AP Lit Terms (Quiz #1)

antihero

- A character (typically the protagonist) with attributes that contradict to those of a typical hero - purpose of the anti hero is to display both negative and positive traits to truly demonstrate human nature and to make the main character more relatable Ex. Holden in Catcher in the Rye and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth

antagonist

- A character who stands in opposition to the protagonist - person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary. - represented usually as a villain or an inner conflict. It *creates the conflict in the story* Ex. Bob Ewell in TKAMB and Mr. Hyde in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde

characterzation

- consists of the ways individual characters are represented by the narrator or author of a text. Authors generally use 4 methods of characterization: character's physical description character's words and actions character's thoughts and feelings character's relationship with others - used to reveal information about a character, which can make the characters more complex and multi-faceted, and therefore more relatable to readers -gives insight to the nature of a character, and their thought process 2 Types: direct characterization: author directly describes a character to the reader indirect characterization: author shows characteristics of a character by hinting at why the character says or does certain things

epiphany

- a sudden moment of realization in which a literary character gains a new perspective or insight to a problem or situation - Epiphany has two common usages: transitioning/shifting the plot and character development. - Ex. Great Expectations: Pip (the main character) realizes that Magwitch was his benefactor and had been providing him with money in secrecy, which greatly changes his perception of the man whom he had long considered a criminal

What is *antihero* often confused with?

- differs from a *tragic hero*. Tragic heroes are mainly valiant with the exception of one calamitous flaw, while anti heroes offer both good and bad traits. - often confused with *antagonist* but an antihero is not a separate character from the main character.

genre

- genre is the specific form, content, or style of a written work. The four main genres are fiction, nonfiction, drama, prose, and poetry - Depending on how the author wants to tell the story, a different type of genre is used. Each different genre has different styles, but the genre is basically the way a story is set up between the author and the reader. Ex. Fiction: To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee Nonfiction: The Autobiography of Malcolm X Drama: Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare Prose: within A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens

colloquial

- informal usage of the kind of language typical in daily speech; colloquialisms are suitable in informal writing or dialogue but not in formal writing - the use of colloquialism can inform readers about certain aspects of a character, such as his/her upbringing or home - used to demonstrate familiarity between peers. - employed to make a writing read more realistically and relatable

connotation

- an idea, feeling, or association in which a word invokes along with its literal meaning - may be subjective - Three categories: Positive, Negative, and Neutral Choosing words based on their connotations helps to convey a specific meaning and ideas to the audience; allows the audience to understand the opinions of the author more clearly Ex. Positive vs. Negative words Confident vs. Cocky Childlike vs. Childish Inexpensive vs. Cheap Home vs. House

aside

- comment a character says to the audience or to himself that the others on stage cannot hear - a comment a character makes directly addressing the audience while the other characters involved are unaware. - used to show the character's opinion on the play or a specific part of the plot - used to engage the audience more and reveal insights into a character's opinions Ex. parts of Macbeth

figurative language

- language that consists of any literary devices (ex. metaphor, simile, onomatopoeia, personification, alliteration, assonance, symbolism, etc.) - used to make it effective, persuasive, and impactful. It can appear in many different forms with the use of different literary and rhetorical devices.

didactic literature

- literature with a philosophical concept meant to convey a specific message or moral lesson to a specific audience in an instructional and informative way. - may be boring and could seem "preachy"; - The connotation of the term "didactic" is negative; when someone is called didactic, it's because they are being scholarly or a "know-it-all". - used to correct the actions of a targeted group of people that the author hopes it reaches Ex. Uncle Tom's Cabin Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Jungle Upton Sinclair

What is *epic* often confused with?

- not a sonnet. Both are forms of poetry often used to tell stories, but a sonnet has specific structural and length restrictions while an epic does not. Also, an epic typically follows a quest-like plot whereas a sonnet may feature anything. - not a ballad

What is *allegory* often confused with?

