AP Practice Exams 3

1) Extracellular Ca2+ enters terminal and binds to sensor protein in the cytoplasm2) Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft3) Action potential reaches axon terminal4) Ca2+-protein complex stimulates fusion of the docked synaptic vesicle with the plasma membrane5) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open

3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Place the following parts of a reflex arc in the correct order beginning with the sensory receptor. (1) motor neuron (2) interneuron (3) effector (4) sensory neuron (5) sensory receptor

5, 4, 2, 1, 3

A patient suffering from nerve damage is having trouble maintaining posture and moving his vertebral column. Which component of the nearby spinal nerves has been damaged?

Dorsal Rami

Identify the statement that best differentiates gray matter and white matter

Gray matter consists of cell bodies and dendrites, whereas white matter consists mostly of myelinated axons.

Cerebral Cortex

Gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum

Temporal Lobe Function

Hearing, memory, smell

Subthalamus

Immediately inferior to the thalamus; involved in controlling motor functions

In an adult, the spinal cord extends down the vertebral column to the level of which vertebrae?

L1-L2

Thalamus

Largest part of the diencephalon; the sensory relay center of the brain relays sensory nerve signals to the cerebrum

brainstem parts superior to inferior

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Hypothalamus

Most inferior portion of the diencephalon; contains mammillary bodies; controls endocrine system Regulates secretion of pituitary hormones involved in the sensation of sexual pleasure coordinates autonomic nervous system activity

Parietal Lobe Function

Most sensory input other than smell, taste, hearing, and vision

Frontal Lobe Function

Personality, Decision making, Aggression, mood, Voluntary motor function

Identify the correct sequence of structures involved in the passage of information across a chemical synapse.

Presynaptic terminal; synaptic cleft; postsynaptic membrane

__________ summation occurs when multiple action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron cell body.

Spatial

Cerebrospinal fluid from the ____________ passes through the ____________, where it enters the venous circulation.

Subarachnoid space; arachnoid granulations

Epithalamus

Superior and posterior to the thalamus; contains the pineal gland Pineal gland involved in sleep wake cycle and biorhythms

Parts of the Diencephalon

Thalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus

For each ATP molecule used, the sodium-potassium pump transports

two K+ into the cell and three Na+ out of the cell.

When a doctor gives a patient epidural anesthesia, they are inserting a needle between which two structures?

body of the vertebrae and dura mater

Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the ____________ plexus.

brachial

motor speech area of the brain

broca

Dermatome maps are important clinically because they

can be used to help locate nerve damage

In the cerebrum, the basal nuclei are the __________ nucleus, which is described as having a tail, and the ________ nucleus, which is described as being lens-shaped.

caudate; lentiform

association fibers

connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere

commissural fibers

connect one cerebral hemisphere to another

projection fibers

connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord

Homeostatic regulation of receptor levels often forms the basis of addiction. In Ralph's case the increased release of dopamine caused a progressive

decrease in dopamine receptor numbers in dopaminergic postsynaptic membranes.

The ____________ extends laterally from the spinal cord and attaches to the dura mater, helping to limit lateral movement of the spinal cord.

denticulate ligament

Most synapses are thought to employ more than one neurotransmitter, and synapses may be located in close proximity to each other. What receptor property prevents one neurotransmitter (e.g., norepinephrine) from activating a nearby receptor for another neurotransmitter (e.g., acetylcholine)?

differences in receptor structure

A man in a car accident cannot feel his left leg but is able to contract the muscles there. Which component of the relevant spinal nerves or spinal cord region has been damaged?

dorsal root

The spinal cord extends from the level of the __________ to the level of the __________.

foramen magnum; second lumbar vertebra

Groups of related nerve cell bodies located outside of the central nervous system are called __________.

ganglia

Structures called ___________ are involved in electrical synapses.

gap junctions

The deepest of the cerebral lobes, the ______ receives taste sensory input.

insula

Blood is supplied to the brain through the ____________, which ascend to the head along the anterior-lateral side of the neck, as well as the _____________, which ascend along the posterior side of the neck.

