A+P II, test 3

Several things happen to inhaled air in a process called conditioning. Select the exception.

A. The air is cooled

Pitch refers to the _______ of sound waves; pitch is determined by the tension produced by ______ laryngeal muscles

A. frequency, intrinsic

Around day 21 of development the primitive heart begins to beat. At this stage it contains the four chambers: two atria and two ventricles... T/F

False

What part of the cardiac conduction system is located in the posterior wall of the right atrium, adjacent to the entrance of the superior vena cava?

SA node

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

The C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate... T/F

True

The tetralogy of Fallot is...

a developmental disorder that is a cardiac septal defect.

At a capillary bed, a vasoconstrictor...

stimulates precapillary sphincters and decreases local blood flow.

Which of the following has the highest partial pressure of carbon dioxide?

the systemic cells

During quiet expiration...

thoracic cavity volume decreases.

Mucous secretions of the respiratory tract include antimicrobial substances such as lysozyme and defensins.

true

Preload is the stretch of the heart wall as determined by the amount of blood returned by the veins. T/F

true

The epithelial lining of the oropharynx and the superior larynx (vocal cords) is nonkeratinized stratified squamous.

true

Typically, there are __________ papillary muscles that project from the wall of the left ventricle and attach to the tendinous cords that support the left AV valve.

two

In the fetus, the blood from the umbilical vein is shunted away from the liver and sent to the inferior vena cava through the ductus ___

venosus

The pericardial cavity is between the

visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

The term "epicardium" is another name for the

visceral layer of the serosal pericardium

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.

Increase

Hyperventilation leads to hypercapnia T/F

True

Nodal cells contain fast voltage-gated calcium channels

True

Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport/. T/F

True

Angiogenesis...

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Blow flow is...

directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

he aorta contains specialized sensory nerve endings that respond to stretch of the vessel wall. These pressure-sensitive structures are called aortic arch ....

Baroreceptors

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation

The region of the nasal cavity immediately internal to the nostrils is the _________; it contains coarse guard hairs.

C. vestibule

Parasympathetic innervation of the heart occurs via

CN X

The bronchial circulation is a component of the pulmonary circulation.

False

The hearts nodal cells have a more negative resting potential than neurons do, because nodal cells lack leak channels for sodium and potassium ions

False

Which statement is accurate about filtration?

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

The term used to describe the inadequate blood flow to a structure caused...

Ischemia

Which region(s) of the pharynx is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

Nasopharynx

What changes in the blood levels of respiratory gases result from hyperventilation?

Oxygen levels do not change but carbon dioxide levels fall.

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries?

Pulmonary circuit

____ in the _____ cavity provides lubrication and reduces friction as the lungs change size during ventilation.

Serous fluid; pleural

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

Two individuals of the same size (same dead space) have a minute ventilation of 6 L/min, but one is breathing 10 breaths/min and the other is breathing 15 breaths/min. How do their alveolar ventilation rates compare?

The slower breather has a greater alveolar ventilation rate.

Cardiac muscle is able to use a variety of fuel types for cellular respiration. T/F

True

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be....

above normal

Renin converts...

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate..

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays...

depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters.

If the stroke volume is unequal between the left and right ventricles, ________ may occur, which is excess fluid surrounding or within cells.

edema

As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involves the

entrance of calcium through voltage-gated channels

Most carbon dioxide is transported through the blood as bicarbonate dissolved in plasma T/F

false

The membrane of a contractile cardiac muscle cell contains

fast voltage-gated sodium channels and slow voltage-gated calcium channels

An increase in blood flow that follows a temporary disruption of blood flow is known as reactive _________

hyperemia

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to

inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inspiration is th

inspiratory reserve volume.

Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the greatest amount of air that can be

inspired and then expelled in 1 minute.

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel..

is called the blood pressure.

Because oxygen has a low solubility coefficient in water,

it is not easily dissolved in water and requires a steep partial pressure gradient to enter the water

The anatomic features of the respiratory membrane that make pulmonary gas exchange so efficient are

its large surface area and minimal thickness

What structure is also known as the "voice box"?

larynx

The umbilical cord contains _________ umbilical vein(s) and ___________ umbilical artery(ies)

one; two

During ventricular contraction..

only the AV valves close

Which of the following accounts for the loss of functional alveoli in an individual with a lung disease?

physiological dead space

Alveoli abut each other, causing them to appear _________ in cross section.

polygonal

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to...

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

An actively contracting muscle will cause local temperature to rise and will produce acidic molecules. Warmth and lower pH cause the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve to shift ______ reflecting that hemoglobin releases ______ oxygen.

right; more

Another name for the tertiary bronchi is the _________ bronchi.

segmental

Deep to the interventricular sulci is the thick muscular wall that divides the left and right ventricles, known as the interventricular...

septum

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is...

slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

The _______________ cardiac vein travels alongside the right marginal artery.

small

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it...

somewhat susceptible to heart attack, because it has so few mitochondria.

The function of the coronary sinus is to...

take blood from the coronary circulation to the right atrium.

Cardiac reserve is...

the increase in cardiac output an individual is capable of demonstrating during vigorous exercise

As blood travels through a systemic capillary and exchanges gases with systemic cells...

the partial pressure of oxygen in blood decreases as it goes from arterioles to venules

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to...

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.