- often confused with *symbolism*, but allegory refers to a *narrative, not a single symbol* - allegory is meant to represent something explicit, as opposed to symbols which may be interpreted in different ways

antithesis

- two contrasting ideas that are put together in a single sentence to achieve a contrasting effect. - It is usually expressed in parallel structure. - used to draw focus to the opposite phrases in order to capture the reader's attention - highlights contrasts between two ideas Ex. The beginning of A Tale of Two Cities says, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness." Pope Alexander in his "Essay on Criticism" says, "To err is human; to forgive divine," which shows two contrasting ideas.

point of view

1st -- I 2nd -- You 3rd -- They First person point of view allows the reader to hear the thoughts from the narrator directly and see the story through his or her eyes. This point of view creates a much more personal, intimate feeling between the narrator and the reader. Second person point of view is used to bring the reader directly into the story as a more active participant. However, it is very rarely used in fiction. Third person point of view is utilized to show an outsider's perspective on the story. Third person omniscient allows for the reader to hear the thoughts of all the characters. In third person limited, the reader enters the thoughts of only one character throughout the entire novel or specific sections. Third person allows for the story to tell itself and the reader to make their own determinations about the characters. Ex. 1st -- Catcher in the Rye 3rd -- Of Mice and Men

synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of its parts. ex. "The western wave was all a-flame. The day was well was nigh done! Almost upon the western wave Rested the broad bright Sun" Here, western wave is a synecdoche for the sea. A wave is a part of the sea, so it is representative of the whole thing: the sea.

What is *flat character* often confused with?

A flat character is NOT to be confused with a round character. Round characters are those that endure a great change or development throughout a story. As the name would suggest, these characters have the capacity for added character depth, whereas flat characters remain unchanged from the start of the book to the end of it.

What is *foil character* often confused with?

A foil can often be confused with the antagonist. An antagonist is the opposing force in a story while a foil works opposite to the protagonist. But the foil doesn't necessarily have to be against the protagonist, although it can be.

What is *euphemism* often confused with?

A metaphor can be confused with a euphemism in that a metaphor is used in place of a word's literal meaning, while a euphemism "lightens up" a phrase or situation. Both a metaphor and a euphemism may have the same goal, metaphors are more "transformative" in the sense that the change the literal context of a work in addition to its connotation, while a euphemism replaces words for milder synonyms.

in medias res

A narrative technique, in which the story begins right in the middle or the action Usually for an epic, this method is used in order to start with the most critical event and explain details later In media res could be used to generate interest in the story.

protagonist

A protagonist is the central character or leading figure in a literary work. He or she can sometimes be considered a hero. readers able to empathize with them often greatly change and develop as the story goes on. do not confuse with narrator, because while the narrator is sometimes the protagonist, this isn't always the case

pun

A pun is the humorous use of a word or phrase to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications. A pun can be used for comic relief or as a way to conceal an insult. Puns also complicate textual meaning Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare -> As Mercutio is dying he says, "Tomorrow...you shall find me a grave man." In this particular example, "grave" is referring to both the fact that he's dying as well as the meaning of the word for solemn/somber.

round character

A round character is a complex fictional character who undergoes development throughout the plot of a story. They have depth and many layers, and often behave like real people. used to make characters seem more realistic. They enable readers to relate to them better and often help to further develop a story ex. Ebenezer Scrooge from "A Christmas Carol" by Charles Dickens is a prime example of a round character. While he starts off as a stingy old man, through the visits from the three spirits, Scrooge is able to identify with his untapped generous and compassionate qualities Not to be confused with: flat characters, which are the complete opposite

paradox

A statement that seems self-contradictory or nonsensical on the surface, but upon closer examination, may seem to contain an underlying truth. used to confuse the reader at first, thereby giving them the opportunity to see a deeper meaning. Can also be used to create an ironic tone Ex. Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: "Though it's odd, you're never more alive than when you're almost dead."

interior monologue

A stream of text meant to depict a character's inner thoughts with minimal if any third party input in a typically logical or chronological order Can be used for the purpose of connecting with the character from a first person narrative and possibly giving insight into his or her motives and emotions or general point of view Ex. A Clockwork Orange

tragic flaw

A trait in a character (usually the hero) leading to his downfall trait could be the lack of self-knowledge, lack of judgement, and often it is hubris (pride). presence is used for moral purposes in order to teach a lesson to the audience to improve their characters and remove the flaws which could bring their downfall in life

What is *colloquialism* often confused with?

Colloquialism may be confused with slang. Slang may be a large aspect of colloquialism, but all colloquialism is not considered slang because it can be just the use of informal speech. For example, contractions are considered as colloquialisms.

What is *conceit* often confused with?

Conceits are different from similes and metaphors because they make far-fetched, almost random comparisons. Regular similes and metaphors can be a little boring and predictable (Ex: The room was as dark as night), but conceits are profound and *shock the audience*

What is *convention* often confused with?

Convention can be confused with *clichés* because they both refer to something that has been used repeatedly and has become accepted in society. However, a cliché refers to a word or phrase that is overused and lacks original thought, having a particularly negative connotation. Convention refers to literary devices and techniques that are used in literature.

What is *connotation* often confused with?

Denotation- the definitive definition of a word The connotation of a word is more related to its set of possible meanings or what is implies, while denotation is a set of literal things to which the word refers.

hubris

Hubris is a negative term that is used to describe a character who has extreme self-pride and self-arrogance, both of which eventually lead to his or her downfall. often used when a character is expressing too much pride or confidence in himself or herself. For example, a character portraying hubris may have just been coronated, granted a large sum of money, or landed his or her dream role in a challenging musical. Ex. Macbeth

What is *imagery* often confused with?

Imagery may be confused with literal images, but imagery is actually the way words can figuratively create an image in the reader's mind

What is *antithesis* often confused with?

It can be confused with irony. Antithesis is the juxtaposition of contrasting *words* while irony is a contradiction through meaning.

What is *antagonist* often confused with?

It is not an *antihero*, which is *actually the protagonist*. antagonist is *a separate character or identity* that is against the main character

What is *archetype* often confused with?

may be confused with allegories, but archetypes differ because they are broader, less specific references than allegories.

What is *allusion* often confused with?

might be confused with *intertextuality* but allusion is a *brief reference* to another piece of work while intertextuality is the utilization of *another piece of work as a "backbone"* throughout the entire text

symbol

object or element incorporated into a narrative to represent another concept or concern means to imbue objects with a certain meaning that is different from their original meaning or function. Authors use symbolism to tie certain things that may initially seem unimportant to more universal themes "Macbeth" - Shakespeare "LADY MACBETH: Out, damn'd spot! out, I say!" The literal "spot" she is trying to rid herself of is King Duncan's blood, though the spot is a symbol for the mark on her conscience. symbol represents something else whereas metaphors compare things

What is *parody* often confused with?

often confused with satire, though parody serves as a perversion of an existing work while satire tends to use humor as a device for commentary, often for social causes. The two, more often than not, are used to compliment each other in any given work.

What are *oxymorons* often confused with?

oxymorons are usually two opposite words designed to attract attention and paradoxes are longer and used to call attention to a deeper truth. A good rule of thumb is that oxymorons are always paradoxical but paradoxes are not always oxymorons.

metonymy

replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated used to develop symbolism. The use of metonymy exhibits deeper or hidden meanings as well as adding flow and poetic color Ex: "Julius Caesar" Act 1 by Shakespeare, Mark Anthony states, "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Here ears refer to attention and listening

syntax

sentence structure syntax is often changed to create rhythms, and the order of subject, verb, and object are often switched in this case allows the reader to draw more conclusions about the situation, as using varying types of syntax can change the meaning interpretted from a text

What is *foreshadowing* often confused with?

should not be confused with suspense, as foreshadowing is often more subtle whereas suspense is almost immediate and intense

What is *aside* often confused with?

soliloquy --> aside is a short comment while a soliloquy is a longer speech

What is *interior monologue* often confused with?

stream of consciousness: they are different. Interior monologue is an organized portrayal of a character's thoughts in a rational, sequential manner, whereas stream of consciousness is much less logical and organized

What is *metaphor* often confused with?

symbolism, but they are not the same because a symbol is a representation whereas a metaphor is a comparison

What is *metonymy* often confused with?

synecdoche. they are not the same though, bc in a synecdoche the object is referred to by one of its parts (ie. calling a car a wheel) but in a metonymy the object is not being referred to as a part of itself, it is referred to as something closely related to it.

convention

- A characteristic of a literary work that is acknowledged/recognized by the audience given its common usage in that genre (novel, play, sonnet) - Help establish setting, create familiarity, reference, etc. - Emphasis on a particular part of a story Ex. - Sonnets: conventional to have 14 lines and use a specific rhyming pattern - Chorus and Unities: dramatic conventions in Greek tragedy - Obvious morals in a short story or fairytale - Stock Situation- Typical situation frequently occurring (Hero goes on a quest, rags-to-riches, innocent proves him or herself) - Stock Response-habitual/automatic response due to an individual's background (innocent person "scarred" from sexual scene, appreciation of violence even if it's a poorly written scene, etc.) - Stock Characters- common literary character stereotypes (Girl Next Door, Strong Silent male, Cruel Stepmother, Prince Charming)

epic

- A long narrative poem that celebrates the feats and deeds of (a) legendary hero(s) and was most likely from an oral tradition. - oral poems that were told in ancient history because not everyone was literate. There were morals for teaching in the epics, they mainly revolved around the main character being too prideful - Ex. The Odyssey by Homer: the adventure of Odysseus as he tries to return home before his wife is stolen by a suitor

flat character

- A minor character in a story who does not go through significant change or growth in a story. - characteristics: * severely lacks inner depth * Personality/instincts remain relatively unchanged throughout the book * Can be described in a sentence or two - use flat characters to continue the plot or to provide a small comedic aspect or distraction. usually exist purely for furthering the protagonist's character or for continuation of the plot and are therefore not very developed characters. Ex. Daisy The Great Gatsby

What is *characterization* often confused with?

