AP Human Geography - Urbanization (Unit 6) Test Review
it is set up on a street or other public space early in the morning, and it is taken down at the end of the day, and set up in another location the next day
How does the periodic market work, and where is it located?
transportation innovations
What can models change with?
the rank-size rule
What does the distribution of settlements in the U.S. follow?
market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area
What is the central place?
Megacity
urban settlement with a total population in excess of 10 million people
in Europe, they still live in the inner city in the upper-class sector, but in the U.S., they live in the suburbs for the most part
How is the location of where the wealthy live in Europe different from where they live in the U.S.?
-they were laid out surrounding a religious core such as a church or mosque -government buildings and the homes of wealthy families surrounded the inner city, and families with less wealth and lower status located farther from the core, and recent migrants to the city lived on the edge -
How were urban areas like before they got colonized by European countries?
-hamlets -villages -towns -cities -megacities -metacities
How would you rank the following from smallest to largest: town, cities, megacities, hamlets, villages, metacities?
people choose to go to other market areas and other nodes
If people are closer to the periphery of a market area, then where do people go to obtain services?
Census Tracts
Urban areas containing more (or equal to) 5,000 people that correspond to neighborhood boundaries
if it exists in a country, the residents have a better quality of life and the absence of a rank-size rule indicates that there is not enough wealth in society to pay for a full variety of services (this is because of the absence of settlements between a small amount of the population and where the large population lives)
What impact does the existence of rank-size rule have on the quality of life or a country's inhabitants? Why?
a collection of individual vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days (and it is where services as the lower end of the central place hierarchy may be provided)
What is a periodic market?
central business district: retail and office activities are clustered, non-residential
What is in ring one of the concentric zone model?
usually factories, businesses, etc. are located there but housing isn't located there
What is mainly located in the CBD? What is not located there?
you'll usually find residentials areas (due to cheaper land) there and not as many businesses and factories
What is mainly located in the concentric zone model as you get farther from the CBD? What isn't located there?
zone in transition: contains industry and poorer-quality housing (immigrants first live here)
What is ring 2 of the concentric zone model?
-zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working class families -example of this is Philadelphia
What is ring 3 of the concentric zone model?
zone of better residences: newer, more spacious houses for middle class families
What is ring 4 of the concentric zone model?
commuter's zone: beyond the continuous built up area of the city (people here live in small communities and commute to work in the CBD)
What is ring 5 of the concentric zone model?
the city must be at least twice the size (in terms of population) as the second largest city in the country
What is the condition that must be checked to see if a city is actually a primate city?
Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?): also called the high tech epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both and transportation and tech improves
What is the fifth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830): cities grew new ports and waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships, and once good were on land, they were hauled by the wagon to their final destination
What is the first stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970): growth in gasoline combustion
What is the fourth stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
one major city that works as the financial, political, and population center of a country and doesn't have any city that compares with it; They don't have to be but are most often the capital of a city
What is the main idea of a primate city?
-it makes services available in more villages than would otherwise be possible, at least on a part-time basis -in urban areas, periodic markets offer residents fresh foods brought in the morning from the countryside
What is the purpose of a periodic market?
-the max distance people are willing to travel to use a service -it is the radius of the circle drawn to delineate a service's market area
What is the range of a service area?
they're directly proportional (the people are willing to travel longer for it=larger, and the opposite is true for when people are willing to travel shorter for it)
What is the relationship between how long people are willing to travel for a service and the range of the service?
segregation of people occurs based on economic status
What is the result of gentrification?
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870): characterized the impact of steam engines, tech, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks
What is the second stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920): dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network
What is the third stage of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
the minimum # of people needed to support a service
What is the threshold of a service?
an idealized urban hierarchy in which people travel to the closest local market for lower-order goods, but must go to a larger town or city for higher orders goods
What must the central place theory represent?
hexagons
What shape is used in the central place theory to represent market areas?
it range and threshold
What two factors determine the size of a market area?
a functional/nodal region
What type of region is a market area a good example of?
regions like the Great Plains, which are neither heavily industrialized nor interrupted by major physical features such as rivers or mountain ranges
What type of regions does the central place theory most apply to?
major league baseball games, concerts, etc.
