's national birth patterns? A. Decreasing transportation costs to allow workers to commute from locations farther outside of densely populated urban centers B. Adding low-cost or zero-cost infant day care and preschool centers to allow mothers to return to the workforce C. Reducing the time off allowed for maternity leave and incentivizing working mothers to return to the workforce D. Enforcing a two-child policy for all families, requiring a minimum of two children per family to become eligible to receive school services and work benefits E. Increasing access to family planning clinics and making doctor's office visits free for women patients

B. Adding low-cost or zero-cost infant day care and preschool centers to allow mothers to return to the workforce

Which of the following statements best describes how the epidemiologic transition affects the demographic transition? A. The epidemiologic transition occurs in stage 1 of the demographic transition, causing a fluctuation in birth and death rates. B. Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and health care cause death rates to fall in stage 2 of the demographic transition. C. Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and health care cause birth rates to fall in stage 3 of the demographic transition. D. The epidemiologic transition occurs in stage 4 of the demographic transition, causing a slowing of the rate of natural increase. E. The epidemiologic transition occurs in stage 5 of the demographic transition as famines and wars cause a total population decline.

B. Improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and health care cause death rates to fall in stage 2 of the demographic transition.

Which of the following explains why a country with a high physiological density (e.g., Japan, Egypt, or the Netherlands) risks exceeding its carrying capacity? A. The population is clustered in key areas, so rural populations will not have easy access to public services such as schools and hospitals. B. The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation. C. The population is evenly dispersed throughout the country, so it is difficult to maintain infrastructure such as roads and telecommunication networks for the entire country. D. There is a large number of people per unit of total land area, so there is no available land for farmers to raise crops and other food products. E. The amount of farmers per unit of land area in these countries is too low to be able to support their populations.

B. The population places a large amount of pressure on the arable land to produce enough food without risking severe environmental degradation.

The ability of a resource base to sustain a population is known as its A. support ratio B. carrying capacity C. subsistence limit D. basic employment E. population pressure

B. carrying capacity

In which of the following contexts could a neo-Malthusian perspective most successfully explain population characteristics? A. A country experiencing population decline, where birth rates are low B. A country with a low rate of natural population increase, where a small percentage of citizens work in agriculture C. A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk D. A country experiencing significant out-migration, where economic conditions lead many job seekers to move to other countries E. A country recovering from an environmental disaster, where infrastructure must be rebuilt

C. A country with a high rate of natural population increase, where food supplies are at risk

Which of the following explains an unintended consequence of China's antinatalist one-child policy? A. A dramatic reduction of the birth rate and a decline of the rate of natural increase rate, resulting in lower population growth. B. Agricultural families were forced to relocate to the nearest city to search for employment, resulting in increased urban population. C. A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people. D. Decreased spending on childhood expenses, such as education and nursery supplies results in a drop in domestic economic productivity. E. A decreased emphasis on education due to the decreasing numbers of school-age children results in a loss of international competitiveness.

C. A projected shortage of working-age people to care for the rising elderly population, resulting in an increase in the cost of living for older people.

Which of the following describes a concern for a country with an aging population? A. As a country's population ages, the life expectancy for the younger population of the country decreases and healthcare costs decline. B. As a country's population ages, the infant mortality rate decreases and there is an increased need for daycare centers. C. As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population. D. As the proportion of older people in the country increases, the sex ratio becomes disproportionally skewed toward males. E. As the proportion of older people increases, the total population decreases because older people do not have children.

C. As the proportion of older people in the country increases, fewer young workers are available to contribute tax revenues to support programs that provide services to the older population.

Which statement best describes population growth patterns in the world today? A. In the world as a whole, women have an average of five or more children, leading to Malthusian crises. B. Fertility rates in low- and middle-income countries worldwide are higher now than 25 years ago. C. In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years. D. In sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and the Pacific, fertility rates have doubled in the last 25 years. E. Fertility rates in most high-income countries have risen in the last 25 years.

C. In the world as a whole, fertility rates have fallen in the last 25 years.

Which of the following best explains a possible limitation of the trends assumed from the population pyramid and estimates in the data table? A. A period of war followed by a baby boom, similar to that of the 1940s and 1950s, is likely to occur within a generation, increasing the youth-aged cohorts. B. Modernization of health-care systems may result in improvements in women's health and pregnancy and result in more children being born, increasing the youth-aged cohorts. C. Labor shortages may cause the government to reduce the legal barriers to immigration, and immigrant populations could increase the working-age cohorts. D. Decreasing populations may cause an economic decline, prompting many citizens to emigrate to other more developed countries and decreasing the working-age cohorts. E. Production efficiencies gained from computerization and robotization of manufacturing may free parents from long work hours and result in more time to have additional children, increasing the youth-aged cohorts.

C. Labor shortages may cause the government to reduce the legal barriers to immigration, and immigrant populations could increase the working-age cohorts.

Country A is a more developed country with a low birth rate, a low total fertility rate, a high life expectancy, and a high percentage of urban population. Based on this information, which of the following outcomes is most likely to occur in Country A? A. Guest workers from less developed countries are needed to fill the labor shortages in urban areas. B. Falling birth rates and declining youth populations result in an increase in school construction in urban areas. C. Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases. D. Provincial and national politicians must tailor their political campaigns to appeal to rural voters. E. Suburban house construction declines as elderly populations downsize and seek to be closer to urban amenities.

C. Pressures on pension and social security programs are at critical levels as the number of elderly increases.

Which of the following best explains a likely effect of Brazil's population distribution? A. More uniform economic growth throughout the entire country as urban areas expand westward B. Increased cultural unity as more people live in close proximity to one another in eastern Brazil C. Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited western regions D. The expansion of available farmland as people move to the cities, allowing more rural land to be farmed E. More efficient political administration and improved governance as the population becomes more clustered

C. Uneven economic development as eastern Brazil experiences more growth than the sparsely inhabited western regions

Physiological population density differs from crude population density in that physiological density A. examines only the population of cities, while crude density includes the population of cities and rural areas B. is a measure of how density is perceived, while crude density is a measure of specific density C. explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit D. explains the density of a single housing unit while crude density explains the density of a group of houses E. is the number of people per housing unit, while crude density is the number of people per square mile

C. explains density in terms of people per arable square land unit, while crude density explains density in terms of people per total square land unit

The Malthusian view of the world argues that A. the contemporary problem of famine in developing countries is a result of the colonial legacy B. the problem of population growth is a result of economic underdevelopment C. one way to solve population growth in developing countries is to reduce their foreign debt D. famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth E. population growth is helpful to developing countries because it provides a larger rural workforce

D. famine in developing countries can be explained by examining their patterns of population growth

The low birth and death rates for a country in stage 4 of the demographic transition model are best explained by A. the rural population and agricultural livelihood of a less developed country. B. the level of education and traditional roles for women in a less developed country C. the resource-based economy and life expectancy of a less developed country D. the level of urbanization and technological advancement of a more developed country E. the environmental pollution and manufacturing infrastructure of a more developed country

D. the level of urbanization and technological advancement of a more developed country

Even though total fertility rates have been declining in some less-developed countries, the total population has continued to grow. This is primarily because a high percentage of the population is A. female B. male C. over the age of 15 D. under the age of 15 E. receiving adequate medical care

D. under the age of 15

Country has a high youth-dependency ratio. Country has fears of running out of agricultural resources. Which of the following explains why Countries and would implement anti-natalist policies? A. Antinatalist policies promote higher birth rates so the country will have an adequate future workforce. B. Antinatalist policies promote immigration so the country will be able to sustain its population. C. Antinatalist policies correct skewed sex ratios so the number of each sex will be relatively even. D. Antinatalist policies promote health and sanitation to lower the number of deaths from infectious diseases. E. Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.

E. Antinatalist policies promote family planning and education of women to reduce fertility rates.

The dependency ratio is most useful for indicating the A. reliance of a country on imported fossil fuels B. degree of gender equality within a country C. relationship between the total fertility rate and the infant mortality rate D. percentage of foreign ownership within the secondary sector of a country's economy E. relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population

E. relationship between the potential labor force and the remainder of a country's population