A/P II Exam 3

As the filtrate passes through the nephron... Volume decreases most in the proximal tubule Concentration decreases in the descending loop Concentration increases in the ascending loop Volume increases in the descending loop

Volume decreases most in the proximal tubule

When blood pressure drops what to JG cells do?

Release renin into blood stream

Which of the following does NOT normally appear in the filtrate? Water Urea Albumin Glucose

Albumin

High Hydrostatic pressure dominates at _____ end of most blood vessels

Arteriolar Pushes water out of vessel

Water is a nonpolar solvent; allows water to transport and deliver a large number of solutes throughout body. A) True B) False

False (water is polar)

The filtration fraction averages what percentage of the plasma that enters the glomerulus? 0% 20% 50% 70%

20%

Concentrations of NaCl, calcium and bicarbonate ions are higher in... A) ECF B) Cytosol

A) ECF

Blood descending into the medulla in the vasa recta... Loses both sodium chloride and water Gains both sodium chloride and water Gains sodium chloride and loses water Does not change

Gains NaCl and loses water

Define GFR

Glomerular Filtration Rate: Amount of filtrate formed by BOTH kidneys in one minute. 125 ml/min: all 3 liters of blood plasma are filtered 60 times per day

Choose the CORRECT pathway followed by filtrate as it becomes urine: Proximal tubule, loop, glomerulus, distal tubule, collecting duct Proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct, glomerulus Glomerulus, collecting duct, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule Glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct

Glomerulus, proximal tubule, loop, distal tubule, collecting duct

What results from overhydration?

Hyponatremia (low salt conc.)

Aldosterone... Is released from the adrenal medulla Acts on the proximal tubule Promotes sodium excretion Increases blood volume if ADH is present

Increases blood volume if ADH is present

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of glomerular capillaries INCREASES blood flow and capillary permeability.

Countercurrent multiplication... Occurs only in cortical nephrons Creates the cortical concentration gradient Requires interaction between the proximal and distal tubules Involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through limbs of the loop

Involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through limbs of the loop

Active transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop... Is driven by Na+/K+/2Cl symporters Is driven by Na+/K+ pumps Is driven by Na+/K+/2Cl antiporters Is not affected by the concentration of available NaCl

Is driven by Na+/K+/2Cl- symporters

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure... Is less than that of most body capillaries Is increased by the high resistance efferent arteriole Opposes filtration of fluid from the glomerulus Pulls fluid into the glomerular capillary

Is increased by the high resistance efferent arteriole

Hydrostatic pressure... Is the pressure created by proteins in a fluid Is higher than the blood pressure Is the force of fluid on the wall of its container Pulls fluid into the capillaries

Is the force of fluid on the wall of its container

Net filtration pressure at the glomerulus... Is less than that of most body capillaries Is typically about 10 mm Hg Is not related to the glomerular filtration rate Pulls fluid into the glomerular capillary

Is typically about 10 mmHg

Blood ascending into the cortex in the vasa recta... Loses sodium chloride and gains water Gains both sodium chloride and water Gains sodium chloride and loses water Does not change

Loses NaCl and gains water

Angiotensin-I is converted into angiotensin-II in the... Kidneys Liver Lungs Stomach

Lungs

Which of the following is NOT part of the filtration membrane? Podocytes Macula densa Basal lamina Capillary endothelial cells

Macula Densa

Water is reabsorbed from the collecting system because of? Hormone levels Cortical interstitial fluid concentration Medullary interstitial fluid concentration NaCl concentrations in the bloodstream

Medullary interstitial fluid conc.