What types of services are people willing to travel long distances for?
for consumer services like groceries, laundromats, or coffee shops
What types of services are people willing to travel only a short distance for?
the type of consumer: type of service attracts certain types of people (thrift shops=poorer people, high end department stores=higher income people)
When determining the threshold of a service, what is considered?
Pull Production
When retailers determine what the manufacturer will produce, how much to produce and the price of the product
Push Production
When the manufacturers of products decide what to produce, how much to produce, and the price of the product.
local establishments
Where do people like to get most of their services from?
a census
Where does the data for a social area analysis come from?
Bangkok, Thailand
Which city in the world, displays one of the largest features of a primate city?
residents of LDC's and residents of RURAL areas in LDC's
Who does periodic markets supply goods to?
Market Area/Hinterland
the area surrounding a service from which consumers are attracted to
Urban Area
the central city and the surrounding built up subsurbs
Primate City
the largest city in the country in the primate city rule
Primate City Rule
the largest settlement (the primate city) has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
Social Area Analysis
the study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic backgrounds, and lifestyle live within an urban area
Outsourcing
when a business obtains services or products used in manufacturing, such as parts for a television set, from an outside (often overseas) supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs
Squatter settlements
-An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures -they're characterized by extreme poverty
Metropolitan Statistical Area
-An urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000 -the country within which the city is located, adjacent counties with a high population density and large % of residents working in the central city's county
Multi-Nuclei Model
-developed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman -a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve -examples of nodes: port, neighborhood business center, university, airport, park -activities are attracted to particular nodes,w ehreas others try to avoid the -for example, the university node may attract well educated residents, bookstores, pizza places, or the airport node might attract hotels, etc. -heavy industry and high class housing RARELY exist in the same neighborhood
Concentric Zone model
-a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings -size and width vary, but basic types of rings appear in all cities in the same order -ring 1: central business district: retail and office activities are clustered, non-residential -ring 2: zone in transition: contains industry and poorer-quality housing (immigrants) -ring 3: zone of working class homes: older houses, stable, working-class families -ring 4: zone of better residences: newer, more special houses for middle class families -ring 5: commuter's zone: beyond continuous built up area of a city
Urban Hierarchy
-a hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities, upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities -the higher the order of the city, the greater the sphere of influence that the city possesses on a global scale -City's economics are ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors
Central place
-a market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area -it is also located to maximize accessibility from the surrounding area -these types of places compete against each other to serve as markets for goods and services and this creates a regular pattern of settlements
Galactic Model
-also known as the peripheral model -developed by Harris around sometime in 1960 -Reflected the growth of suburbs -large suburban residential or suburban nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road -edge cities: a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area
Alpha world cities
-cities in second tier, which have impressive economic and political clout -ex: Los Angeles, Chicago, Washington D.C., U.S., Frankfurt, Milan, Hong Kong, Singapore, etc.
Beta World cities
-cities in the next order after alpha world cities that each have a unique feature within their region -ex: San Francisco, Boston, Atlanta, Sydney, Toronto, Zurich, Brussels, Madrid, Mexico City, Sao Paulo, etc.
Gamma World Cities
-cities in the next order after beta world cities -ex: Amsterdam, Dallas, Melbourne, Dusseldorf, Jakarta, Osaka, Caracas, Geneva, Johannesburg, Prague, etc.
