ap psych ex cred review
olfactory
1 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The ______ receptors are located in the epithelium (or tissue) inside the nasal cavity.
dendrites
10 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The function of ______ is to receive information from other neurons .
latent learning
100 learning 7-9% Kelly, a first-year student at a local university, is surprised at how easily she can locate the building and classroom for each of her classes on the first day of school. Kelly attributes her success to the campus tour she took the previous spring. Which concept best supports Kelly's belief?
observational
101 learning 7-9% Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study provided evidence that child mimic the behavior of adult role models. This supported Bandura's belief that much of what we do is the result of ______ learning.
classical
102 learning 7-9% Maria was never afraid of spiders until a spider bit her when she was eight. Today, even the sight of a plastic spider upsets her. Maria's fear is the result of _____ conditioning.
negative
103 learning 7-9% To stop his uncle's constant requests, Jimmy takes out the garbage. This makes him more likely to take out the garbage in the future. Jimmy's behavior is being controlled ______reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
104 learning 7-9% A rat always completes a maze successfully but is only rewarded every third trial. The rat is being rewarded using ______ reinforcement schedule.
sweetened water
105 learning 7-9% Researchers paired rats' drinking of saccharin-sweetened water with injections of a drug that weakened the immune system. After repeated pairings, sweetened water triggered the rats' immune systems to break down. What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the study?
blind-spot
106 sensation and perception 6-8% A(n) ______ occurs where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
intensity
107 sensation and perception 6-8% Ernst Weber's and Gustav Fechner's psychophysical laws (the just-noticeable difference) concern the relation between the ______ of a stimulus and its corresponding psychological sensation.
opponent-process
108 sensation and perception 6-8% Negative afterimages are best explained by ______ theory.
high, hue
109 sensation and perception 6-8% Frequency is the number of complete wavelengths that occur within a specific time. Frequency is used to measure all sorts of wavelengths, such as light waves, sound waves, and brain waves. A wave with high frequency means it occurs more rapidly or often and is also considered to have a ______ pitched sound. While in terms of color or ______, red is longest wavelength, purple is shortest.
reccessive
11 biological bases of behavior 8-10% A trait that appears in an organism only when both parents possess the gene for that trait is referred to as ______.
closure
110 sensation and perception 6-8% The Gestalt principle that refers to an individual's tendency to perceive an incomplete figure as whole is called ______ .
occipital cortex
111 sensation and perception 6-8% Feature detectors are neurons that are turned on or off by specific features of visual stimuli like edges and movement. Where in the visual system are these feature detectors located?
afferent
112 sensation and perception 6-8% Information is relayed to the spinal cord or the brain by ______ or sensory neurons.
sensory adaption
113 sensation and perception 6-8% On his first day of work at the bakery, Brad was nearly overwhelmed by the sweet odor of the baked goods. However, by lunchtime, he did not even notice the smell. This is an example of ______.
rods and cones bipolar cells, ganglion cells , optic nerve
114 sensation and perception 6-8% What is the correct path a neural impulse follows through the different layers of the retina?
ii and iii only
115 sensation and perception 6-8% Which of the following theories most accurately explains pitch perception? I. Opponent process II. Frequency III. Place
motion parrallax
116 sensation and perception 6-8% When viewed from the window of a moving train, nearby objects seem to pass by more quickly than do more distant objects. This cue for depth perception is called ______.
visual cortex
117 sensation and perception 6-8% Scott lost his vision at a young age. When he was much older, he received a corneal transplant that allowed him to see again. After so many years of not being able to see, he had a very difficult time interpreting visual information such as faces and expressions. His visual problems most likely came from processing difficulties in the ______.
poisions
118 sensation and perception 6-8% One-year-old Marcus turns away in disgust if a bitter substance is placed on his tongue. The reason for such a reaction is most likely an inborn distaste for bitter that protects us from potential _____ in the environment.
top down proccessing
119 sensation and perception 6-8% Tina is reading an important letter when she accidentally splashes water on the paper. The water has smudged a few words, but she is still able to understand what the letter says. This can be explained by ______.
neural plasticity
12 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Consistent with the concept of ______, neurons in mammals have been found to change the way they function as a result of repeated stimulation by growing new dendritic spines.
because its a monocular cue
120 sensation and perception 6-8% Ana injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals. Why would she still be able to use linear perspective to make judgments about the distance objects?
after images
121 sensation and perception 6-8% The experience of ______ supports the opponent-process theory of color vision?
sensory adaption
122 sensation and perception 6-8% Laura arrives at a park that is located very close to a factory that produces cookies. She immediately notices the strong odor of chocolate chip cookies, but after a while she no longer detects the smell of the cookies. This can best be explained by ______.
sensory interaction
123 sensation and perception 6-8% When Rosa has a cold, she cannot taste the flavor of her pizza. Which psychological term describes Rosa's inability to taste?
her cones cannot detect color well in dim light
124 sensation and perception 6-8% Latisha noticed that in the early evening she begins to have difficulty seeing the vibrant colors in her artwork. What explains her difficulty seeing color in this situation?
selective
125 sensation and perception 6-8% Using cell phones while driving increases the number of accidents because use of the phones requires ______ attention.
sensitive
126 sensation and perception 6-8% It can be assumed that an individual described as a supertaster is very ______ to hot peppers.
standardized
127 testing and individual differences 5-7% Norms established from a pretested group, uniform scoring criteria and instruction, and reliability are characteristics of ______ tests.
visual spatial
128 testing and individual differences 5-7% Alexa is a talented architect. On which type of intelligence will she most heavily rely to complete her next building design?
grades
129 testing and individual differences 5-7% General intelligence test scores obtained during adolescence best predict ______ in school.
send
13 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Axon terminals ______ messages to other neurons.
alfred binet
130 testing and individual differences 5-7% A disadvantage of using ______'s concept of mental age in assessing intelligence is that it is inappropriate for adults.
valid
131 testing and individual differences 5-7% A researcher interested in finding a simple way to estimate intelligence decides to evaluate skull circumference as a possible indicator of intelligence. He finds that the size of an adult's skull remains the same from one measurement to the next, but he finds that skull circumference is not a very good predictor of intelligence. In this example, skull circumference as a measure of intelligence is reliable but not ______.