- Characterization should not be confused with character. Character is the sum of a person's traits, and is formed up of the decisions and actions the person makes. - The author develops the point of view through characterization - we understand point of view based on the character whose thoughts we are reading, or, similarly to The Things They Carried, we understand point of view based on both the view of the character and/or the narrator.

What is *diction* often confused with?

- Diction is often confused with *syntax*. However, syntax refers to the arrangement of the words in a sentence, while diction is the selection of the words used. - can also be confused with *connotation*, which is the feeling associated with the word, but diction is often determined by the connotations of words

What is *figurative language* often confused with?

- Figurative language is often confused with diction because they both somewhat focus on word choice. However, diction is more specifically the style of speaking or writing through types of writing such as "formal" or "slang," whereas figurative language is more focused on the use literary devices or techniques such as similes or personification - people confuse figurative language with symbolism, and although symbolism is one part of figurative language, not all figurative language is symbolism! Similarly, figurative language is not only limited to metaphors and similes either!

euphemism

- Polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant. - used when an author is trying to convey a point without sounding to obscene, rude or vulgar.

diction

- The choice of words used, and the style or pronunciation of those chosen words - writers use specific diction to create a specific tone or attitude in a given piece of writing. - Ex. "All these kids looking at these little brown sticks, it was depressing." The use of negatively connoted words such as "dead" and "depressing" helps the reader understand the melancholic mood of the passage.

denotation

- The literal, formal definition of a word; what it appears to be - Used to be as straightforward as possible; no room for hidden meanings like connotation suggests ex. Denotation vs. Connotation I built my house. (Denotation because "house" is the literal building structure where I live.) I built my home. (Connotation because "home" is attached to many more emotions, and not as literal.)

conceit

- Unconventional comparisons that shock the reader with its absurdity; an extended metaphor that dominates a work - an elaborate metaphor -Conceits are similes/metaphors that link two very different objects/ideas. - often used to describe love or to be witty ex. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll "Why is a raven like a writing desk?" Student ex: My heart is like the lone french fry that fell between the seats of a car.

allusion

- a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of known significance. - may be used because the referenced text already summarizes what the writer is trying to convey, the writer wants to evoke the emotions that readers associate with familiar referenced texts. Ex. Often come from the Bible and Greek/Roman mythology because readers are likely familiar enough with these to pick up on these allusions.

foreshadowing

- a hint of something to come later in a story - used to develop a hint at the beginning of a story through various different devices. Can be seen through dialogue, major events and even titles of chapters and different stories to get the reader thinking and guessing of what's to come. Ex. Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" "Life were better ended by their hate, Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love" The above line was foreshadowing Romeo and Juliet's love story's tragic ending

archetype

- a resonant figure or mythic importance, whether a personality, place, or situation, found in diverse cultures and different historical periods (that many would recognize) - helps readers to recognize and identify with certain commonalities of human nature and certain patterns of the universe Ex. "star-crossed lovers" Romeo and Juliet "rags to riches" The Great Gatsby

allegory

- a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one - describes an idea through characters and events that represent the greater idea Ex. *Animal Farm* is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the rise of communism

catharsis

- a strong emotional expression that leads to the release of other pent up feelings, leading to purification and renewal - It is used for the release and cleansing of a character from ongoing issues and burdens. Ex. Parts of "The Fault In Our Stars"

mood

Mood is the emotional feeling or psychological state provoked in the reader. Although the reactions may be different among readers, there is one specific mood created in a writing piece. mainly established in order to affect the reader emotionally and provides an emotional setting for the reader Ex. "The river, reflecting the clear blue of the sky, glistened and sparkled as it flowed noiselessly on." from Pickwick Papers by Charles Dickens elicits a calm and peaceful mood

What is *pathos* often confused with?

Pathos, unlike ethos, is an emotive mode of persuasion, whereas logos which is the appeal to logic and ethos which is the appeal to authority are not emotive.

personification

Personification is the attribution of human nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions used when the writer wishes to establish mood or build imagery. It allows for a connection between the reader and the object being personified. "TITANIA: No night is now with hymn or carol blessed. Therefore the moon, the governess of floods, pale in her anger, washes all the air, that rheumatic diseases do abound." -A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare

inversion

The reversal of word order in a sentence or phrase, particularly when the subject comes after the verb or verb phrase instead of before it To keep with a rhythm of rhyme scheme in certain pieces used to create emphasis Ex: "In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit." strategy is particularly used in rhyme, poetry, or prose

theme

Theme is a main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work that may be stated directly or indirectly. *AP themes must be stated in complete sentences.* Theme gives people a better understanding of the main character as they can relate to universal truths of themes of love, friendship, war, revenge, etc. Theme is an insight to the author's view on human life. Ex: A theme of The Things They Carried is that stories can save lives.

tone

Tone is the author's attitude towards a subject/topic as relayed through their works. Tone is conveyed to readers through word choice and is a matter of how the author/narrator approaches the theme. guides readers in how the author/narrator thinks they should feel while reading a certain piece of work ex: Holden Caulfield's (J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye) bitter/sarcastic tone is revealed through his words: "All morons hate it when you call them a moron." "If a girl looks swell when she meets you, who gives a damn if she's late? Nobody."

irony

Verbal Irony (Sarcasm) A statement in which the literal meaning varies greatly from the expressed meaning Dramatic Irony A situation in which the reader knows about something that the character(s) do not Situational Irony (Cosmic Irony) Discrepancy exists between what was assumed to happen and what actually happens. It is the exact opposite of what was meant to happen. (often comical) Ex: "Go ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed." -this is "tragic" irony, very common to shakespeare. -When Juliet sends her nurse to find out the marital status of Romeo in which she then declares that if he is married then she would never think to marry anyone else and that her wedding bed would be her grave. The irony is that she ends up with him and have unapproved marriage, so they get married and then kill themselves in rebellion.

oxymoron

a combination of two words that contradict each other. They usually don't make logical sense and are found in everyday sayings as well as writing used to create a dramatic or comical effect Ex. Act II Scene 2 Line 184 of Romeo and Juliet "Beautiful tyrant! fiond angelical! Dove-feather'd raven! wolvish-ravening lamb!"

metamorphosis

a major change in the appearance or character of someone or something can be used in a story to explore the change in identity of a character or can be used for satirical effect Pygmalion Eliza Doolittle transforms from a poor, unpolished child into a sophisticated lady of high society on the outside (though her inside doesn't change)

What is *motif* often confused with?

a motif is not theme, it is a recurring image idea or object that develops theme also a motif is not a symbol because symbols represent something else as a part of a story and may not occur more than once, whereas motifs much occur several times and develop an overarching theme

What is *didactic literature* often confused with?

different from something as straightforward as a speech or sermon. Although the intended lesson or message is fairly obvious in didactic literature, it is often times hidden within a story, while a speech or sermon is very direct.

parody

a piece of writing, music, etc., that imitates the style of someone or something else in an amusing way or mocks/mimics another genre or work used to exaggerate facets of a work as means to ridicule, comment on, or criticize the original message. Literature makes use of parodies in order to subtly criticize or jest over an event or original work. Ex. Shakespeare's Sonnet 13: "My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips' red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks;" This poem is structured much like a love poem but unlike a love-poem subject, typically described in an idyllic manner, Shakespeare describes his mistress as having eyes unlike the sun, without red lips or a white complexion. All the typical qualities described in a love poem are missing in his mistress' description. In this way, Shakespeare pokes fun at the love poets of his day who described their beloved mistresses with impossible qualities.

pathos

a quality that causes an emotional reaction in an audience--usually a deep feeling of suffering, but sometimes joy, pride, anger, humor, patriotism, or any of a dozen other emotions, originally referring to the elements of a speech that appealed to any of an audience's sensibilities employed by writers to connect with readers on an emotional level, which is often far more moving than logic or reason would be in its place. This emotional connection often times is manipulative Ex. Edgar Allen Poe "Annabell Lee" "...Of my darling—my darling—my life and my bride, In her sepulchre there by the sea— In her tomb by the sounding sea." In this poem Poe evokes grief and loss along with joy and love through the sad tale of a young man who has lost his lover. He plays upon the emotions of the reader in order to enhance his work and develop the nature of the poem's mood.

