AP Psych Chapter 5 - AP Classroom Q's
Which of the following types of test is designed to measure an individual's knowledge of a subject? A Achievement B Attitude C Aptitude D Projective E Interest inventory
A Achievement
Which of the following examples best illustrates the defense mechanism of regression? A After failing an exam, a college student has a temper tantrum and tears up his books and notes. B Anxious about an upcoming election for class president, a high school student stops campaigning, saying that anything she does will not matter anyway. C After his girlfriend leaves him, a graduate student accuses his best friend of disloyalty. D A military combat veteran avoids movies and television shows with violent content. E A person who frequently uses drugs joins an antidrug group.
A After failing an exam, a college student has a temper tantrum and tears up his books and notes.
Maki is a three-month-old living in a household of Japanese speakers. Which of the following best describes how her ability to discriminate phonemes will develop? A Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will have begun to lose the ability to discriminate these phonemes. B Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, her ability to discriminate these phonemes will start to become enhanced. C Currently, she will likely be unable to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will start to develop the ability to discriminate these phonemes. D Currently, she will likely be unable to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will still be unable to discriminate these phonemes. E Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will be equally able to discriminate these phonemes.
A Currently, she will likely be able to discriminate the phonemes \l\ and \r\; after she reaches about eight months of age, she will have begun to lose the ability to discriminate these phonemes.
Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories? A Elizabeth Loftus B Noam Chomsky C Ernst Heinrich Weber D Jean Piaget E Mary Ainsworth
A Elizabeth Loftus
Which of the following best describes the primacy effect? A When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C When people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D When people state that things that have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do E When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions
A When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence
Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to A an increase in the average number of years in school B a decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food C an increase in population D a decrease in genetic mutations E an increase in genetic diversity
A an increase in the average number of years in school
The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D is more highly correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing
A requires more automatic processing than selective attention does
Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on A the availability heuristic B the conjunction fallacy C the representativeness heuristic D risky decision making E a mental set
A the availability heuristic
The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quite recall it, is an example of A the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon B the serial position effect C state-dependent memory D retrograde amnesia E anterograde amnesia
A the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that A there is an inherent language acquisition device B thinking is merely subvocal language C different levels of language ability are hereditarily determined D language acquisition can be explained by social modeling E language is learned principally through verbal reinforcement
A there is an inherent language acquisition device
Maria is a thirteen-year-old congenitally deaf child who was born to hearing parents living in a remote, rural area. Since birth her parents have provided love, nourishment, educationally enriching toys, and developed their own hand signals to communicate with her about basic necessities. However, Maria did not begin to learn sign language until she was twelve and the family moved to a city and encountered members of a deaf community. Maria has found it very difficult to learn sign language, no matter what her instructors try. Which of the follow concepts best explains Maria's difficulty learning sign language? A Latent learning B A sensitive period C Cognitive dissonance D Maslow's hierarchy of needs E Egocentrism
B A sensitive period
Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.
B Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.
Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A Teaching them a rhyme for each word B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word C Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in E Having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body
B Asking them questions about the meaning of each word
Which of the following types of intelligence would be most important in answering trivia questions? A Fluid B Crystallized C Bodily kinesthetic D Creative E Practical
B Crystallized
Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following? A Convergent thinking B Divergent thinking C Spatial awareness D Interpersonal intelligence E Intrapersonal intelligence
B Divergent thinking
Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue effect? A Marcus used to use words he knew were bad because his parents would pay attention to him whenever he did. When his parents learned to stop giving him attention in response to the bad words, he stopped using them for a few months. A few months later, though, he suddenly started using the bad words again. B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment. C Rodrigo did not like the taste of coffee at first, but after drinking it every day for a while, he started liking it more. D After listening to a long list of words, Peter remembers the words that occurred near the end of the list more than the ones he heard earlier in the list. E When watching a video of a mouth saying the word "bag" while the word "gag" is played over speakers, Charlotte hears a word that sounds somewhere between the two words.
B Emma is telling her friend what she did over summer vacation when she discovers she cannot think of a specific word that she would like to say. She stops telling the story, because she has the distinct feeling that she is about to be able to think of the word if she waits just a moment.
Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.
B Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip.