Hoyt Sector Model
-city develops in a series of sectors, not rings -certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities because of environmental factor or by chance -as city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center -once a district is established, new additions are built on edge of the district and extend further out from the center
Offshore companies
-companies that conduct most of their business outside of the country in which they are incorporated -these companies are also known as non-resident companies
Bid-Rent Theory (concentric zone model)
-describes how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases -different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center -land users all compete for the most accessible land within the CBD -the amount land users are willing to pay is called "bid-rent" and the result is a pattern of concentric rings of land use, CREATING THE CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Metacity
-has more than 20 million people -only 3 of the 11 metacities are in developed countries: Tokyo, Seoul, New York
Rank-size rule
-occurs in MDC's, where geographers observe that ranking settlements from largest to smallest (population wise) produces a regular pattern or hierarchy -it is basically where, in which the country's n'th largest settlement is 1/n of the population of the largest settlement -ex: largest city has pop. of 1000, then 5th largest city population is 200 (1/5 * 1000)
McGee Southeast Asian City Model
-the main comparison is that the cities have a port zone near bodies of water -created by T.G. McGee in 1967 -there is no actual CBD but instead it is dispersed throughout the city -there is a very large middle-class population in the alien commercial zones -the higher-class citizens live on the right edge of the city by the government zone and away from any industrial areas or commercial areas -there is a specific zone for slums and new suburbs right above the middle-class area, the suburbs and squatter areas are right next to each other -the different zones represent the dispersed CBD: western commercial, alien commercial, mixed land-use, and government -alien commercial areas are home to Asian merchants -newer industrial parts are located on the outskirts of the city -examples of cities that follow this model are Hong Kong, China; Manila, Philippines; Jakarta, Indonesia; Beijing, China
Griffin-Ford Latin American City Model
-the main comparison is that the spine extends from the CBD surrounded by high-class residents and connects to the mall -created by: Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford in the 1980's -"Periferico" zones are slums, squatter settlements, or shantytowns that contain lower-class people -it is the opposite of North American models; the further the people are away fro the CBD, the poorer the people -the model show where the rich and poor are located in relation to the spine -there's a high-class difference -the gentrification zone is where the preserved historical buildings are located -ex of cities that follow this model: Buenos Aires, Argentina; Bogota, Colombia; Santiago, Chile; Caracas, Venezuela; Havana, Cuba; Mexico City, Mexico
De Blij Sub-Saharan Africa City Model
-the main comparison is that there are 3 CBD's: Colonial, Market, and Traditional -the colonial CBD has aspects of European cities, because it is from when the city was colonized -the traditional CBD is where vertical integration occurs -the market is basically an open-air market -the CBDs are surrounded by ethnic neighborhoods that represent the different types of ethnic groups of that region before it became urbanized -outside of the neighborhoods are the industrial zones -the poverty is spread throughout the city, meaning that there isn't much of a class difference at all -the informal satellite townships are the slums/squatter settlements of the African cities -examples of cities that follow this model are:Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Micropolitan Statistical Area
An urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which it is found, and adjacent counties tied to the city.
lower likely, since this is where the wealthy live
Are lower-income people more or less likely to live in the inner city in Europe? Why?
primate city rule is used, and the rank-size rule fails at the lower levels in the hierarchy
Do many LDC's follow the rank size rule or primate city rule? Which one fails at lower levels in the hierarchy?
its economics
In urban hierarchy, what factor of the city is ranked more heavily than political or cultural factors?
no, since the U.S. is a big country and the lack of primacy allows multiple cities to serve as centers of culture, business, and communication
Is there any true primate city in the U.S.? Why?
they grow into towns but at the expense of their neighbors, and, a network of centrally located towns will emerge, and among these towns, only a few will grow into cities
What happens to centrally located cities that attract merchants and traders?
-often they are colonial cities (colonial powers established and invested in one city only) -strong centralized government (for example, France is a unitary state and has Paris as a primate city) -industrial agglomeration (almost all industries go to this city) -rural-urban migration (people are moving to this city)
What creates primate cities?
helps create an overall picture of where various types of people tend to live, depending on their particular personal characteristics
What does social area analysis help do?
World Cities
The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political important: New York City, London, and Tokyo
Central place theory
Theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another.
land becomes less attractive to industry because of the reducing transportation linkages and a decreasing marketplace
What happens in the concentric zone model, as one travels farther out from the CBD?
-Paris (9.6 million) with its second largest city, Marseilles (only 1.3 million) -London has 7 million with its second largest city, Birmingham, with only 1 million -Mexico city has 8.6 million with its second largest city, Guadalajara, with only 1.6 million
What are some examples of primate cities?
Copenhagen in Denmark, London in U.K.
What are some examples of primate cities?
-finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing -has multinational corporations -has financial headquarters, stock exchange, and major financial institutions -trade+economy -has its own decision making power -innovation -global networks -high % of residents employed in services sector and info sector -high diversity -multi-functional infrastructure
What are some of the typical characteristics of world cities?
-stage 1: Sail Wagon Epoch (1790-1830): cities grew new ports and waterways which are used for transportation. The only means of international trade was sailing ships, and once good were on land, they were hauled by the wagon to their final destination -stage 2: Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870): characterized the impact of steam engines, tech, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks -stage 3: Steel Rail Epoch (1870-1920): dominated by the development of long-haul railroads and a national railroad network -stage 4: Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-1970): growth in gasoline combustion -stage 5: Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?): also called the high tech epoch. This stage has continued to the present day as both and transportation and tech improves
What are the 5 stages of Borchert's Urbanization Development?
-economic development can occur in the city as they attract oversea businesses and the city development can help the country as a whole -attractive places of migration -resources, services, and infrastructure are available on a large scale
What are the advantages of a primate city?
-magnetic attraction for businesses, services, and people (cumulative effect) -can attract international trade and business -centralize transportation and communication -enhanced flow of ideas and information among larger populations-ability to offer high-end good due to increased threshold
What are the advantages of a primate city?
-housing shortages -traffic congestion -crime and pollution -urban area is much richer than rural areas -imbalance in development (usually the primate city is highly developed and the outside cities and rural areas are lacking in development)
What are the disadvantages of a primate city?
-urban-rural inequalities -imbalance in development -concentration of power -has a parasitic effect, sucking wealth, natural and human resources into city -become centers for unemployment, crime, pollution
What are the disadvantages of a primate city?
-the main transportation is walking and using horses -relies on the bid-rent theory where land is cheaper towards the CBD -show more intensive use closer and more use further from CBD -poorer people must live closer to the CBD to walk, meaning they live very densely -rich can afford horses and hence, live further from CBD in large houses
What are the key points of the Burgess Concentric Zone Model?
-main transportation is car -CBD continues to lose importance as edge cities develop and when edge cities develop clusters of economic activity outside CBD, causing an increase in complexity and decentralization -cities continue to sprawl with transportation -many industries cluster in certain areas
What are the key points of the Harris-Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model?
-the main transportation is a streetcar -shows wedges of similar areas, sectors, radiate from CBD along streetcar lines -affordable transportation allows city to expand -poor cluster near factories, streetcar lines -activities agglomerate in sectors, often sectors for retail, education, separate residential areas for different income levels
What are the key points of the Hoyt Sector Model?
-main transportation are cars on the interstate -occurs when sprawl, decentralization, and sub-urbanization at their greatest extent -lack of taxable economic activity, leaves many cities poor, leading to mergers like the Louisville-Jefferson county -most urban areas become almost entirely dependent on cars for transportation -more edge cities appear as rich mostly live in suburbs
What are the key points of the galactic city/urban realms model?
-since they're often the centers of jobs and development, which can subtract wealth distribution from other parts of the country -job declines in other parts of countries cause heavy migration to primate city -as a result, primate city becomes a center of pollution, crime, and unemployment -parasitic effect occurs, where wealth is sucked out of other regions that are surrounding the primate city
What are the negatives of primacy and using a primate city?
-you can find the best doctors, hotels, or colleges in the country there -increased tourism -increased global trade -boosted economy
What are the positives of primacy and using a primate city?
then the country does not have a rank size rule
What can we assume if the settlement hierarchy in a country does not graph as a straight line?
since they offer a compromise between the geometric properties of circles (equidistant) and squares (don't overlap)
Why are hexagons used to represent a central place and market area?
-because it is traditionally the most accessible location for a large population -this large population is essential for department stores, which require a considerable turnover, and as a result, they are willing and able to pay a very high rent value
Why is the inner core/CBD of the concentric zone model so valuable?
since people think of distance in terms of time rather than in terms of a liner measurement like miles (hence, the range of services that is represented by circles must now be represented by irregularly shaped circles since travel time varies with road conditions)
Why must the range of a service be modified?
Edge cities
a node of office and retail activity on the edge of an urban area
Megalopolis
an area that links together several metropolitan areas to form one huge urban area