internal carotid arteries; vertebral arteries

These arteries include the __________ _______ arteries that enter the cranium via the ________ arteries, and the _______ ________, which enter the cranium by way of the _______ _______

internal carotid; carotid canals; vertebral; foramen magnum

Ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a __________.

plexus

Each half of the gray matter is organized into the ____________ horns.

posterior, anterior, lateral

The ventricles arise from __________ during embryonic development.

pouch cavities

Which of the following is not a common feature of the cerebrum and cerebellum?

presence of one or more ventricles

The ____________ of a neuron release(s) neurotransmitters.

presynaptic terminals

connects cerebrum to brainstem forms the internal capsule

projection tract

Major branches of a spinal nerve are called __________.

rami

For a typical neuron, what limits the maximal frequency attainable of action potentials moving down an axon?

refractory period

The blood-brain barrier functions to

regulate the movement of materials from blood to the brain

pons function

relays information between cerebrum and cerebellum

Cerebrospinal fluid fills in the space between the

arachnoid mater and pia mater

Communication within the cerebral cortex in the same hemisphere

association tract

Along myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system, ion currents must cross the plasma membrane of the neuron

at nodes of Ranvier

A student observes gray tissue in a preserved section of a human brain. Which of the following might he be looking at?

basal nuclei

fourth ventricle

base of the cerebellum

Additionally, the _______ artery lies on the ventral side of the pons.

basilar

The three columns of the white matter are the ___________ columns.

ventral, dorsal, and lateral

What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?

ventricles

midbrain function

visual reflex center

if a blockage forms in the cerebral aqueduct, where will CSF back up first?

third ventricle

Identify the only spinal nerve that does not have a specific cutaneous sensory distribution.

C1

The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.

Cervical; Lumbosacral

Which of the following would be a likely result of damaging the musculocutaneous nerve?

Difficulty flexing the shoulder

Which of the following would be a likely result of severing the tibial and common fibular nerves?

Difficulty with dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Cerebral Medulla

White matter of the cerebrum

A dermatome is the area of skin supplied with sensory innervation by

a pair of spinal nerves

Exercise: For the following three sentences, determine if the condition would best be treated with a drug that is a cholinergic agonist or an antagonist.1. In Alzheimer's disease, there is a loss of cholinergic signal transmission in the brain, and patients are given a cholinergic _________.2. In myasthenia gravis, antibodies may reduce the ability of acetylcholine to bind its receptors in skeletal muscle. These patients may benefit from therapy with drugs that are cholinergic_____________.3. A farm worker severely poisoned by an insecticide that prevents acetylcholine function will benefit from receiving a cholinergic _________.

agonist, agonist, agonist

Which of these substances would most freely diffuse across the blood-brain barrier?

alcohol, levodopa, nicotine

third ventricle

center of the diencephalon

The cerebral cortex receives blood from the anterior, middle, and posterior _____ arteries.

cerebral

The basilar artery and internal carotid arteries contribute to the ring-shaped _____ ______ _____

cerebral arterial circle

Imagine a defect in arachnoid granulations, causing CSF to accumulate in the subarachnoid space (external hydrocephalus). Which of the following brain regions or structures will the surrounding CSF press up against?

cerebral cortex

In the ventricles, CSF is produced at ___________, which are composed of specialized ependymal cells surrounded by supportive connective tissue.

choroid plexuses

communication between hemispheres corpus callosum

commissural tract

Rami that carry axons associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS formed from the rami of thoracic and upper lumbar spinal nerves are called __________ rami.

communicating

The larger arteries that supply the brain with blood are located within the _______ space.

subarachnoid

Between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater lies the ____________, and between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater lies the ____________.

subdural space; subarachnoid space

A basal nucleus in the midbrain is the __________, and a basal nucleus in the diencephalon is the ___________.

substantia nigra; subthalamic

Which is not a function of the cerebrospinal fluid?

supply CNS tissues with extra protein

sensory speech area of the brain

wernicke

Lateral ventricles

within each cerebral cavity