Martine needs a hammer but cannot find one. As she looks around her apartment, her gaze passes over a metal paperweight and some other objects that could potentially serve as a makeshift hammer. However, she is so focused on these objects' typical uses that she does not think to use any of them as a hammer. Martine is experiencing which of the following? A The fundamental attribution error B Functional fixedness C Blindsight D The Hawthorne effect E Repression
B Functional fixedness
After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A How fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C What can you tell me about what you saw? D What did the cars look like? E Were there other people around who witnessed the accident?
B How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and cognition? A Concepts are universal and influence the development of language. B Language shapes a culture's concepts and thought processes. C Private speech is a way to help children form thoughts and control their behavior. D An innate language acquisition device guides language development. E Mental schemas precede and aid language development.
B Language shapes a culture's concepts and thought processes.
When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A Sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day. B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory. C Retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it. D State-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to perform well. E Context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations.
B Long-term memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory.
Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A Remembering events specific to one's life B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C Using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D Rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E Becoming classically conditioned
B Memorizing the layout of a neighborhood
Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? A Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. B Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. C Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. D Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. E Because Jenny can memorize every book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.
B Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone.
Which of the following is true of analogies in supporting problem solving? A Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. B Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies. C Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies. D Relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies E Relevant analogies neither help nor hinder people when solving problems.
B Relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies.
After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? A The method of loci B Schemas C Association networks D Sensory memory E Context effects
B Schemas
Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain. B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair. C Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list. D To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing. E Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them.
B Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.
Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of "automobile"? A Vehicle, transportation B Vehicle, convertible C Station wagon, minivan D Sedan, compact car E Foreign car, domestic car
B Vehicle, convertible
Yun was learning English as an adult. She found that she had trouble with some of the sounds in English because those sounds were not part of her native Chinese. The difficulty she was having involved A pragmatics B phonemes C morphemes D syntax E semantics
B phonemes
In a normal distribution of test scores, the percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean score is A 17.5 B 25 C 50 D 66.6 E 95
C 50
Which of the following concepts refers to the structure and organization of a sentence? A Phoneme B Morpheme C Syntax D Semantics E Lexicon
C Syntax
Five-year-old Tahani is entering a school where English is the only language spoken, but in her home, her family uses a combination of both English and her family's native language. When she starts school, she takes a test measuring her English language development. Her score is well below that of the other children in her class, most of whom live in homes where only one language is spoken. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for Tahani's test scores? A Tahani has a language-specific impairment and should go to a language therapist. B The test is culturally biased and contains concepts Tahani does not know. C Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers. D Tahani is experiencing language confusion due to her exposure to multiple languages. E Tahani experienced stereotype threat while taking the test, and that caused her to score below her peers.
C Because Tahani speaks more than one language, her proficiency in each language may come later than for her monolingual peers.
Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.
C Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss.
Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study? A Children who have been diagnosed with a language-specific impairment B Children who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69 D Children who have an IQ between 100 and 125 E Children who get C's in their classes
C Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69
When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit. B The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times. C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory. D Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time. E Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remember.
C Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.
Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.
C Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.
A psychologist has just developed a new test that he hopes will be a good measure of intelligence. At the surface level, the questions appear to be the types of puzzles and problems that would provide an intellectual challenge and give insight into someone's intellectual abilities. Unfortunately, when he distributes the test to a classroom of college students, it does not appear to perform similarly to existing measures of intelligence. The test does not predict student GPAs and in fact is better at predicting performance on a measure of anxiety than intelligence. Which of the following characteristics does the new intelligence test possess? A Construct validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test measures what it is intended to measure. B Discriminant validity, because the psychologist has demonstrated that the test is related to a test that measures anxiety. C Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence. D Convergent validity, because the test predicts performance on other tests. E Predictive validity, because the test predicts future academic performance.
C Face validity, because the test looks like it should measure intelligence.
Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have? A Intelligence is not fixed but rather is a dynamic and changing capacity. B Intelligence is not fixed and can be cultivated through education. C Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity. D Creativity is the most predictive sign of intelligence. E Memory is the most predictive sign of intelligence.
C Intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity.
Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period? A Spacing B Retrieval C Rehearsal D Free recall E Spontaneous recovery
C Rehearsal
To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A Chunking B Long-term potentiation C Semantic encoding D Self-reference E Imagery
C Semantic encoding
Dr. Sosa administers the first exam to all his introductory psychology students, which amounts to 250 students total. The mean for the first exam was 75%. The grades for Dr. Sosa's classes are distributed as shown below. Dr. Sosa concludes the students in his class are achieving appropriate mastery of the material. Why is this conclusion invalid? A Dr. Sosa should have evaluated each of his classes separately. B The distribution is negatively skewed. C The distribution is positively skewed. D Dr. Sosa did not evaluate enough students. E Dr. Sosa evaluated too many students.
