AP Human Geography Unit 5

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Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

Intensive agriculture

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.

Biotechnology

A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.

Dispersed settlement pattern

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land.

Metes and bounds

A term used in describing the boundary lines of land, setting forth all the boundary lines together with their terminal points and angles. Metes (length or measurements) and Bounds (boundaries) description is often used when a great deal of accuracy is required.

Green Revolution

Agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

Subsistence agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family

Rectangular survey system

Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.

Extensive agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.

Mediterranean agriculture

An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,

Shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture)

An area of land cleared for cultivation by slashing and burning vegetation.

Primary sector

Businesses or people working to extract raw materials from the earth or sea. Examples of industries in the primary sector include fishing, farming and mining.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Coincided with the Industrial Revolution in England and a higher population growth rate, and saw the development of improved sanitation, storage, and fertilization techniques, allowing for greater food output.

Agribusiness

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.

Truck Farming

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning batering or the exchange of commodities.

Horticulture

Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

Agricultural hearths

Farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth.

Pampas

Grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay

Third Agricultural Revolution

It is still in progress. It is based on new, high-yielding strains of grains and other crops developed in laboratories using modern techniques of genetic engineering

Enclosure

Large companies bought out little farms putting farmers out of work

Von Thunen's Model

Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a comercial economy that is similar to the concentric model

Seed agriculture

Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.

Wet (lowland) rice

Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth

Quaternary sector

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Job specialization

The degree to which the overall task of the organization is broken down and divided into smaller component parts

Biodiversity

The diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world as a whole)

Secondary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Tertiary sector

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.

Labor-intensive agriculture

Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.

Extensive subsistence agriculture

Using a large amount of land to farm food for the farmer's family to eat.

Patriarchal system

When men had the power in the family, the economy, and the government

Winter wheat area, spring wheat area, "world breadbasket"

Winter: wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer. Spring: Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer

Nucleated settlement pattern

a settlement clustered around a central point, such as a village green or church.

Postindustrial societies

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

Mixed crop and livestock farming

both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year

Seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Long-lot survey system

distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

Vegetative planting

reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants

Intensive subsistence agriculture

term applied to subsistence agriculture that means that farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land

Milkshed

the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied


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