ap psych ch 7a

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

interference

a flashbulb memory would typically be stored in __ memory

long-term

Which type of memory has an essentially unlimited capacity?

long-term memory

the increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

semantic encoding is to visual encoding as

meaning is to imagery

Semantic encoding refers to the processing of

meanings

the quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a

memory trace

Most people misrecall the sentence, "The angry rioter threw the rock at the window" as "The angry rioter threw the rock through the window." This best illustrates the importance of

semantic encoding

the process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called

semantic encoding

One effect of long-term potentiation is that

a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from

amnesia

which term best describes parallel processing?

automatic

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of

chunking

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as

connectionism

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called

deja vu

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

echoic

Priming is to retrieval as rehearsal is to:

encoding

the process of getting information into memory is called

encoding

Austin can't remember Jack Smith's name because he wasn't paying attention when Jack was formally introduced. Austin's poor memory is best explained in terms of

encoding failure

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to

encoding failure

To prevent encoding failure you should

engage in effortful processing

the human capacity for storing long term memories is

essentially unlimited

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called

flashbulb memories

By creating an outline in which specific facts and theories are located within the larger framework of major topics and subtopics, Jasmine can remember much more of what she reads in her textbooks. This best illustrates the benefits of

hierarchical organization

Although Mr. Yanagita has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his

hippocampus

For a fraction of a second after the lightning flash disappeared, Ileana retained a vivid mental image of its ragged edges. Her experience most clearly illustrates the nature of _______ memory.

iconic

a retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as _ memory

implicit

Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that

misinformation can distort flashbulb memories

We can encode many sensory experiences simultaneously, some automatically, because of which property of the brain?

parallel processing

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?

parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it actually had been

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as

priming

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates

proactive interference

the serial position effect best illustrates the importance of

rehearsal

which measure of memory did hermann ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?

relearning

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the

release of certain neurotransmitters

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful

retrieval cue

Mentally re-creating the mood that accompanied your original learning of course material is an effective way to activate

retrieval cues

the title of a song is on the tip of geralds tongue, but he cannot recall it until someone mentions the songwriters name. geralds initial inability to recall the title was most likely caused by

retrieval failure

Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more mundane moments helps explain

rosy retrospection

Children can better remember an ancient Latin verse if the definition of each unfamiliar Latin word is carefully explained to them. This best illustrates the value of

semantic encoding

explicit memory is to long term memory as iconic memory is to

sensory input

when learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, releases more ___ at certain synapses.

seretonin

at your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers one at a time. as you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. by the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. which explains this?

serial position effect

the tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the

serial position effect

Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time

sleeping

After attending group therapy sessions for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, Karen mistakenly remembered details from others' traumatic life stories as part of her own life history. This best illustrates the dangers of

source amnesia

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

proactive interference refers to the

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of

the misinformation effect

An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates

the misinformation effect

Police interrogators have been trained to ask less suggestive and more effective questions to avoid

the misinformation effect

When memory researcher Elizabeth Loftus was an adolescent, her uncle incorrectly insisted that as a child she had found her own mother's drowned body. Loftus herself later falsely recollected finding the body. This best illustrates:

the misinformation effect

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that

the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned

chunking refers to

the organization of information into meaningful units

students often remember more information from a course that spans an entire semester than from a course that is completed in an intensive three-week learning period. this best illustrates the importance of

the spacing effect

mnemonic devices such as the peg-word system make effective use of

visual imagery

While your Mom is lecturing you about cleaning your room, you lose concentration. Then, suddenly you hear the significant words, "no car keys." When she asks, "Are you listening to me?" you are able to repeat the last few things she said before mentioning car keys. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

words stored in echoic memory will last for 3 to 4 seconds, so you can still recall her words

the integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory