AP II - Respiratory

glottis

*Figure 21-1* Identify the structure labeled "10." A) glottis B) trachea C) laryngopharynx D) larynx E) hard palate

oropharynx

*Figure 21-1* Identify the structure labeled "7." A) glottis B) laryngopharynx C) esophagus D) internal nares E) oropharynx

external intercostals

*Figure 21-2* Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"? A) diaphragm B) rectus abdominis C) external intercostals D) internal intercostals E) both rectus abdominis and external intercostals

inhalation

An increased stretch (Hering- Breuer reflex) on the wall of the alveoli causes a(n) ___. a. inhalation b. expiration c. does nothing

*an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.* The airways respond to irritation by constricting smooth muscles all along the bronchial tree. Can be caused by allergies, toxins, or exercise.

Asthma is A) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. B) an obstructive tumor. C) an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways. D) a collapsed lung. E) characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

*tidal volume* Under resting conditions, this is the amount of air you can move into or out of your lungs between breaths

At the transition point between breaths, the amount of air in your lungs is called the A) inspiratory capacity. B) functional residual capacity. C) residual volume. D) expiratory reserve volume. E) tidal volume.

*bicarbonate ions.* Most carbon dioxide transport occurs through the reversible formation of carbonic acid.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as A) carbonic acid. B) solute dissolved in the plasma. C) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells. D) bicarbonate ions. E) carbaminohemoglobin.

*bound to hemoglobin.* Almost *all* the oxygen in the blood is transported bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is A) in ionic form as solute in the plasma. B) dissolved in plasma. C) bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide. D) carried by white blood cells. E) bound to hemoglobin.

*apneustic* Pneumotaxic center increases, apneustic adjusts the degree of stimulation.

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ___ center. A) baroreceptor B) expiratory C) pneumotaxic D) apneustic E) chemoreceptor

*movement of air into and out of the lungs.* Involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the ___. A) movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. B) movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. C) movement of air into and out of the lungs. D) utilization of oxygen. E) movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

*both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.*

The pneumotaxic center A) excites the apneustic center. B) is in the pons. C) inhibits the apneustic center. D) both is in the pons and excites the apneustic center. E) both is in the pons and inhibits the apneustic center.

*4* A hemoglobin molecule consists of *4* globular subunits, each containing a heme unit that can bind an oxygen molecule.

A hemoglobin molecule contains ___ globular protein subunits. A) 4 B) 2 C) 15 D) 12 E) 6

internal respiration

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as ___. A) external respiration. B) gas diffusion. C) internal respiration. D) alveolar ventilation. E) pulmonary ventilation.

upper respiratory tract The upper respiratory tract *filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air* - protecting the more delicate surfaces of the lower respiratory system.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the ___. A) bronchioles. B) lungs. C) alveoli. D) upper respiratory tract. E) lower respiratory tract.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___. A) less than the pressure in the atmosphere. B) less than intrapulmonic pressure. C) equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. D) greater than intraalveolar pressure. E) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

anatomic dead space. Some of the air never reaches the alveoli, but remains in the conducting portion of the respiratory system.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as A) functional residual capacity. B) alveolar ventilation volume. C) anatomic dead space. D) respiratory minute volume. E) minimal volume.

right

An increase in the H+ levels (acid pH) causes the O2 dissociation curve to be shifted to the a. right b. left c. nochange

inversely proportional to pressure. The relationship between pressure (P) and volume (V) is inversely proportional. If the volume of a container is decreased by half, the pressure within it will double; if the volume is doubled, the pressure decreases by half.

Boyle's law states that gas volume is ___. A) directly proportional to pressure. B) inversely proportional to temperature. C) inversely proportional to pressure. D) directly proportional to temperature. E) both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.

*All of the answers are correct.* - water loss is reduced on exhalation. - heat loss is reduced on exhalation. - air is warmed on inhalation. - air is humidified on inhalation.

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous because ___. A) water loss is reduced on exhalation. B) heat loss is reduced on exhalation. C) air is warmed on inhalation. D) air is humidified on inhalation. E) All of the answers are correct.

*All of the answers are correct.* - can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. - is in RBCs. - is an enzyme. - can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.

Carbonic anhydrase A) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma. B) is in RBCs. C) is an enzyme. D) can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid. E) All of the answers are correct.

*in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.* All the partial pressures added together equal the total pressure exerted by the gas mixture.

Dalton's law states that A) gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume. B) gas volume and temperature are directly proportional. C) in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture. D) gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional. E) the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

*All of the answers are correct.* - increased tendency to alveolar collapse. - increased surface tension in the alveoli. - a loss of surfactant. - a decreased rate of gas exchange.