Net Filtration Pressure

NFP=GHP-(GCOP + CHP)

Macula Densa

Negative feedback loop controls pressure in glomerulus in response to NaCl conc. of filtrate

Which of the following does NOT increase renin release? Parasympathetic stimulation Low glomerular hydrostatic pressure Decreased sodium ion levels in plasma Low blood pressure

Parasympathetic Stimulation

The Basal Lamina is composed of collagen fibers that block ______ from entering capsular space

Plasma Proteins

The layer of the filtration membrane that is LEAST permeable is the? Podocytes (visceral layer of capsule) Macula densa Basal lamina Capillary endothelial cells

Podocytes

Angiotensin-II does NOT.. Promote aldosterone release Promote vasodilation of efferent arterioles Promote sodium, chloride, and water reabsorption Promote the sensation of thirst

Promote vasodilation of efferent arterioles

Glomerular colloidal osmotic pressure... Is the pressure created by ions in a fluid Is higher than the blood pressure Is the force of fluid on the wall of its container Pulls fluid into the capillaries

Pulls fluid into the capillaries

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Pulls water into capillaries by osmosis

The distal tubule and collecting duct... Reabsorb most of remaining water Reabsorb filtered hydrogen ions Reabsorb filtered calcium and magnesium ions Reabsorb filtered uric acid

Reabsorb most of the remaining water

The proximal tubule... Reabsorbs 100% of the filtered water Reabsorbs filtered hydrogen ions Reabsorbs about 90% of filtered bicarbonate ions Reabsorbs filtered uric acid

Reabsorbs about 90% of the filtered bicarbonate ions

The ascending limb of the nephron loop... Reabsorbs sodium and chloride Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and water Reabsorbs water only Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, and other organic solutes

Reabsorbs sodium and chloride

The thin descending limb of the nephron loop... Reabsorbs sodium and chloride Reabsorbs sodium, chloride, and water Reabsorbs water only Reabsorbs glucose, amino acids and other organic solutes

Reabsorbs water only

Facultative water reabsorption... Increases urine volume Produces dilute urine Requires ADH release Occurs when water content of body fluids is too high

Requires ADH release

The composition of the filtrate is based primarily on... Solubility Polarity Charge Size

Size

What substances can be found in filtrate?

Small substances (water, electrolytes, acids, bases, metabolic waste)

The kidneys produce dilute urine when... Solute concentration of body fluids is too high Solute concentration of body fluids is too low Solute concentration of body fluids is normal Water content of body fluids is too low

Solute conc. of body fluids is too low

Blood loss causes fluid depletion, or hypovolemia, where amount of solute and water lost is equal. A) True B) False

True

Hypercalcemia is defined as a plasma Ca2+ above 10.5 mg/dl; associated with hyperparathyroidism, excess vitamin D, bone disorders, and renal failure A) True B) False

True

When intravenous access is required over long term, a larger port may be inserted in a vein such as subclavian or internal jugular vein; known as central lines. A) True B) False

True

High Osmotic pressure dominates at ____ end of most blood vessels

Venular. Pulls water back into vessel.

Concentrations of Proteins, Potassium, and Magnesium ions are higher in... A) ECF B) Cytosol

B) Cytosol

Is an important component of bone tissue... A) Chloride B) Sodium C) Magnesium D) Potassium

C) Magnesium

The vasa recta... Create the medullary concentration gradient Arise from the interlobar veins Exchange materials with the collecting system Contain blood flowing in the opposite direction from the filtrate in the loop

Contain blood flowing in the opposite direction from the filtrate in the loop

Angiotensin-converting enzyme... Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin-I Stimulates the thirst centers in the hypothalamus Converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II Inactivates angiotensin-II

Converts angiotensin-I into angiotensin-II

Hydrogen ion plays an important role in following EXCEPT: A) digestion of food B) inactivation of microbes and pathogens C) intracellular digestion in lysosomes D) Act as buffer

D)Act as buffer

Why can't albumin be found in filtrate

Diameter is 7.1 nm. Too large for visceral layer (podocytes)

Hypokalemia causes

Diuretics that lead to excess K+ loss in urine Hypo: less than 3.9 mEq/L

Proteins and potassium, magnesium, sulfate, and monohydrogen phosphate (HPO42-) ions have a much higher concentration in plasma than in cytosol. A) True B) False

False

Sodium ion concentrations are kept high within cell by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps and due to low plasma membrane Na+ permeability that prevents leakage back into cell. A)True B) False

False