C The distribution is positively skewed.
Which of the following is the best example of fluid intelligence? A Reciting the names of all the continents in the world without looking at a map B Identifying the author of a very famous novel C Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle D Giving an adequate definition of a difficult word E Recognizing a piece of classical music
C Using cubes to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle
Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on A the availability heuristic B the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic C the representativeness heuristic D confirmation bias E predictable-world bias
C the representativeness heuristic
According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, which of the following is true? A Individuals have a natural predisposition to learn language. B Individuals learn positive instances of concepts faster than they learn negative instances. C Children learn their first language from their relatives and their peer group. D Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways. E Children learn quantifying words such as "more" and "further" sooner than they do absolutes such as "every" and "all."
D Different languages predispose those individuals who speak them to think about the world in different ways.
Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving? A It involves trying every possible solution until finding the one that works. B It is only used to solve verbal problems and not spatial ones. C It can only occur in situations where the problem space is very large. D It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem. E It occurs most frequently with well-defined problems.
D It requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem.
Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as A declarative B semantic C sensory D procedural E repressed
D procedural
Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing A hindsight bias B availability bias C social desirability bias D the sunk-cost fallacy E the self-serving bias
D the sunk-cost fallacy
Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia? A Hypothalamus B Cerebellum C Pons D Thalamus E Hippocampus
E Hippocampus
Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain? A It is where motor control occurs. B It is where decision making happens. C It is where low-level visual features are processed. D It is where the sense of touch is processed. E It is where declarative memories are stored.
E It is where declarative memories are stored.
Which of the following is an example of metacognition? A Memorizing 100 words in a foreign language B Recognizing the faces of people after meeting them once C Solving a complex problem in a slow, deliberate way D Understanding the role of various parts of the brain in memory E Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
E Knowing the effectiveness of different strategies for learning statistical formulas
Which of the following is the most appropriate criterion for evaluating the predictive validity of an intelligence test? A Intelligence quotient B Mental age C Chronological age D Scholastic aptitude E School grades
E School grades
The linguistic relativity hypothesis of Benjamin Whorf suggests which of the following? A People of different cultures use similar words for common objects. B Languages with many words to describe certain phenomena lack deep structure. C The number of phonemes used in spoken language is universal across cultures. D People of cultures with few words to describe certain phenomena are more precise in their descriptions. E Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.
E Speakers of different languages think differently due to the differences in their languages.
The cerebellum is most directly involved in A forming emotional memories B forming explicit and spatial memories C judgment, higher-order cognition, and personality D sensory processing and relaying E motor learning
E motor learning
The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is A 1:1 B 1:15 C 1:25 D 1:50 E 1:100
A 1:1
According to the Stanford-Binet formula for an intelligence quotient (IQ), the IQ of a ten-year-old child with a mental age of eight and a half years is A 85 B 95 C 100 D 105 E 115
A 85
Kathy is learning how to cook. She follows every direction on each recipe step by step to make sure her food tastes good. Which of the following describes the problem-solving approach that Kathy is using? A Algorithm B Representativeness heuristic C Divergent thinking D Cognitive map E Prototype
A Algorithm
Which of the following refers to the potential of an individual to perform an as-yet-unlearned task? A Aptitude B Interest C Cultural fairness D Achievement E Projection
A Aptitude
Which process transfers information from sensory memory to short-term memory? A Attention B Cognition C Differentiation D Perception E Sensation
A Attention
A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? A Episodic memory B Semantic memory C Echoic memory D Eidetic imagery E State-dependent learning
A Episodic memory
During a quiz, a student is asked, "Which is more common in the English language, the letter "k" as the first letter in a word or the letter "k" as the third letter in a word?" Which of the following would be the student's likely response if he relied on the availability heuristic to answer the question? A He would say that "k" is more likely as the first letter of words because those are the first words that come to his mind. B He would arrive at his answer by referring to earlier questions on the quiz. C He would answer that "k" is more likely as the third letter of words because he would focus more on the second part of the question that was asked. D He would systematically find and record all words beginning with "k" and all words with "k" as the third letter. E He would attempt to figure the statistical likelihood of each option.
A He would say that "k" is more likely as the first letter of words because those are the first words that come to his mind.