motif

a recurrent image, idea or a symbol that develops or explains a theme used in literature in order to reinforce theme In "Romeo and Juliet," a reoccurring element is light and dark. Within the play Shakespeare incorporates many phrases associating with the contrast between light and dark. Often the two are attached with good and bad, but in this case Shakespeare reverses their meaning. Throughout the play dark (the night time) may be considered the "light" for the two lovers to sneak around and meet. But in the light (the day time) they have only experienced bad things such as in the very end when they both take their lives. Which all contributes to the theme of opposition that Shakespeare presents.

personification is not to be confused with

anthropomorphism, the application of human traits on non-humans (specifically animals).

foil character

character created with qualities in contrast to another character's to highlight those other character's qualities The author would typically use a foil to show the inner strengths and weaknesses of a character. A foil character could also take a different path than the protagonist to show the contrasting outcomes within the story. Ex. Harry Potter and Voldemort Within Harry Potter, the reader notices Harry Potter's lovable and kind attributes while on the other hand the reader notices Voldemort is pure evil and filled with hatred.

metaphor

compares two things/objects; refers to meaning/identity of one object by way of another; one subject is implied to be the other in order to draw a comparison to their similarities and shared traits. used to clarify and emphasize a trait; used to illustrate a difficult idea by comparing "All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players." from As you Like It by Shakespeare

What is *denotation* often confused with?

confused with connotation but denotation = dictionary definition whereas connotations are associated feelings based on emotions and experiences that give a word meaning

stream of consiousness

depiction of the thoughts and feelings which flow, with no apparent logic, through the mind of a character. To create the effect of chaotic stream that we recognize in reality, the writer presents the seemingly random mingling of thoughts, feelings, and sense impressions of a character at a specific time. Used as one of the many tools a writer uses to communicate to the readers exactly the character's thoughts and feelings. can offer a glimpse at the humanity of the fictional characters that few other literary techniques can deliver. Ex. James Joyce's Ulysses: "A quarter after what an unearthly hour I suppose theyre just getting up in China now combing out their pigtails for the day well soon have the nuns ringing the angelus theyve nobody coming in to spoil their sleep except an odd priest or two for his night office or the alarmlock next door at cockshout clattering the brain out of itself let me see if I can doze off 1 2 3 4 5 what kind of flowers are those..." not to be confused with interior monologue, which is more organized

satire

the ridicule of any subject -- an idea, or institution, an actual person or type of person, or even mankind in general -- to lower it in the reader's esteem and make it laughable. It is the treatment and attitude rather than the subject matter that mark the presence of satire two types: Horatian Satire- The voice is tolerant and witty, along with a gentle ridicule Juvenalian satire- The voice is angry, resentful, and personal Ex. Dialogue from Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw "Higgins: I find that the moment I let a woman make friends with me, she becomes jealous, exacting, suspicious, and a damned nuisance. I find that the moment I let myself make friends with a woman, I become selfish and tyrannical. Women upset everything. When you let them into your life, you find that the woman is driving at one thing and you're driving at another. not be confused with parody, which follows a similar format to the thing that is being made fun of

setting

time and place in which the action of a story or play occurs. In the theater, the word setting may refer to the physical appurtenances of production, the scenery and properties, or it may refer to the scenery alone. has effect on the plot and character, as it can set a conflict or act as an antagonist can represent symbolic places, characters, or objects In William Golding's novel, Lord of Flies, weather plays a very important role, as it represents mood, behavior and attitudes of young boys throughout the storyline. During the day, beach looks bright, while the ocean is calm and there is no conflict. Author describes the dense areas of the jungle as scary and dark. One night when Simon is killed, there comes a violent storm, and the ocean looks very rough in that black night. Thus, its setting includes weather conditions and ocean representing dark forces of nature present in human nature.

What is *mood* often confused with?

tone. but they not not the same because mood is the emotions a selection arouses in a reader whereas tone is the author or narrator's attitude toward the subject

imagery

visually descriptive or figurative language that appeal to the five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) allows the reader to visualize the author's writing with mental images and helps to establish mood, which creates the emotional setting for the reader Ex. "The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns." ~"Araby" by James Joyce

parallelism

when the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length an be used because it makes the sentences stick in your head and easier to remember. Because of this, parallelism is a technique used commonly in speeches because it can be very persuasive. Ex. Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried: "To generalize about war is like generalizing about peace. Almost everything is true. Almost nothing is true." This is a perfect example of parallelism because it repeats the same words and sentence structure in order to make the lines more powerful.