1 to 1
132 testing and individual differences 5-7% The ratio of mental age to chronological age for a child of average intelligence is ______.
standardization
133 testing and individual differences 5-7% On an intelligence test, the number of questions an individual answers correctly is meaningless without ______.
fluid
134 testing and individual differences 5-7% Using clues to figure out the solution to a previously unseen puzzle would be an example of ______ intelligence.
Genevieve's task involved semantic memory, which does not typically show decline among people of the ages she tested because it is a form of crystallized intelligence.
135 testing and individual differences 5-7% To study differences in the cognitive processing of younger and older adults, Genevieve assessed a group of 30 year olds and a group of 60 year olds using the same cognitive task. She found no significant difference in cognitive processing between the two groups. What best explains her findings?
flynn
136 testing and individual differences 5-7% The statement "intelligence scores increase from generation to generation" best illustrates the _ effect.
reliable
137 testing and individual differences 5-7% Henry took an intelligence test and scored lower than he thought he should. He kept retaking the test, but he kept getting about the same score each time. This series of events indicates that the test was ______.
reliabilty
138 testing and individual differences 5-7% A psychologist gives the same test to a class of students at the beginning of the day and again at the end of the school day. The extent to which test scores are similar across the two administrations demonstrates this demonstrates the property of _____.
validity
139 testing and individual differences 5-7% A teacher creates a test that will predict how well a student will do as a commercial airline pilot. The test is taken before the training, and then the teacher correlates the test score to the number of safe flying hours. The teacher is trying to determine whether the test has criterion-related _____.
left
14 biological bases of behavior 8-10% An individual was admitted to the hospital after experiencing a mild tingling on the right side of the face and a sudden inability to speak. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a doctor would likely find an abnormality in the brain tissue of the ______ hemisphere
savant
140 testing and individual differences 5-7% Michael, who has an IQ of 60, is able to do complex calculations in his head, regardless of the size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. These characteristics describe ______ syndrome.
biological
141 testing and individual differences 5-7% Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence this findings would support a strong ______ basis for behavior?
projective
142 testing and individual differences 5-7% The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are considered ______ tests.
introspection
143 history and approaches 2-4% Describing one's immediate sensations while looking at a rose is an example of the Structuralist concept of ______.
nature-nurture
144 history and approaches 2-4% The ______issue is best exemplified by the question, "Is level of intelligence the result of one's environment and specific learning, or is it a result of biological maturation?"
psychoanalytic perspective
145 history and approaches 2-4% The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drive and conflict is associated with the ______.
libido
146 history and approaches 2-4% Neo-Freudian theories of psychoanalysis such as those of Karen Horney and Erik Erikson differ from Freud's conceptualization in that they are less likely to emphasize the ______ .
cognitive
147 history and approaches 2-4% ______ psychologists are most likely to study the acquisition of knowledge, planning, and problem solving.
conscious
148 history and approaches 2-4% According to the father of psychology, Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of scientific psychology should be the study of ______ experience of sensory inputs.
introspection
149 history and approaches 2-4% In the early years of psychology, a research participant might have been asked to observe carefully and systematically his conscious experiences. What method would the participant be using?
reticular formation
15 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Significant damage to ______ will most likely cause a person to fall into a deep coma from which the person will be unable to awaken?
cognitive
150 history and approaches 2-4% Which of the following psychological theories would explain posttraumatic stress disorder as being the result of irrational beliefs and ideas?
survival
151 history and approaches 2-4% An evolutionary psychologist would explain that humans desire social interaction, social acceptance, and social affiliation due to a need for ______.
evoloutionary
153 history and approaches 2-4% A(n) ______ psychologist would say that many people have an innate fear of the dark because it helped their ancestors adapt to their environments and experience more reproductive success.
a person observed someone elses fear of flying
154 history and approaches 2-4% How would a social learning theorist explain a fear of flying?
behaviorial
155 history and approaches 2-4% Token economies are based on which theoretical perspective?
dreaming
156 states of consciousness 2-4% In adult humans REM sleep is correlated with ______.
hallucinogens
157 states of consciousness 2-4% ______ are drugs that cause the user to experience vivid, distorted images that are not related to any sensory input.
stimulants
158 states of consciousness 2-4% Caffeine, cocaine, and nicotine are ______.
there is a disruption in there circadian rhythym
159 states of consciousness 2-4% Explain why travelers suffer from jet lag?
amygdala
16 biological bases of behavior 8-10% After an electrode implanted in a cat's brain stimulates the cat's _____, the cat will most likely withdraw in fear.
REM
160 states of consciousness 2-4% Most individuals do not typically act out their dreams because the body is paralyzed during _____ sleep.
increase
161 states of consciousness 2-4% Cocaine, methamphetamine, and caffeine are psychoactive drugs that______ nervous system activity?
hypnotized
162 states of consciousness 2-4% One of the difficulties in studying hypnosis experimentally is that there is no reliable way to determine if a person is ______.
suggestibility
163 states of consciousness As a result of being hypnotized, an individual may not feel the hypnotist touching her arm because of _______.
rational emotive behavior therapists
164 treatment of disorders 5-7% According to ______ the source of much unhappiness is the individual's system of inappropriate beliefs.
carl rogers
165 treatment of disorders 5-7% Sally's father gives the impression that he will love her only if she gets very good grades. According to ______ Sally is not getting enough unconditional positive regard.
lithium carbonate
166 treatment of disorders 5-7% Bipolar disorder is often treated with a simple salt known as ______.
transference
167 treatment of disorders 5-7% In psychoanalysis a patient's projection onto the therapist of feelings associated with significant figures in the patient's past is known as ______.
systematic desensitization
168 treatment of disorders 5-7% A therapist using ______ to help a client overcome a fear of big dogs would probably begin treatment by asking the client to master a set of relaxation techniques
seretonin
169 treatment of disorders 5-7% Fluoxetine (Prozac®) has been shown to reduce depression primarily by blocking reuptake and increasing the level of ______ in the synapses
testosterone
17 biological bases of behavior 8-10% What hormone seems to be most closely linked with aggressive behavior?
electroconvulsive therrapy
170 treatment of disorders 5-7% ______ assumes a biological cause for depression because it is used as a last resort when other methods to increase serotonin production do not work.
systematic desensitization
171 treatment of disorders 5-7% Which treatment would be most effective for someone who experiences a rapid heartbeat, light-headedness, and nausea when speaking in public?
aaron beck
172 treatment of disorders 5-7% The following is an example of a cognitive distortion according to ______'s cognitive therapy model of treatment: "If I don't get all As in college, then my degree will be worth nothing."
unconditional positive regard
173 treatment of disorders 5-7% Client-centered therapists try to appreciate how the world appears from the client's point of view. This is an example of ______.
aversion
174 treatment of disorders 5-7% Thomas gained a lot of weight because he was eating too many sweets. A psychologist suggested to Thomas that he pair the pleasant taste of sweets with the taste of something he finds unpleasant. So, Thomas put broccoli, which he hates, in his ice cream, cake, and pie. He now feels nauseated at the sight of dessert and avoids eating it. This technique is known as ______ therapy.
active listening
175 treatment of disorders 5-7% During therapy sessions, Gerry's therapist often rephrases things that Gerry has said or asks for clarification. This action is consistent with what aspect of client-centered therapy?
specific phobias
176 treatment of disorders 5-7% Systematic desensitization is most likely to be used in the treatment of _____.
right parietal lobe
20 biological bases of behavior 8-10% If an individual has lost the ability to feel pain in the left arm, there is most likely damage to what area of the brain?
transference
177 treatment of disorders 5-7% During a therapy session, a client acts very angry toward the therapist, just as she acts toward her mother. A psychoanalytically oriented therapist would say the client's behavior is an example of ______.
cognitive
178 treatment of disorders 5-7% Rochelle is anxious because she believes that nearly everyone must approve of everything she does. A ______ therapist most likely work on changing the way she believes/interprets/thinks about her circumstances.
dperession/major depressive disorder
179 treatment of disorders 5-7% Carmen's psychiatrist has prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor to help Carmen feel better. Carmen has most likely been diagnosed with what disorder?
hippocampus
18 biological bases of behavior 8-10% When people consume large amounts of alcohol, they are often unable to recall what they did and said while they were drinking. This occurs because alcohol interferes with the brain's ability to form new memories in the ______.
schizophrenia
180 treatment of disorders 5-7% José's doctor has prescribed antipsychotic (neuroleptic) medication for him. José is most likely to be diagnosed as having which disorder?
superego
181 personality 5-7% According to psychoanalytic theory, John's constant theft suggests he has an underdeveloped ______.
neuroticism
182 personality 5-7% John is generally pleasant, but during final exams he experiences more intense stress than other students experience. He is irritable and easily frustrated. According to the Big Five model of personality, John would high in ______.
projective
183 personality 5-7% Sentence-completion tests, inkblot tests , drawing tests and the Thematic Apperception Test are all types of ______ tests.
repression
184 personality 5-7% ______ is a Freudian constructs believed to protect the organism from anxiety by making memories inaccessible?
stable
185 personality 5-7% Research on the development of personality traits across the life span has revealed that an individual's personality traits tend to be relatively ______ during middle adulthood.
projective specifically the TAT
186 personality 5-7% When a person is asked to look at some pictures and tell a story about each of them that taking a ______ test.
self efficacy
187 personality 5-7% Suzy feels confident that she can play well enough to score a goal. Regarding her ability to play soccer Suzy has a high degree of ______.
regression
188 personality 5-7% After failing an exam, a college student has a temper tantrum and tears up his books and notes. This is an example of the defense mechanism of _____.
internal
189 personality 5-7% A student decides to run for student government because he feels he can make some positive changes in the school. This is an example of an _______ locus of control.
sympathetic nervous sysem
19 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Ben was enjoying a walk in the woods on a beautiful Saturday afternoon. As he went around a curve, he noticed a bear walking toward him. Immediately his pupils dilated, he began to perspire, and his heart accelerated. These changes are most closely related to the function of the ______.
five factor
190 personality 5-7% A psychologist who classifies an individual's personality according to the person's manifestations of traits such as neuroticism, openness, and extraversion probably believes in which model of personality?
super ego
191 personality 5-7% According to Sigmund Freud, the personality structure that reflects moral values is called the ______.