A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule? A Noam Chomsky B Lev Vygotsky C Ivan Pavlov D Albert Bandura E Edward Thorndike
A Noam Chomsky
In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed the image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A Priming B Habituation C Conditioned response D Stimulus generalization E Discrimination
A Priming
Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that which of the following statements is true? A The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation. B Children have a more difficult time than adults understanding the grammar of the second language. C Articulation of difficult sounds in the second language is easier for adults than for children. D Adults acquiring a second language typically speak with less of an accent than children acquiring the same second language. E For adults, acquiring a second language is as easy as it was for them to learn their native language.
A The older an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.
If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, which of the following will be the most likely consequence? A They will be unable to learn a maze. B They will learn a maze as well as mice who have the enzyme. C They will learn a maze only through observational learning. D They will learn a maze only through classical conditioning. E They will learn a maze only through positive reinforcement.
A They will be unable to learn a maze.
Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of A an algorithm B an expert system C an inference rule D a hypothesis E a heuristic
A an algorithm
John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe A anterograde amnesia B Broca's aphasia C cue-dependent forgetting D selective amnesia E retroactive interference
A anterograde amnesia
Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A heuristics B algorithms C syllogisms D propositions E concepts
A heuristics
A disadvantage of using Alfred Binet's concept of mental age in assessing intelligence is that A it is inappropriate for adults B it is based on a negatively skewed distribution C its norms are no longer appropriate D it has a gender bias E it produces unreliable test results among rural children
A it is inappropriate for adults
A basic assumption underlying short-term memory is that it is A limited in capacity B unlimited in capacity C long-lasting D not under conscious control E resistant to decay
A limited in capacity
When the word "walk" is changed to "walked," the suffix "ed" is an example of a A morpheme B phoneme C lexicon D syntax E language acquisition device (LAD)
A morpheme
To score high on a test of creativity, a person's answers should be A original and valuable B normative and divergent C normative and convergent D unconscious and illogical E simple and contextual
A original and valuable
The correlation between scores obtained on two halves of a single test yields information about the test's A reliability B validity C frequency distribution of scores D central tendency of scores E standard error of measurement
A reliability
Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was A reliable B valid C standardized D normed E predictive
A reliable
Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if A they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests B the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse C they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability D other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group E the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures
A they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests
Which of the following graphs shows the most desirable test-retest correlation? (dots on a graph)
A - positively sloped/diagonal
Failure to recognize that an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrates which of the following? A Schema B Functional fixedness C Availability D Insight E Confirmation bias
B Functional fixedness
A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which of the following is a type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion? A Deductive B Inductive C Iconic D Echoic E Explicit
B Inductive
The Flynn effect is best illustrated by which of the following statements? A A child must clean his room before his parents allow him to watch television. B Intelligence scores increase from generation to generation. C An individual feels overweight but eats large portions of high-calorie food anyway. D An individual agrees to a small request and complies later with a larger request. E Crystallized intelligence increases with age.
B Intelligence scores increase from generation to generation.
Which of the following types of validity is established by demonstrating that there is a correlation between scores on a test and later academic performance? A Content B Predictive C Face D Concurrent E Test-retest
B Predictive
Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect? A Mnemonic B Primacy C Recency D Secondary E Clustering
B Primacy
On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without which of the following? A Factor analysis B Standardization C g factor D Aptitude index E Face validity
B Standardization
When rehearsal of incoming information is prevented, which of the following will most likely occur? A The information will remain indefinitely in short-term memory. B There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory. C The sensory register will stop processing the information. D Retrieval of the information from long-term memory will be easier. E Information already in long-term memory will be integrated with the incoming information.
B There will be no transfer of the information to long-term memory.
