AP Lang Exam Review

Which choice provides the best transition to the subject of sentence 5 (reproduced below) ? Nevertheless, humans have a natural cycle of wakefulness and sleep attuned to daytime and nighttime on Earth.

Similarly

In the fourth sentence of the second paragraph, the authors use the word "qualified" in order to

note a condition that must be met for an observation to be scientific

In the underlined portion of sentence 10 (reproduced below), which choice of adjective best fits the style and tone of the writer's argument? The stress lowers immune response even as outer-space conditions cause microbes in astronauts' bodies to mutate, potentially resulting in unfriendly diseases.

dangerous

In context, the author's tone when discussing the "presumptive connexion" in the last sentence of the last paragraph is best described as

dismissive

Which of the following can best be described as the passage's thesis?

Sentences 5 and 6

In the final sentence of the third paragraph, the clause "although we do control the conditions of observation" functions as a transitional element that

clarifies the reasons astronomy meets the standards for scientific rigor

The writer wants to clearly demonstrate the relationship between ideas in the third paragraph. Which version of sentence 8 (reproduced below) most successfully supports this goal? Other issues may be more troublesome.

(As it is now)

The writer is considering changing the underlined word in sentence 12 (reproduced below) to "skeptical." Some business and labor union leaders are dismissive of this new social safety net, suggesting that it discourages people from working, but tech industry leaders argue persuasively that BI can provide workers with needed resources and flexibility to take jobs in the freelance or "gig" economy. Should the writer make this change to sentence 12 ?

Yes, because the tone of the underlined word suggests that the writer is hostile toward the business and labor union leaders' attitudes.

In the final sentence of the first paragraph, the authors choose to use the word "absurd" in order to

emphasize a previous distinction between rationality and reasonableness

In the second sentence of the third paragraph, the authors use the adjective "deliberate" to emphasize the

careful planning necessary in scientific experiments

The repetition of the phrase "which they are not" in the first paragraph (sentences 2 and 3) achieves which of the following effects?

It justifies the authors' efforts to define science by emphasizing the flaws of existing definitions.

The writer is considering deleting sentence 3 (reproduced below). A 2018 article in the Los Angeles Times reported that 63 percent of tasks performed by workers in three California cities—Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ontario—could be automated in the future. Should the writer keep or delete sentence 3 ?

Keep it, because it provides evidence from a credible source that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the passage.

In the context of the second paragraph, which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 8 (reproduced below) best expresses the writer's attitude toward the courses offered at Chaffey College? Chaffey College, for instance, in Rancho Cucamonga, California, has started offering cutting-edge courses in construction and logistics, two of the fastest growing industries in the region.

(as it is now)

After sentence 8, the writer wants to cite a source that supports the claim that Chaffey College successfully models the type of education reform needed to adapt to automation. Which of the following sources would best accomplish this goal?

A quote from a recent college graduate who was hired by a technology firm that recruits at Chaffey College

The writer wants to add a sentence at the end of the passage to summarize the main claim of the passage. Which of the following choices, if added after sentence 15, best accomplishes this goal?

Although large-scale change is likely in many sectors, education reform and a progressive BI program will help us offset risk and protect social stability.

In the second and third sentences of the second paragraph, the author implies which of the following about the differences between men and women?

Differences between men and women exist but are limited only to particular attributes.

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the fourth and fifth sentences ("Of course . . . measurement") of the final paragraph?

The fifth sentence elaborates on an assertion made in the preceding sentence.

Which version of sentence 15 (reproduced below) most effectively maintains the style and tone of the writer's argument in the passage? We can't just sit around twiddling our thumbs as new tech keeps changing the game in a bunch of businesses.

We cannot afford to be passive at the dawn of this new industrial revolution.

The writer wants to add a sentence immediately before sentence 3 to connect the evidence and commentary provided in the second paragraph to the overall argument of the passage. Which of the following choices most effectively accomplishes this goal?

While NASA astronauts are already experienced with the difficulties humans experience in outer space, these problems would be intensified on long-term missions.

The authors discuss different scientists in the last two sentences of the passage primarily to

correct a misconception about the nature of scientific rationality

Which version of the underlined portion of sentence 9 (reproduced below) best conveys the writer's point about the stressful nature of space missions? Space missions are stressful, requiring long hours of repetitive activity performed in small, sterile spaces.

cramped

In the second paragraph, the authors discuss observation primarily to

define the empirical character of scientific work

In the fourth paragraph, the author elaborates on the history of the "talented tenth" primarily to argue that this idea

is implicated in a flawed understanding of black success

When she discusses Obama in the first paragraph, the author's tone is best described as

largely critical

The author's statement that "instances are by no means uncommon" (paragraph 2, sentence 4) contributes to a tone that is

measured and objective

The writer wants to add an additional body paragraph to support the passage's argument. Which of the following claims would make the best topic for such a paragraph?

Long-term missions would also create social and psychological issues, such as extreme isolation and loneliness, that may have a negative impact on space travelers.

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 14 to strengthen the case that basic income should be more widely accepted. Some news outlets suggest that since the trend is growing, it is only a matter of time before BI becomes a reality. Should the writer add this sentence after sentence 14 ?

No, because the absence of specific sources or statements from those sources makes the claim of the sentence seem unsupported.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the author's quotation of Coates in the middle of the first paragraph ("But I think . . . half as much") and her discussion of the My Brother's Keeper initiative that follows it?

The quotation expresses disapproval of a tenet adopted by Obama; the discussion that follows it explains the author's disapproval by highlighting problematic aspects of a specific program.

In the second paragraph, the author draws on evidence from her personal experience primarily to

explain a change in her assessment of a particular idea

In sentence 12 (reproduced below), which version of the underlined word best conveys the writer's perspective on long space missions? With NASA's attention directed to the problems of long space missions, it is certain that scientists will come up with creative solutions to the elevated risks to human well-being in space much as they have addressed dangers associated with shorter missions.

possible

In the first sentence of the third paragraph, the author describes needlework as "seemingly peculiarly adapted to the powers and tastes of women" primarily to

signal the limitations of a cliché she plans to undermine

Which of the following choices creates the most logical transition within sentence 2 (reproduced below) ? It may be too soon to start planning your Martian vacation, however: there are good reasons to doubt that humans will be able to undertake long-distance space flights in the foreseeable future.

(as it is now)

The writer is considering adding the following sentence after sentence 10. Cosmic rays pose another health concern: a 2018 study from Georgetown University Medical Center found that prolonged exposure to cosmic radiation could lead to stomach and colon cancers. Should the writer add this sentence after sentence 10 ?

Yes, because it makes a claim that supports the writer's line of reasoning in the third paragraph.

In the second sentence of the first paragraph, the authors mention cookbooks, catalogues, and telephone books primarily to

demonstrate that a particular definition of science is overly inclusive.

At the end of the second paragraph, the author claims that "these instances are not adduced with a view of proving that it is desirable to open such professions to women" primarily to

distance herself from a perspective that could be supported by the evidence she cites