displacement
192 personality 5-7% Angry with his professor because of a difficult exam, Martin returns home and takes out his anger on his best friend. Martin's behavior illustrates ______.
learned helplessness
193 personality 5-7% In high school, it did not seem to make a difference how much Carlos studied Spanish; he always earned poor grades. Now that Carlos is in college, he is required to take Spanish again. Now he say, "Why study? There isn't anything I can do to improve my Spanish skills." Carlos's attitude is best explained by the concept of ______.
the big five or five factor
194 personality 5-7% According to the _____ model of personality, most personality traits can be derived from the five major traits of openness, contentiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
unconditional positive regard
195 personality 5-7% Nick admitted to his parents that he was not working to his potential in his academics and sports. Even though his parents were disappointed, instead of yelling at Nick, they accepted him and wanted to help him work through his feelings. His parents' behavior exemplified ______.
collective unconsious
196 personality 5-7% Carl Jung believed in a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from a person's ancestral past. Which psychological term refers to that storehouse?
interpretaion or cogniton
197 motivation and emotion 6-8% According to Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's theory of emotion, the same physiological response can produce different emotions, depending on the context within which the response occurs and a person's ______of that context.
achievement
198 motivation and emotion 6-8% In response to a set of ambiguous pictures, Rita writes several stories in which the main characters desire to compete with some standard of excellence and surpass their own previous performances. Psychologist David McClelland would characterize Rita as have a high ______ motivation.
moderation
199 motivation and emotion 6-8% For most tasks people perform better when they experience a ______ level of arousal.
right
2 biological bases of behavior 8-10% In right-handed (the majority of) individuals visual and spatial processing is a function of the ______ brain.
lateral ventromedial
200 motivation and emotion 6-8% The hypothalamus acts in conjunction with the endocrine system to regulate hunger and satiety (fullness). The ______ hypothalamus is the brain's hunger center, while the ______ hypothalamus is the brain's satiety center.
extrinsic
201 motivation and emotion 6-8% Pam works hard in school because her parents give her ten dollars for every A she receives. Pam's parents are attempting to influence her academic efforts by capitalizing on ______ motivation.
ventromedial
202 motivation and emotion 6-8% A tumor that destroys the ______ hypothalamus is likely to produce frequent eating and obesity.
autonomic arousal
203 motivation and emotion 6-8% A polygraph machine is often called a "lie detector," although it does not detect lies. Instead, it responds to changes in _______.
homeostasis
204 motivation and emotion 6-8% Amanda experienced discomfort in class. She put on a sweater when she realized her discomfort was caused by the cold. Her behavior was motivated by a drive to maintain ______.
resistance
205 motivation and emotion 6-8% Melvin, a server at a restaurant, is in the middle of a lunch rush. He is completing orders, serving customers, and seating new guests. He has adapted to this level of stress and is coping. Which stage in Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome that Melvin is currently experiencing?
intrinsically
206 motivation and emotion 6-8% Research studies _______ that people who are intrinsically motivated as compared to people who are extrinsically motivated tend to work harder and enjoy their work more.
digestion
207 motivation and emotion 6-8% When we experience stress _____ is reduced by the fight-or-flight reaction.
ventromedial hypothalamus
208 motivation and emotion 6-8% An animal will gain weight when its ______ is damaged.
external
209 motivation and emotion 6-8% Incentive theories of motivation explain the desire of people to achieve goals in terms of ______ stimuli that have the capacity to affect behavior.
endorphins
21 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Mary participates in an exercise program because she experiences an increase in energy and feelings of well-being at the end of each exercise session. The best explanation for Mary's perseverance in the program is that exercise increases her level of ______.
the alarm reaction of general adaption syndrome fight or flight
210 motivation and emotion 6-8% Gustav was out for his daily walk when a thief who demanded his wallet approached him. He immediately felt an increase in his breathing and heart rate. Which of the following accurately describes Gustav's physiological response?
emotions
211 motivation and emotion 6-8% There are several universal ______ they just vary in how they are expressed.
t lymohocytes
212 motivation and emotion 6-8% Karen had been working overtime to complete a project so that she could go skiing at the end of the month. On the day of her trip, Karen got sick with the flu and had to cancel. Stress hormones had most likely affected her immune system by suppressing white blood cells called ______.
drive reduction
213 motivation and emotion 6-8% After school, George and his friends complain of intense hunger. They go to George's home and immediately open his refrigerator to look for a snack. Which theory of motivation explains their behavior?
formal operations
214 developmental psych 7-9% Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of Jean Piaget's ______ .
gender role devolpment
215 developmental psych 7-9% Seven-year-old Mary helps her mother wash the dishes, while her nine-year-old-brother helps their father with the yard work. This involvement of children with same sex parents in the role of helpers illustrates the process of ______.
harry harlow
216 developmental psych 7-9% The results of ______'s experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys.
cross sectional
217 developmental psych 7-9% In developmental psychology ______ studies are considered less expensive and less time consuming than longitudinal studies but a more vulnerable to the cohort effect.
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive
218 developmental psych 7-9% ______parents are characterized by high demands for obedience and low warmth for children. ______ parents are characterized by high standards for child and a high degree of warmth. ______ parent may display warmth for children but have low standards for behavior and lack appropriate social boundaries.
abraham maslow
219 developmental psych 7-9% According to ______ every human being's hierarchy of needs must be meet in the following order physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization.
wernickes area (understanding)
22 biological bases of behavior 8-10% A person will most likely develop aphasia as a result of damage to which parts of the brain?
secure
220 developmental psych 7-9% Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a ______ attachment style is most likely to show distress when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time but calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns.
object permanence
221 developmental psych 7-9% When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed ______.
object permanance
222 developmental psych 7-9% A child must reach developmental milestone of ______must be reached before he/she can experience separation anxiety.
authoritarian
223 developmental psych 7-9% Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?
habituary
224 developmental psych 7-9% Tina's mother often entertains Tina by bouncing a bunny puppet back and forth along the side of Tina's crib. Initially, Tina pays close attention to the puppet but after a while, she begins to ignore it and continues doing what she was doing before the puppet appeared. Which psychological concept best explains Tina's change in behavior?
securely
225 developmental psych 7-9% In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as ______ attached were more likely to express happiness when the mother returned to the room.
improve
226 developmental psych 7-9% Paul and Sally, who met and married in their mid-20s, have been married for 25 years. Their youngest child recently graduated from high school and has left for college. Their marital relationship will likely ______.
environmental
227 developmental psych 7-9% Fetal alcohol syndrome is more associated with ______ effects than with genetic influence.
unde4restimated
228 developmental psych 7-9% Modern research on Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development indicates that Piaget ______ children's abilities.
noam chansky
229 developmental psych 7-9% A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which psychologists would argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule?
cerebellum
23 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Difficulty in typing smoothly on a keyboard would most likely result from damage to the ______.
identity versus role confusion
230 developmental psych 7-9% What did Erik Erikson say was the primary conflict through which a teenager needs to work?
object permanence
231 developmental psych 7-9% Tina is in a clothing store with her mother. A man walks by and passes behind a clothing rack. Tina looks for him on the other side of the rack. Her behavior shows she has developed ______.
fine motor skills
232 developmental psych 7-9% Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed ______.
secure
233 developmental psych 7-9% Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which pattern of attachment does Jeremy's actions reflect?
older
234 developmental psych 7-9% Research on a critical period during the acquisition of second languages indicates that the ______ an individual is, the more difficulty he or she will have with second-language pronunciation.
babinski
235 developmental psych 7-9% Alexandra wants to test her new baby's ______ reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to stroke the sole of her baby's foot.
groupthink
236 social psych 8-10% ______ occurs when a group does not encourage dissenting points of view.
diffusion of responsibility
237 social psych 8-10% In certain situations, the larger the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. This is due to the ______.
legitimate authority figure
238 social psych 8-10% Individuals are most likely to obey when demands are made by a ______.
superordinate goals
239 social psych 8-10% One way to reduce intergroup conflict is to establish ______.
empircal
24 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The fact that the two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to process different types of cognitive tasks is well supported by ______ evidence.
social faccilitation
240 social psych 8-10% An athlete performing better in a game before a large audience than she does in practice would be an example of ______.
stereotyping
241 social psych 8-10% Holding a predetermined belief about a group of people, regardless of the personal qualities of the individual members, is referred to as ______.
i,ii,ii,iv
242 social psych 8-10% According to research on interpersonal perception, the formation of friendships and romantic relationships are associated with which of the following? I. Physical attractiveness II. Physical proximity III. Attributions of similarity IV. Mere exposure
self-serving
243 social psych 8-10% A student has just failed a psychology exam. He explained his performance by saying, "I didn't study hard enough." It would seem he lacks a ______ bias.
phillip zimbardo
244 social psych 8-10% In ______'s Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that situations can exert powerful effects on morality and identity.
internal, dispositional
245 social psych 8-10% Saying that a student does not care about a class as an explanation most for why that student fell asleep demonstrates a(n) ______ attribution.
foot in the door
246 social psych 8-10% People were asked to sign a petition in support of a political candidate. Later, those who signed the petition were asked to donate money to the candidate, and many of them did. This phenomenon is best characterized as ______ phenomenon.
conformity
247 social psych 8-10% Because the most popular students in the high school tend to wear a particular brand of athletic shoe, a new student buys a pair of shoes of the same brand. Such behavior demonstrates the concept of ______.
when the bystander is the only other person present
248 social psych 8-10% When is an individual bystander is most likely to help an injured person?
ethical
249 social psych 8-10% Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience in the field of social psychology met with the great criticism because of the ______ issues involved.
epilepsy
25 biological bases of behavior 8-10% In extreme cases, surgically severing the corpus callosum is a treatment for which condition?
fundamental attribution error
250 social psych 8-10% Morgan made the ______ in explaining her students' poor performance on their geography examination when she said, "The students just do not care enough about their grades."
foot in the door
251 social psych 8-10% Chuck is walking down the street and someone asks him to sign a petition to put clean-air legislation on the next ballot. He decides to sign the petition. Then the person asks whether he would like to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as ______.
in group bias
253 social psych 8-10% When watching the Olympics, most people cheer for athletes from their own country. Often, fans believe that athletes from other countries cheat but athletes from their own country would never cheat. This is an example of what psychological concept?
cognitive dissonance
254 social psych 8-10% People who find themselves engaging in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience ______
mere exposure
255 social psych 8-10% George sat next to Kiki in biology class every day. They often worked together on assignments. By the end of the semester, George became quite fond of Kiki. Which social psychological term best explains George's attraction to Kiki?
social loafing
256 social psych 8-10% Michael, who barely works on his group science project because he knows someone else will do the work. This demonstrates the concept of ______.
social facilitation
257 social psych 8-10% Marissa is a good racquetball player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her gets larger. Her change in performance is an example of ______.
fertile
258 social psych 8-10% A basic assumption underlying the evolutionary approach to sexual attraction is that men seek potential mates who appear ______.
industrial/organizational
259 social psych 8-10% What field of psychology is most appropriate to analyze the efficiency of businesses in their hiring, basic training, and management leadership skills training?
increase
26 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) ______ the amount of serotonin available at the synapses.
5
260 methods 8-10% What is the median number in the following sequence? 10, 3, 5, 7, 10, 5, 2
harm
261 methods 8-10% In any psychological research it is important to protect research subjects from physical and mental ______.
placebo affect
262 methods 8-10% The ______ is brought on by an individual's expectation that a treatment will work.
reliable
263 methods 8-10% A test that produces consistent results is considered to be ______.
dependent
264 methods 8-10% In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the ______ variable.
causal
265 methods 8-10% Experimental research differs from correlational research in that experimental research may reveal a ______ relationship.
case study
266 methods 8-10% A person displays a set of rare behaviors that psychologists had not known about previously, because nobody had ever shown them before. The best strategy to investigate the nature of those behaviors is a ______.
operational definiton
267 methods 8-10% ______ enable researchers to replicate studies by precisely describing the variables and how they are used.
standard debiation
268 methods 8-10% ______ is a measure of how much scores in a group differ from the mean of that group.
independetn variable
269 methods 8-10% A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self- esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self- esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. The feedback about relative performance in coin tossing is the element of the study that constituted ______.
over parkinsons
27 biological bases of behavior 8-10% An ______ supply of the neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with schizophrenia. While an under supply is associate with ____ disease.
the right to withdraw
270 methods 8-10% A psychological researcher designs a study to determine whether positive feedback affects self- esteem. The researcher requires each participant to toss twenty coins into a coffee can that is three feet away. Half of the participants are told that their performance is superior, and the other half are told that their performance is well below average. Although some of the participants want to quit tossing coins after a few attempts, they are told that once they begin the study they have to complete it. After the coin toss, participants take a test measuring self- esteem. Following the test, all participants are debriefed and told that information about their performance was false. Results of the study indicate that participants who are told their performance is well below average report lower levels of self-esteem than do those who are told their performance is superior. Which violation of ethical guidelines occurs in the study?
sampling
271 methods 8-10% Research shows that women who are referred by a physician to participate in a study of eating disorders have more severe problems than women who volunteer on their own to participate in the study. If research on eating disorders regularly involves only women referred by physicians, the results of the studies might be limited because of the presence of ______ bias.
representative
272 methods 8-10% The results of a correlational study involving student volunteers in a psychology laboratory might not apply to the general population because the sample is not randomly chosen and therefore may not be a ______ sample.
as income increases the likelyhood of dental problems deccreases.
273 methods 8-10% Researchers have found a negative correlation between income and dental problems. What conclusion can correctly be drawn from this statement?
confounding
274 methods 8-10% Random assignment is used to reduce the effects of ______ variables in experiments?
infrential
275 methods 8-10% Which statistical approach concerned with forming conclusions about the effect of the independent variable on variations in the dependent variable?
meta-analysis
276 methods 8-10% Dr. Grayson is interested in studying the relationship between weight loss and mood. To conduct the study, Dr. Grayson analyzes the results of several previous studies on weight loss and emotional state. Which research strategy is Dr. Grayson using?
mode
277 methods 8-10% A test with normally distributed results was returned to a class of 100 students. Later, the teacher realized an error was made and added 10 points to each student's score. Which measure of central tendency must have changed as a result of the increase in scores?
method of not-taking
278 methods 8-10% Professor Gonzalez is interested in evaluating the ability of a new method of note-taking to improve student grades. Group A is trained in the new method and group B uses the traditional outline method of taking notes. What is Professor Gonzalez' independent variable?
sampling bias
279 methods 8-10% Students from a journalism class ask only their friends to participate in a school newspaper survey and neglect to ask the rest of the student body. The journalism students' data may not be generalizable due to ______.
occipital lobe
28 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Damage to a small part of the ______lobe would most likely result in a visual deficit.
hippocampus
29 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?
electro-encephalograph (eeg)
3 biological bases of behavior 8-10% A(n) ______ is a device that uses electrodes to record information on the electrical activity of the brain.
aggression fear
30 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Electrically stimulating a rat's amygdala would most likely produce _____.
proactive
31 cognition 8-10% ______ interference occurs when something we learned in the past makes it harder to recall recently learned information.
elizabeth loftus
32 cognition 8-10% In ______ ' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accidents, the major influence on recall was the wording of the questions about the accidents.
tip of the tongue
33 cognition 8-10% The ______ phenomenon occurs when you feel that you know someone's name but cannot quite recall it.
deep
34 cognition 8-10% According to Noam Chomsky, understanding a sentence involves transformations between surface and _____structures.
rehearsal
35 cognition 8-10% ______ increases the chance that an individual will remember a new cell phone number.
serial
36 cognition 8-10% ______ learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order.
automatic
37 cognition 8-10% When the stimuli in a task occur in highly predictable ways, an individual is often able to attend to both that task and another one at the same time. When this occurs, the processing of the first task is ______.
primary, recency
38 cognition 8-10% Enhanced memory for words at the beginning of a list is known as ______, while enhanced memory for words at the end of a list is known as ______.
functional fixedness
39 cognition 8-10% An individual uses a paper clip to unlock the door to her house because she has misplaced her key. This individual's approach to solving the problem avoids ______ .
endocrine
4 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The ______ system is the body's network of glands that circulate and control levels of hormones.
anterograde
40 cognition 8-10% After having a stroke resulting from a blockage of blood to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing a ______ amnesia.
algorithm
41 cognition 8-10% Kathy is learning how to cook. She follows every direction on each recipe step by step to make sure her food tastes good. Which problem-solving approach that Kathy is using?
cognitive dissonance
42 cognition 8-10% Joe refused to contribute money for a gift to a coworker. He felt guilt and then did the following things: Volunteered to buy a gift for another coworker for a different occasion, repeated the thought that the coworker makes a good salary and does not need a gift, focused on the thought that the coworker most likely would not contribute money for a gift for another person, and finally made a donation to a charity in the coworker's name. All of these behaviors were attempts by Joe to reduce the experience of _____.
inductive
43 cognition 8-10% A dog bit Sam when he was a small child and now Sam believes all dogs bite. Which type of reasoning that Sam is using to come to this conclusion?
she never encoded the names into long term memory
44 cognition 8-10% Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names?
they will be unable to learn the maze
45 cognition 8-10% If mice lack an enzyme essential to the process of long-term potentiation, what will be the most likely consequence?
availability heuristic
46 cognition 8-10% During a quiz, a student is asked, "Which is more common in the English language, the letter "k" as the first letter in a word or the letter "k" as the third letter in a word?" He said that "k" is more likely as the first letter of words because those are the first words that come to his mind. The student's response indicated he relied on the _______ to answer the question.
poor
47 cognition 8-10% Research has shown that a major reason for poor performance while multitasking is that while multitasking, people switch their attention rapidly from task to task, so they miss critical information associated with a task that is not receiving their attention.
phonemes
48 cognition 8-10% Yun was learning English as an adult. She found that she had trouble with some of the sounds in English because those sounds were not part of her native Chinese. The difficulty she was having involved ______.
levels of processing
49 cognition 8-10% When Sophie reads her history assignments, she goes over them very carefully and tries to memorize each fact. Emma, on the other hand, studies by trying to relate the new information to things she has experienced, been told about by others, or seen in movies and on television. Emma's performance on history tests will probably be better than Sophie's due to differences in ______.
medulla
5 biological bases of behavior 8-10% A life-threatening disruption of heartbeat and breathing would likely be a result of an injury to the ______.
proactive
50 cognition 8-10% In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates ______ interference.
functional fixedness
51 cognition 8-10% Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. This action shows that Gabby has overcome ______.
cognitive
52 cognition 8-10% A mental image of a spatial layout is called a ______ map.
algorithm
53 cognition 8-10% Heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word: STORY. She could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters, like ST, but she did not do so. Her approach to solving the anagram involved an _____.
self reference
54 cognition 8-10% An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to the ______ effect
priming
55 cognition 8-10% In the morning, Jorge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed an ambiguous image and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. This is due to ______.
language shapes a cultures concepts and thought procceses
56 cognition 8-10% According to Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, what is the relation between language and cognition?
insight
57 cognition 8-10% Dylan has difficulty solving a physics problem in class. The next day, he suddenly thinks of a solution to the problem as he is watching a friend play the guitar. The thought process that Dylan experienced is an example of ______ learning
procedural
58 cognition 8-10% Memories of well-learned skills, such as riding a bicycle, are classified as ______ memory.
compulsions
59 abnormal psych 7-9% Ritually repeated behaviors are ______.
refractory period
6 biological bases of behavior 8-10% Immediately after firing, a neuron is incapable of responding to stimulation. This condition is referred to as the ______.
dissociative fugue
60 abnormal psych 7-9% A(n) ______ involves a loss of identity and a flight to a new location (city, state, or country).
somatoform
61 abnormal psych 7-9% A person who is sure that he is ill even when a doctor explains that there is no physiological basis for his complaints most likely has a(n) ______ disorder.
ptsd
62 abnormal psych 7-9% Jan displays anxiety, irritability, inability to concentrate, and apathy. She relives a trauma again and again through nightmares and vivid memories. Jan is most likely to be diagnosed with ______ .
denial
63 abnormal psych 7-9% A parent who keeps their daughter's room intact even though she is married and living on her own for ten years is exhibiting signs of the defense mechanism known as ______.
depression/major depressive disorder
64 abnormal psych 7-9% ______ is characterized by prolonged episodes of server unhappiness and loss of interest in life.
suicide
65 abnormal psych 7-9% Following statements about _____ are true: It is common for people who do it to have talked about suicide. Women attempt more often than do men. It is one of the most common causes of death among young people. Men use more effective means than do women.
specific phobia is linked to a particular stimulus whereas generalized anxiety disorder is not
66 abnormal psych 7-9% How does a specific phobia differs from generalized anxiety disorder?
manic
67 abnormal psych 7-9% Rapid speech is a common symptom of the ______ phase of bipolar disorder
dopamine
68 abnormal psych 7-9% Cocaine blocks the reuptake of which neurotransmitter?
functioning
69 abnormal psych 7-9% Thomas is thirty years old and is very shy. He becomes anxious in social situations, so he avoids them. Thomas does not have close friends and rarely leaves his apartment. However, he writes a very successful and popular Internet blog, is usually content and calm while working at home, and has a positive relationship with his family. Psychologists would be hesitant to label Thomas as psychologically disordered because his behavior does not appear to cause distress or impair his day-to-day ______.
synaptic cleftpost synaptic
7 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The ______ is the space between two neurons that form a synapse.
abnormal
70 abnormal psych 7-9% A critical component for labeling a person's behavior as _____ is that the behavior must interfere with some aspect of the person's life.