A test that is labeled an achievement test is most likely to be given to A predict an individual's ability to succeed in a particular job B allow a student to be exempted from a college course C assess the mental age of a gifted eight-year-old D determine whether a person is an extrovert or an introvert E investigate an individual's cognitive style
B allow a student to be exempted from a college course
Heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word: STORY. She could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters, like ST, but she did not do so. Her approach to solving the anagram involved A a heuristic B an algorithm C incubation D inductive reasoning E dialectical reasoning
B an algorithm
When the stimuli in a task occur in highly predictable ways, an individual is often able to attend to both that task and another one at the same time. When this occurs, the processing of the first task is A controlled B automatic C top-down D bottom-up E sequential
B automatic
A test that is valid must A have scores that fit a normal curve B be reliable C be normed on a random sample D predict future behavior E reveal important information
B be reliable
In memory experiments on free recall, the recency effect refers specifically to the A enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list of words B enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words C enhanced recall of items in the middle of a list of words D diminished recall of items at the end of a list of words E diminished recall of items at the beginning of a list of words
B enhanced recall of items at the end of a list of words
Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. This action shows that Gabby has overcome A belief perseverance B functional fixedness C the anchoring effect D the framing effect E the availability heuristic
B functional fixedness
A female student was rejected by a college because her score on a test used by the college to predict performance there was below the college's cutoff score. An influential alumnus of the college intervened on the student's behalf and the student was admitted. Four years later the student graduated with honors. The most likely explanation of this outcome is that the test A contained some degree of bias against women B had less than perfect validity C was partly an achievement test D was not standardized E had less than perfect reliability
B had less than perfect validity
A group of friends watched a recent episode of a crime investigation show and concluded that they would have been able to figure out who was responsible for a crime more proficiently than did the television investigators. The friends' overestimation of their ability to determine who committed the crime is most likely due to a reasoning error known as A the availability heuristic B hindsight bias C confirmation bias D cognitive dissonance E actor-observer bias
B hindsight bias
In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in A priming B levels of processing C proactive interference D procedural memory E episodic memory
B levels of processing
A test is administered to 1,000 fourth graders across the country, and then it is readministered to the same children 90 days later. The test-retest results will yield an evaluation of the test's A validity B reliability C cross-cultural fairness D factor analysis E goodness of fit
B reliability
A researcher interested in finding a simple way to estimate intelligence decides to evaluate skull circumference as a possible indicator of intelligence. He finds that the size of an adult's skull remains the same from one measurementto the next, but he finds that skull circumference is not a very good predictor of intelligence. In this example, skull circumference as a measure of intelligence is A reliable and valid B reliable but not valid C valid but not reliable D neither reliable nor valid E highly correlated with intelligence test scores
B reliable but not valid
Which of the following is an example of a prelinguistic event? A Telegraphic speech B Motherese C Babbling D Holophrasing E Paraphrasing
C Babbling
The component of intelligence described by Raymond Cattell as involving the ability to understand logical relationships, reason abstractly, and learn quickly is related to which of the following? A Mental age B Intelligence quotient C Fluid intelligence D Emotional intelligence E Crystallized intelligence
C Fluid intelligence
Michael, who has an IQ of 60, is able to do complex calculations in his head, regardless of the size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. Which of the following best describes these characteristics? A Phenylketonuria (PKU) B Giftedness C Savant syndrome D Antisocial personality disorder E Down syndrome
C Savant syndrome
Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order? A State-dependent B Latent C Serial D Procedural E Paired-associate
C Serial
Barbara is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design? A Linguistic B Musical C Spatial D Naturalist E Interpersonal
C Spatial
When asked which of two countries has a larger population, participants are likely to judge the country that is more familiar to them as being more populous. Which of the following best explains this finding? A A means-end analysis B The representativeness heuristic C The availability heuristic D Algorithms E Inductive reasoning
C The availability heuristic
When confronted with the sequence "__N __" at the end of a word in a crossword puzzle, Tony inserts the letters "I" and "G" in the two blanks because that procedure has often led to the correct answer in previous puzzles. This example illustrates the use of A mental rotation B elaborative rehearsal C a heuristic D a prototype E a syllogism
C a heuristic
Charles Spearman's concept of g is most accurately defined as A a specific type of performance that is affected by intelligence B one of seven fundamental abilities that determine behavior C a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests D the ability to create novel solutions to complex situations E the storehouse of knowledge and facts that we accumulate during our adult years
C a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests
If Juan tried to learn a long list of words, he would be most likely to forget words that A appeared early in the list B appeared near the end of the list C appeared in the middle of the list D were very unlike the rest of the words E were randomly dispersed throughout the list
C appeared in the middle of the list
