AP Psych Chapter 3
Mr. Flores is trying to convince his students that there are more effective ways to study. He has his students use two different strategies to remember a list of 20 random words over two consecutive weeks. During week one, the students repeat the words 5 times, and during week two, they create an analogy for each word based on its definition. The results of the study were posted on his classroom door as proof of how students should study. Mr. Flores is attempting to get his student to encode the information into which of the following systems of memory?
Long term memory
After looking at a yellow, black, and green American flag for a minute, you shift your gaze to a white wall. Which of the following best explains why you "see" a red, white, and blue flag when looking at the white wall?
Opponent-process theory
You friend tells you that a cloud looks like your math teacher; you look up and agree. Which principle explains why this is so?
Perceptual set
As she looks down the hallway, Elaine is not tricked into thinking that the friend who is closer to her looks larger than the friend who is farther down the hall. Which monocular cue helps her with this understanding?
Relative size
The ability to filter out sensory information that is not important and focus on sensory information that is important is called...
Selective Attention
What is the opponent process theory?
Suggests the way humans perceive colors or inhibited by certain wavelengths of light
A person's ability to look at a complex array of visual elements and fill in missing information to create a recognizable image is the definition of what principle?
The Gestalt principle of closure
A corporation created what they referred to as an "intelligence assessment to give to people who are applying for jobs with their company, which sells medical equipment. The assessment asked questions about popular culture, sports, and historical events that occurred in the United States. Which of the following might explain why the assessment results did not give the company a diverse pool of final candidates?
The assessment lacked validity by only asking about United States cultural and historic topics.
The Gibson & Walk Visual Cliff experiment tested infants (and other baby animals) to see if they would walk onto a raised glass pane, (giving the illusion of a drop off) when encouraged by their mother. What were the findings of this experiment?
The babies did NOT walk onto the glass pane 92% of the time even when they touched the glass.
Which of the following phrases accurately describes top-down processing?
The effect that our experiences and expectations have on perception
Which of the following is most likely to influence our memory of a painful event?
The intensity of pain at the end of the event
Which of the following best represents an absolute threshold?
A cook can just barely taste the small amount of salt she has added to her soup.
Which one is an example of priming?
A man hears the word doctor and can now recognize the word nurse easier because the two are similar in meaning.
Signal detection theory is most closely associated with which perception process?
Absolute thresholds
_______are neurons that fire in response to specific edges, lines, angles, and movements.
Bipolar cells
Because of the repeated exposure to loud noise they experience during their daily jobs, airport ground workers are most susceptible to damage to which of the following?
Cochlea
Which is the correct path for visual information?
Cornea -> Pupil -> Lens -> Retina -> Rods and Cones -> Optic Nerve
Which of the following might result from a disruption of your vestibular sense?
Dizziness and a loss of balance
Dr. Lofter is a professor of cognitive psychology at a university. He has been collecting data from student performances on tests throughout the school year. Every other test is formatted as either a fill-in-the-blank test, which relies on recall, or a multiple choice test, which relies more on recognition. At the end of the year, Dr Lofter publishes the research findings in a journal on cognitive sciences showing how students perform better on recognition tests than recall tests. Which of the following ethical violations did Dr. Lofter commit?
Dr. Lofter's students did not give informed consent to be a part of the research.
What is one example of sensory adaptation?
Eating food, at first the taste is strong and then it somewhat fades
Memory researchers want to determine if using a mnemonic device will prevent participants from forgetting information. They present a list of nonsense syllables to participants that have been randomly divided into two different groups. One group is instructed to use an assigned mnemonic device to remember the words while the other group is instructed to just try to recall the words without using any memory aid. Participants are then asked to recall the nonsense syllables after one hour, one day, and one week. Which of the following research designs best describes this research?
Experiment
_______ theorizes that the spinal cord is able to either block pain signals or allows them to continue on to the central nervous system.
Gate control theory
Which of the following describes a perception process that the Gestalt psychologists would have been interested in?
How an organized whole is formed out of its component pieces
The Cocktail Party Effect states that-
In crowded busy areas you can focus on one stimulus at a time and block others.
What is the Fovea's function?
It is responsible for high acuity vision
As you look down the road, the lines of the road seem to come together in the distance, even though you know they do not. Which depth cue explains this phenomenon?
Linear perspective
These receptor cells are responsible for visual ability to see fine detail within different light settings and are a part of the Retina.
rods and cones
The experience of a smooth picture at the movies, even though the actual film is made up thousands of separate pictures is due to
stroboscopic movement.
The process by which rods and cones change electromagnetic energy into neural messages is called
transduction.
signal detection theory (SDT) is..
used when psychologists want to measure the way we make decisions under conditions of uncertainty
Alumni of a small high school where everyone knew each other were tracked down twenty years after their high school graduation. Alumni were shown photographs of other individuals they graduated with. First, they were asked if they recognized the person in the photograph. Participants responded "yes" 75% of the time. Next, they were asked if they knew the person's name. Participants could only correctly name the person in the photograph 25% of the time. Which of the following is the dependent variable in the recall condition?
The percentage of people identified by name
Frequency theory relates to which element of the hearing process?
The rate at which the basilar membrane vibrates
What is the purpose of the iris?
To allow light into the eye
Which sensory process are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup involved in?
Transmitting sound waves to the cochlea
Which is NOT an example of Top-Down Processing?
Understanding the bigger picture given a small piece of information
Which of the following represents perceptual constancy?
We know that the color of a printed page has not changed as it moves from sunlight into shadow.
What law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus?
Weber's Law
Researchers were interested in whether there is a correlation between binocular cues and depth perception. Which of the following would be an operational definition of depth perception?
Whether people can tell how far away something is
Which of the following is the best example of sensory interaction?
You notice a slight flicker of a light when there is a sound that accompanies it.
The bare minimum a person can see a candle light is 30 miles away. What concept does this represent?
absolute threshold
What is the function of semicircular canals?
help with balance
Meghan's friends seek her out for help with their problems because she can "see the future" and know what the outcome of an event will be before it happens. Her friends think that Meghan has the power of
precognition.
Where are rods and cones located?
retina