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in ___. A) increased tendency to alveolar collapse. B) increased surface tension in the alveoli. C) a loss of surfactant. D) a decreased rate of gas exchange. E) All of the answers are correct.

*right primary.* The right primary bronchua is larger in diameter than the left, and extends towards the lung at a steeper angle. Thus, most foreign objects that enter the trachea find their way into the right bronchus rather than the left.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ___ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle. A) left primary B) right primary C) right secondary D) left secondary E) None of the answers are more likely.

*All of the answers are correct.* - the larynx is elevated. - solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. - the epiglottis folds back over the glottis.

During swallowing, A) the larynx is elevated. B) solids and liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. C) the epiglottis folds back over the glottis. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

*diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood.* Diffusion between the alveolar mixture and the pulmonary capillaries increases blood PO2 levels.

External respiration involves the A) diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood. B) movement of air into and out of the lungs. C) exchange of dissolved gases between the blood and the interstitial fluid. D) utilization of oxygen by tissues to support metabolism. E) binding of oxygen by hemoglobin.

*internal intercostal* Depress the ribs and reduce the width and depth of the thoracic cavity.

Forced expirations are produced by contraction of the ___ muscle(s). A) diaphragm B) internal intercostal C) external intercostal D) serratus anterior E) scalene

*All of the answers are correct.* -filtering the air -trapping airborne particles -warming the air -humidifying the air

Functions of the nasal cavity: A) filtering the air B) trapping airborne particles C) warming the air D) humidifying the air E) All of the answers are correct.

*inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.* The respiratory defense system cannot transport such dense mucus, and it accumulates, restricting airflow. Potentially lethal infections may develop. Death generally results from heart failure associated with massive chronic bacterial infection of the lungs.

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from ___. A) uncontrollable laryngospasms. B) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus. C) production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. D) inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport. E) All of the answers are correct.

*vital capacity* The maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's A) inspiratory reserve volume. B) expiratory reserve volume. C) tidal volume. D) reserve volume. E) vital capacity.

*a person would stop breathing.*

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, A) the respiratory minute volume would increase. B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly. C) alveolar ventilation would increase. D) a person would stop breathing. E) tidal volumes would increase.

atelectasis; The layer of pleural fluid makes the lungs stick to the inner walls of the thorax. A collapse is prevented by the fluid bond, if this bond is broken due to an injury - the lung collapses.

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed ___. A) metaplasia. B) anaplasia. C) atelectasis. D) apnea. E) emphysema.

decreased

If the oxygen dissociation curve is placed in a more acid environment then the amount of oxygen that is driven off of the hemoglobin is: a. increased b. decreased c. remains the same

alkalosis

If the oxygen dissociation curve is shifted to the left this is due to ___. a. acidosis b. alkalosis

decrease

If we were to see an increase in the resistance to blood flow the blood pressure would ___. a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor, increasing its volume drawing air into the lungs. It is responsible for roughly 75% of the air movement in normal breathing at rest.

In quiet breathing, A) inspiration and expiration are both passive. B) inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions. C) inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive. D) inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions. E) None of the answers is correct.

chloride ions enter the red blood cells

In the lungs the chloride shift occurs when: a. chloride ions enter the red blood cells b. chloride ions leave the red blood cells

*it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air.* Breathing through your mouth eliminates much of the conditioning heat and water loss at every exhalation.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because ___. A) it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air. B) it combines olfaction with respiration. C) it dries out the mouth. D) there is less resistance to flow. E) bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity.

*oropharynx* At the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx, the epithelium changes from pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous epithelium.

The ___ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone. A) pharynx B) epiglottis C) oropharynx D) laryngopharynx E) trachea

expiratory reserve volume.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed A) tidal volume. B) total lung capacity. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) expiratory reserve volume. E) residual volume.

*dorsal respiratory group (DRG).* The apneustic centers promote inhalation by stimulating the DRG.

The apneustic centers promote inhalation by stimulating the A) pre-Bötzinger complex. B) pneumotaxic centers. C) dorsal respiratory group (DRG). D) ventral respiratory group (VRG). E) None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.

*mucus escalator.* Sweeps mucus and any trapped debris or microorganisms toward the pharynx, where they will be coughed out or swallowed and exposed to the acids and enzymes of the stomach.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the ___. A) conducting portion of the respiratory tract. B) mucus escalator. C) respiratory defense system. D) respiratory mucosa. E) lamina propria.

movement out of the red cell of bicarbonate

The chloride shift involves the a. movement out of the red cell of bicarbonate b. the movement into the cell of bicarbonate

*pharynx* The curving superior and posterior walls of the pharynx are closely bound to the axial skeleton, but the lateral walls are flexible and muscular.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the ___. A) larynx. B) pharynx. C) glottis. D) trachea. E) vestibule.