bipolar disorder
71 abnormal psych 7-9% During the past few years, Lester has experienced several episodes of devastating sadness, weight loss, feelings of worthlessness, and an inability to concentrate. Recently, Lester is experiencing tremendous elation, excessive excitement, racing thoughts, and elevated self-esteem. He has not slept for several days, claiming that he no longer needs a full night's sleep. Which diagnosis will Lester most likely receive from a clinical psychologist?
schizophrenia
72 abnormal psych 7-9% Hallucination and delusions are symptoms of _______.
anxiety
73 abnormal psych 7-9% Fred is afraid to leave his house, and he is extremely apprehensive every time he has to go out in public. Fred is most likely to be diagnosed with which type of disorder?
delusions
74 abnormal psych 7-9% An item on a psychological test asks whether the test taker believes radio news stations are delivering special messages to the test taker that others cannot detect. Jason takes the test and answers yes to this question, because he recently detected messages to him embedded in a radio broadcast. Jason appears to be experiencing ______ of reference.
front temperal lobe
75 abnormal psych 7-9% Deterioration in ______ is the most common symptom of dementia.
depression/major depressive disorder
76 abnormal psych 7-9% Bernadette has lacked enthusiasm for work and other activities for a number of years. She also has a poor appetite and feels fatigued. Which disorder is most consistent with Bernadette's symptoms?
antisocial personality
77 abnormal psych 7-9% Brandon is superficially charming and skilled at exploiting people for his own gain. He is also impulsive and irresponsible, and he generally disregards social norms. Brandon would most likely be diagnosed with which disorders?
behavioral
78 learning 7-9% Token economies use secondary reinforcers as a consequence for the performance of a desired behavior. ______ psychologists believe that this is an effective way to modify desired behavior.
body touch
79 learning 7-9% In a set of studies, Ivan Pavlov first touched a dog lightly on the side of its body and a few seconds later placed vinegar on the dog's tongue. The vinegar made the dog salivate. After several pairings of touch and vinegar, the dog began to salivate as soon as it was touched and before it was given the vinegar. Identify the conditioned stimulus in this situation.
postsynaptic, presynaptic
8 biological bases of behavior 8-10% A ______neuron is the neuron in a synapse that receives a message (in the form of neurotransmitters), while a ______neuron is the neuron in a synapse that sends a message (in the form of neurotransmitters).
mirror neurons
80 learning 7-9% ______are brain cells that provide the neural basis for observational learning.
reinforcements, punishments
81 learning 7-9% In operant conditioning behavior is modified by its consequence. ______ are used to increase the occurrence desired behaviors, while ______ are used to decrease the occurrence of undesired behaviors.
secoundary reinforcer
82 learning 7-9% Money is considered a powerful ______.
biological preparedness
83 learning 7-9% Although people can acquire phobias to almost any object or situation, certain phobias (e.g., those to snakes, spiders, heights) are much more common than others. This is due to ______ biological preparedness.
modeling
84 learning 7-9% According to social learning theory, aggression is the result of ______.
bf skinner
85 learning 7-9% ______ 's claim that the environment determines an individual's behavior was criticized for failing to acknowledge cognitive influences on behavior.
discrimination
86 learning 7-9% A dog trained to salivate to a particular tone does not salivate to any other tone. This is an example of ______ learning
aversion
87 learning 7-9% Which of the following is a type of therapy for alcoholism that involves the administration of a drug that will induce nausea after a person consumes alcohol?
observational learning
88 learning 7-9% Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?
extinction
89 learning 7-9% When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, a resulting decrease in the conditioned response is called ______.
acetycholine
9 biological bases of behavior 8-10% The depletion of ______ is most closely associated with the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
latent
90 learning 7-9% Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs is called ______ learning
behavioral, specfically aversive conditioning
91 learning 7-9% Jim decides to seek treatment for his alcoholism that involves taking a medication that causes nausea when paired with alcohol. What type of treatment has Jim chosen?
generaliztion
92 learning 7-9% In classical conditioning, stimulus ______ occurs when an organism responds to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.
shaping
93 learning 7-9% Raul wants to teach his daughter Sonia to tie her shoes. First he praises her when she manipulates her shoelaces in any way. Then he praises her when she makes a simple knot. Once she does that consistently, he praises her only when she makes the knot and a loop. He continues the pattern until she can do all the steps required to tie her shoes. Raul's actions are an example of which technique?
conditioned stimulus
94 learning 7-9% A cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. After a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. The treatment room has become a ______.
albert bandura
95 learning 7-9% The idea that the explanation for prejudice lies in children's modeling of their parents' prejudicial beliefs, emotions, and behaviors is most closely aligned with the ______.
latent learning
96 learning 7-9% In the first part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. A second group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. In the next part, both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. Despite not receiving reinforcement at the beginning of the experiment, the second group performed as well as the first. The learning that occurred in the second group in the absence of reinforcement is called ______.
positive reinforcer
97 learning 7-9% Children who are consistently praised for receiving high grades in school will likely continue to work for high grades. Using an operant conditioning explanation of this phenomenon, the praise functions as a _______.
social learning
98 learning 7-9% Jeff always tells his children not to use bad language when something does not go the way they want. Unfortunately, Jeff uses bad language occasionally and his children have observed him do so. Now Jeff's children use bad language. This can be explained by ______ theory
shaping
99 learning 7-9% The first time four-year-old Savannah attempted to make her bed, her father praised her for covering the pillow with a blanket. After a few times, her father began praising Savannah for covering the pillow and tucking in the corners of the sheet. Finally, Savannah's father praised her when she covered the pillow, tucked in the corners of the sheet, and smoothed the blanket. The process described in this scenario is known as ______.