A teacher creates a test that will predict how well a student will do as a commercial airline pilot. The test is taken before the training, and then the teacher correlates the test score to the number of safe flying hours. The teacher is trying to determine whether the test has A face validity B content validity C criterion-related validity D test-retest reliability E split-half reliability
C criterion-related validity
A researcher shows the same video of an automobile accident to two different groups of participants. Participants in group one are asked: "Did you see a broken headlight?" Participants in group two are asked: "Did you see the broken headlight?" The researcher finds that participants in group two are much more likely to recall having seen a broken headlight, even though there actually was no broken headlight in the video. The researcher is investigating the effects of which of the following on recall? A Algorithms B Heuristics C framing D Proactive interference E The primacy effect
C framing
When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are A at the beginning of the list B at the end of the list C in the middle of the list D hardest to pronounce E easiest to spell
C in the middle of the list
When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in A retrograde amnesia B selective attention C levels of processing D source monitoring E clustering
C levels of processing
When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud a message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel if that channel A switches from one language to another B switches to a nonlanguage C mentions the participant's name D presents information similar to that on the attended channel E presents information in a foreign language
C mentions the participant's name
Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at A testing the worth of various theoretical definitions B operationally defining one theory of intelligence C predicting children's success in school D selecting workers for successful job performance E establishing the learning potential of French military recruits
C predicting children's success in school
A researcher asks participants to identify red shapes presented on a video screen. Following this, novel objects of various colors are depicted on the screen. Participants correctly identify red objects more quickly than objects of a different color. The result illustrates A assimilation B modeling C priming D cone saturation E imprinting
C priming
In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates A positive transfer B repression C proactive interference D retroactive interference E misattribution
C proactive interference
On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker A correctly answered all of the items on the test B obtained the highest scores in the standardization sample C scored at the average level for test takers of the same age D scored above the level of the average American adult E took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items
C scored at the average level for test takers of the same age
A student who obtained a percentile rank of 75 on an achievement test is best characterized as having A ranked 75th from the top in a group of 100 test takers B answered 75% of the test questions correctly C scored higher than 75% of the test takers D scored 75% higher than the average test taker E scored 75% of the highest score
C scored higher than 75% of the test takers
The rules of grammar are rules of A phonemes B morphemes C syntax D semantics E pragmatics
C syntax
In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the A number of pictures the students were shown of the accident B length of time the students viewed pictures of the accident C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident D location of the accident E sex and age of the students
C wording of questions the students were asked about the accident
Which of the following psychometric properties is used to assess the extent to which the items on an intelligence test measure a person's intelligence? A Internal consistency B Split-half reliability C Standardization D Construct validity E Predictive validity
D Construct validity
Brad hears a report on the evening news that diets low in carbohydrates are beneficial to one's health. Considering this advice, he begins such a diet. Later he hears another report condemning low-carbohydrate diets as harmful to one's health. Based upon research on belief perseverance, how would Brad respond to this new information? A Decide to begin a low-calorie diet and increase his physical activity B Believe the second news story and discontinue his diet C Study low-carbohydrate diets on his own D Continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets E Decide to try a high-carbohydrate diet instead
D Continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets
The two sentences "Elena won the race" and "The race was won by Elena" share which of the following structures? A Sentence B Syntactic C Surface D Deep E Phonemic
D Deep
Marie has to assemble a shelf but cannot find her screwdriver. Which of the following would help her complete this task? A Confirmation bias B Functional fixedness C Rigidity D Divergent thought E Mental set
D Divergent thought
Which of the following methods is used in studies designed to determine the primary components of intelligence? A Test-retest B Alternate forms C Random sampling D Factor analysis E Standardization
D Factor analysis
Serena is in a hotel room with a cake that needs slicing, but she does not have a knife. She goes to the bathroom and comes back with a long strand of dental floss, which she uses to cut the cake. Serena has overcome which barrier to problem solving? A Availability heuristic B Divergent thinking C Confirmation bias D Functional fixedness E Fixation
D Functional fixedness
An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena? A Bottom-up processing B Visual imagery C Dual encoding D Self-reference effect E Phonemic encoding
D Self-reference effect
The chart above illustrates which of the following psychological concepts? (word recall chart) A Next-in-line effect B Spacing effect C Misinformation effect D Serial position effect E Short-term memory decay
D Serial position effect
Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names? A She processed them into long-term memory, and they are no longer accessible from short-term memory. B There were many activities at the party. She probably exceeded the capacity of her long-term memory. C She overlearned the names through excessive rehearsal. D She never encoded the names into long-term memory E She experienced a failure of her echoic memory.