*create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.* The incoming air bounces off the conchae surfaces and churns like a stream flowing over rocks. As the air swirls, small airborne particles become trapped in the mucus that coats the lining of the nasal cavity.

The conchae: A) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side. B) provide an opening to paranasal sinuses. C) provide an opening into the pharynx. D) form part of the soft palate. E) create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

*hypoxia* Low oxygen supply places severe limits on the metabolic activities of the affected area.

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as ___. A) anoxia. B) hypoxia. C) hypercapnia. D) hypoventilation. E) hyperoxia.

*epiglottis.* Prevents the entry of both liquids and solid food into the respiratory track.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the A) cuneiform cartilage. B) epiglottis. C) thyroid cartilage. D) corniculate cartilage. E) cricoid cartilage.

*the opening to the larynx.* Inhaled air leaves the pharynx and enters the larynx through the narrow opening of the glottis.

The glottis is ___. A) the opening to the pharynx. B) the opening to the larynx. C) a flap of elastic cartilage. D) the soft tissue that hangs off the end of the soft palate. E) part of the hard palate.

*protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.* Located in the smooth muscle around bronchioles, this prevents over expansion of the lungs during forced breathing.

The inflation reflex ( Hering-Breurer Reflex) A) functions to increase ventilation with changes in blood pressure. B) is an important aspect of normal, quiet breathing. C) alters pulmonary ventilation when the P changes. D) alters pulmonary ventilation when the P changes. E) protects the lungs from damage due to overexpansion.

*thyroid.* Forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx.

The largest shield-shaped cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. A) cricoid B) thyroid C) cuneiform D) arytenoid E) epiglottal

greater

The lower the percentage saturation of hemoglobin the ___ the oxygen delivered to the tissues a. greater b. lesser

*compliance.*

The measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract is termed A) inflation index. B) resistance. C) compliance. D) rebound response. E) elasticity.

*carbon dioxide.* The most important factor stimulating chemoreceptors and thereby influencing respiratory activity.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is A) hemoglobin. B) bicarbonate ion. C) carbon dioxide. D) oxygen. E) sodium ion.

*the chloride shift.* The mass movement of chloride ions into the RBCs, an event known as the chloride shift.

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as A) the chloride shift. B) gas diffusion. C) the BPG pathway. D) a bicarbonate exchange. E) the Bohr effect.

*hard palate.* A bony hard plate forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates if from the oral cavity.

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the ___. A) cribriform plate. B) soft palate. C) internal nares. D) hard palate. E) pharyngeal septum.

*soft palate.* Fleshy soft palate extends posterior to the hard palate.

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the ___. A) pharyngeal septum. B) cribriform plate. C) internal nares. D) hard palate. E) soft palate.

*rima glottidis.* The opening between the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages.

The opening between the vocal folds and the arytenoid cartilages is termed the ___. A) glottis. B) rima glottidis. C) epiglottis. D) cuneiform cartilage. E) voice box.

decreases

The partial pressure of oxygen ___ at high altitude. a. increases b. decreases c. remains the same

*modifies the rate and depth of breathing.*

The pneumotaxic center of the pons A) both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. B) suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. C) sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. D) prolongs inspiration. E) modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

*vestibule.* The epithelium of the vestibule contains coarse hairs that extend across the extended nares.

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the ___. A) vestibule. B) conchae. C) nasal septum. D) internal chamber. E) nasopharynx.

HCO3

The primary way that CO2 is carried to the lungs: a) CO2 b) HCO3 c) carbamino hemoglobin

*brain stem* The most basic level of respiratory control involves the pacemaker cells in the medulla oblongata, brain stem.

The respiratory center is housed in the ___ of the brain. A) brain stem B) cerebral cortex C) cerebellum D) diencephalon E) cerebrum

*All of the answers are correct.* - helps filter the air. - helps warm the air. - keeps out pathogens. - keeps out debris.

The respiratory defense system is important because it ___. A) helps filter the air. B) helps warm the air. C) keeps out pathogens. D) keeps out debris. E) All of the answers are correct.

simple squamous epithelium

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of A) simple squamous epithelium. B) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. C) surfactant cells. D) moist cuboidal epithelium. E) ciliated squamous epithelium.

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. A pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with numerous mucous cells lines the *nasal cavity, the superior portion of the pharynx, and the trachea, bronchi, and large bronchioles.*

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of ___. A) simple squamous epithelium. B) ciliated squamous epithelium. C) surfactant cells. D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. E) moist cuboidal epithelium.

three lobes; two lobes. Right lung = 1. Superior lobe 2. Middle lobe 3. Inferior lobe Left lung = 1. Superior lobe 2. Inferior lobe *cardiac notch*

The right lung has ___; the left lung has ___. A) three lobes; three lobes B) two lobes; two lobes C) three lobes; two lobes D) two lobes; three lobes E) None of the answers is correct.

*cricoid.* Complete ring of cartilage that helps protect the glottis and the entrance to the trachea.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. A) arytenoid B) cuneiform C) epiglottal D) corniculate E) cricoid

lower respiratory tract. The *upper respiratory tract* includes: - nose - nasal cavity - paranasal sinuses - pharynx

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli all make up the ___. A) respiratory mucosa. B) internal respiratory tract. C) alveoli of the respiratory tract. D) lower respiratory tract. E) upper respiratory tract.

*larynx* Sometimes called the "voice box." The larynx protects the glottis and produces sound.

The vocal folds are located within the ___. A) bronchi. B) trachea. C) larynx. D) nasopharynx. E) oropharynx.

*primary bronchi.* The trachea, or windpipe, is a tough flexible tube that branches to form the right and left primary bronchi.

What branches from the trachea? A) secondary bronchi B) tertiary bronchi C) alveolar ducts D) terminal bronchioles E) primary bronchi

the volume of the thorax increases. Contraction of the diaphragm flattens the floor of the thoracic cavity, increasing its volume and drawing air into the lungs.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, A) the volume of the thorax decreases. B) the lungs shrink. C) the volume of the thorax increases. D) expiration occurs. E) the volume of the lungs decreases.

*decreased pH* If the pH increases, the saturation curve shifts to the left, and hemoglobin releases less oxygen.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? A) increased tissue P B) decreased temperature C) decreased amounts of BPG D) decreased pH E) None of the answers is correct.

*the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air* When the thoracic cavity decreases in volume during exhalation, pressure rises inside the lungs, forcing air out of the respiratory tract.

Which of the following is greater? A) the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli B) the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

*dehumidify the incoming air.* The nasal mucosa reabsorbs the heat and water from the outgoing air.

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? A) dehumidify the outgoing air B) trap particulate matter C) cool outgoing air D) humidify the incoming air E) dehumidify the incoming air

Walls are made of cartilage.

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is false? A) Walls are made of cartilage. B) Extreme bronchoconstriction occurs in asthma. C) Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation. D) Bronchiolar mucosa forms folds in the lumen. E) Pulmonary lobules branch from terminal bronchioles.

*It causes RBCs to swell.*

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? A) It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma. B) It causes RBCs to swell. C) It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs. D) It is driven by a rise in P. E) It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism.

respiratory The respiratory portion includes the air filled sacs called *alveoli. Gas exchange* between air and blood occurs at the alveoli.

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? A) respiratory B) urinary C) digestive D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers is correct.

*the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6* If all the Hb molecules in the blood are fully loaded with oxygen, saturation is 100 percent.

Which of the following would be greater? A) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 B) the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

Vital capacity increases. All goes down hill, nothing increases or gains momentum.

Which of these age-based changes is false? A) The lungs lose elastic tissue. B) Costal cartilages become less flexible. C) The lung's compliance changes. D) Vital capacity increases. E) Respiratory muscles weaken.

*primary muscle of inspiration* Contraction of the external intercostal muscle elevates the ribs. These are the primary inspiratory muscles.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"? A) accessory muscle of inspiration B) affects lung compliance C) primary muscle of inspiration D) accessory muscle of expiration E) contraction increases airway resistance.

left lung; The left lung is indented to accommodate the pericardial cavity.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? A) right primary bronchus B) right lung C) left lung D) left primary bronchus E) both left lung and left primary bronchus

*Tidal volume* Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

___ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. A) Residual volume B) Inspiratory capacity C) Expiratory reserve volume D) Inspiratory reserve volume E) Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

___ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. A) Residual inhaled volume B) Inspiratory reserve volume C) Expiratory reserve volume D) Inspiratory capacity E) Enhanced tidal volume

Cystic fibrosis Occurs at the frequency of 1 in every 2,500 births. It is the production of abnormally thick and sticky mucus in conducting portions of the respiratory tract.

___ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. A) Parkinson's disease B) Myasthenia gravis C) Congestive heart failure D) Cystic fibrosis E) MRSA