D She never encoded the names into long-term memory
According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between structures? A Perceptual to functional B Symbolic to analytic C Simple to complex D Surface to deep E Pragmatic to syntactic
D Surface to deep
After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing A dissociative fugue B dissociative amnesia C retrograde amnesia D anterograde amnesia E conversion disorder
D anterograde amnesia
The intelligence quotient (IQ) has traditionally been based on the relationship between an individual's mental age and his or her A stage of cognitive development B level of physiological development C reading ability D chronological age E quantitative aptitude
D chronological age
A normally functioning 65-year-old who cannot solve abstract logic puzzles as quickly as he did when he was younger is experiencing a A phenomenon that is uncommon for peoples of his age B phenomenon predicted by Erik Erikson as part of the eight stages of psychosocial development C decrease in his crystallized intelligence D decrease in his fluid intelligence E difficulty with concrete operational thinking
D decrease in his fluid intelligence
All of the following are reasons for requiring clearly specified procedures for the administration and scoring of assessment measures, such as standardized tests, EXCEPT to A allow comparisons among scores of various test takers B reduce the possible effects of extraneous variables on scores C increase the reliability and validity of the test scores D decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test E increase the objectivity of the scoring procedures used
D decrease the amount of time needed to administer the test
A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listing 50 uses, most of which the class finds new and unusual, Susan is displaying A computational learning B paired-associate learning C hypothetical thinking D divergent thinking E convergent thinking
D divergent thinking
According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A retrieval B storage C rehearsal D encoding E transfer
D encoding
Chuck recalls the day last summer when he fell off his bicycle and scraped his knee. This is an example of A iconic memory B procedural memory C semantic memory D episodic memory E short-term memory
D episodic memory
An individual uses a paper clip to unlock the door to her house because she has misplaced her key. This individual's approach to solving the problem avoids A syllogistic reasoning B inductive reasoning C deductive reasoning D functional fixedness E means-end analysis
D functional fixedness
On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of A poor problem representation B cognitive accommodation C backward masking D functional fixedness E proactive interference
D functional fixedness
Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of A instinct B modeling C learning set D insight E spontaneous recovery
D insight
Two-year-old Jia tells her grandmother that she "sweeped" the floor yesterday. The scenario illustrates that children A cannot learn grammatical rules during the first two years of life B learn language primarily through operant conditioning C will model only words used by adults in their environment D overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules E are not born with an innate language acquisition device
D overgeneralize the use of grammatical rules
The Psychology Aptitude Test (PAT) was administered to incoming college psychology majors. Their scores were later compared to their performance in the introductory psychology course, and high scores on the PAT were related to high grades in the course. Therefore, the PAT has A adequate standardization B internal consistency C face validity D predictive validity E content validity
D predictive validity
Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as A iconic B semantic C echoic D procedural E declarative
D procedural
If students get approximately the same score on the second administration of a test as they did on the first, then the test is A valid B normed C objective D reliable E standardized
D reliable
A student's test score of 86 is at the 42nd percentile. This means that this student has A received the 42nd highest score B answered 86 percent of the test items correctly C scored the same as 42 of her fellow students D scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students E scored the same as or higher than 58 percent of her fellow students
D scored the same as or higher than 42 percent of her fellow students
A prototype is best defined as A an example of habituation B an example of bottom-up processing C the equivalent of feature abstraction D the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category E an essential element of category membership
D the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category
An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kids of memory? A Semantic B Flashbulb C Procedural D Priming E Episodic
E Episodic
A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? A Declarative B Semantic C Iconic D Episodic E Procedural
E Procedural
A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A Encoding failure B Social facilitation C Retrograde amnesia D Repression E The serial position effect
E The serial position effect
When trying to solve a problem, Bret uses a logical, step-by-step formula called A a heuristric B incubation C insight D priming E an algorithm
E an algorithm
A standardized test must have all of the following EXCEPT A criteria for scoring B norms C uniform instructions D reliability E multiple-choice questions
E multiple-choice questions
The performance of the group on which an IQ test is standardized sets the A method of administration most suitable for the test B extent to which IQ is determined by environment C criteria for the diagnostic significance of intelligence D degree of validity of the IQ test E norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
E norms against which the performance of later test takers can be evaluated
All human languages have several basic sounds in common called A pheromones B semantic units C syntactic units D morphemes E phonemes
E phonemes
People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of A cue-dependent forgetting B repression C reconstruction D retroactive interference E proactive interference
E proactive interference
Metacognition refers to A amnesia B mental retardation C artificial intelligence D thinking without theory E thinking about thinking
E thinking about thinking
