AP Psych Final

After reading the section of the textbook on concepts, Mary Jo comes to the conclusion that A)concepts are a form of cognitive efficiency and economy B)concepts are the way people communicate with each other C)concepts are abstract and have no practical applications D)concepts are the reason that there are linguistic differences between ethnic groups E)concepts are not helpful to developing comprehension and understanding

A)concepts are a form of cognitive efficiency and economy

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to A)satisfy his physiological needs. B)find intimacy. C)achieve self-actualization. D)develop high self-esteem.

A)satisfy his physiological needs.

According to Horney, women really did not want to have a man's physiological features; what they really wanted was A)a man to protect and shelter them B)more equal status C)adequate superegos and stronger moral convictions D)ego defense mechanisms, particularly intellectualization E)more control over their relationships with their husbands

B)more equal status

A professor conducted an experiment in which she asked one group of students to keep smiling and another group to keep frowning for a certain period of time. After five minutes, the professor discovered that the students who kept smiling reported being happier than those who kept frowning. These results most strongly support the A)drive reduction theory. B)two-factor theory of emotion. C)Cannon-Bard theory D)facial feedback hypothesis

D)facial feedback hypothesis.

Top down processing is to _____ as bottom up processing is to _____. A)inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning B)inductive reasoning; heuristical reasoning C)deductive reasoning; algorithmic reasoning D)deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning E)problem solving; functional fixedness

C)deductive reasoning; algorithmic reasoning

A mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for males and females is called a gender A)stereotype B)role C)schema D)theme E)type

C)schema

Reversibility is a skill usually not achieved until Piaget's _______ stage. A)formal operational B)sensorimotor C)preoperational D)concrete operational E)post-operational

D)concrete operational

In terms of exploring the connection between sex and gender, the biological approach focuses on Multiple choice question. A)societal expectations B)parenting style C)the environment D)genes E)neurotransmitters

D)genes

The process of sexual maturation that takes place at the beginning of adolescence is called A)sex typing B)animism C)puberty D)menarche E)menopause

C)puberty

Fiona was late for her friend's wedding because her flight was delayed due to bad weather conditions. According to attribution theory, the outcome in this case is attributed to a(n). A)stable cause. B)internal cause. C)independent cause. D)uncontrollable cause.

D)uncontrollable cause.

The strongest proponents of the human unconscious mind and its role in personality are A)humanists B)psychodynamic theorists C)behaviorists D)trait theorists E)social cognitive theorists

B)psychodynamic theorists

Which of the following would NOT be a defining property of an airplane? A)It is used for transportation. B)It has tires. C)It is silver. D)It has an engine. E)It has wings.

C)It is silver.

Human beings will often reason from the specific to the general. That is, people often will form general rules and concepts based on specific experiences and examples. This type of reasoning is termed A)deductive reasoning B)subgoaling C)inductive reasoning D)problem spacing E)metacognition

C)inductive reasoning

Gerald rates low on both scales of instrumentality and expressiveness. He is best described as A)transgendered B)expressive C)androgynous D)undifferentiated E)differentiated

D)undifferentiated

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through A)the superego B)the id C)positive regard D)self-actualization E)archetypes

E)archetypes

The process by which an organism effortfully controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives is known as A)homeostasis. B)self-regulation. C)intrinsic motivation. D)extrinsic motivation.

B)self-regulation.

In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, identify a true statement about self-actualization. A)It is the least elusive of Maslow's needs. B)It is fulfilled before fulfilling safety and esteem needs. C)It is the highest of Maslow's needs. D)It is the motivation of an individual to attain his or her need for belongingness.

C)It is the highest of Maslow's needs.

What did Freud think about personality change? A)Personality is fluid and constantly changing. B)Personality is set by age 30. C)Personality is set by age 6. D)Personality sets in early childhood but then changes during college years. E)Personality is not affected by parents influence on the ego.

C)Personality is set by age 6.

Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except A)problem solving B)idea formation C)telepathy D)decision making E)artificial intelligence

C)telepathy

At the pre-conventional level of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on A)society's laws B)a sense of duty C)individual ethical principles D)punishments or rewards E)parents rules

D)punishments or rewards

_____ means that the male and female members of a species differ from each other because of differences in competition and choice. A)Sexual selection B)Sexual stratification C)Sexual orientation D)Sexual differentiation

A)Sexual selection

Psychologists who study personality investigate which of the following? A)the enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time B)relatively permanent changes in behavior due to experience C)the organization of sensation into a meaningful interpretation D)the pleasantness or sociability of an individual E)the way people make decisions and solve problems

A)the enduring traits and qualities we demonstrate over time

According to Rogers, what is the name of the state when one's real self and ideal self do not overlap much? A)Congruence B)Incongruence C)Non self-actualization D)Unconditional regard E)Self indulgence

B)Incongruence

If you are optimistic at age 20, we would expect you to be _____ at age 60. A)pessimistic B)optimistic C)conscientious D)cynical E)cautious

B)optimistic

Affectionate love is also called _____ love. A)passionate B)compassionate C)companionate D)romantic

C)companionate

In the context of self-regulation, _____ means intentionally putting off actions on a goal. A)delayed gratification B)self-realization C)relayed impulsivity D)procrastination

D)procrastination

Which of the following is associated with anorexia nervosa? A)high blood pressure B)thickening of bones and hair C)binge-and-purge eating pattern D)severe constipation

D)severe constipation

Robert, a 9-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on television. One night, he uses several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior? A)observational learning B)frustration-aggression theory C)identity crisis D)cognitive dissonance

A)observational learning

_____ is the ability to bounce back from negative experiences, to be flexible and adaptable when things are not going well. A)Resilience B)Autonomy C)Competence D)Self-efficacy

A)Resilience

In a female embryo, what allows for the development of female sex organs? A)High levels of estrogens B)Low levels of androgens C)The presence of teratogens D)The absence of teratogens E)Low levels of estrogens

B)Low levels of androgens

Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by egocentric thought? A)Sensorimotor B)Preoperational C)Concrete operational D)Formal operational E)Post-operational

B)Preoperational

The main class of male sex hormones is ___________ A)estrogens B)androgens C)the X chromosome D)the Y chromosome E)testosterones

B)androgens

Debbie is a warm nurturing individual who volunteers at the daycare located in her church. Debbie is best described as A)instrumental B)expressive C)androgynous D)undifferentiated E)mothering

B)expressive

Which of the following happens during the resolution phase of the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson? A)The blood flow increases in genital areas. B)Females completely stop having another orgasm. C)Males enter a refractory period. D)There is complete erection of penis.

C)Males enter a refractory period.

In humans, high concentrations of leptin has been linked with A)increased food intake. B)decreased energy metabolism. C)binge eating. D)weight loss.

D)weight loss.

According to Kohlberg, which of the following phrases describes the basis of moral reasoning in early childhood? A)I don't want to get caught. B)Don't be a jerk. C)We all have rights. D)It's the law. E)Do what you think is right.

A)I don't want to get caught.

Identify a feature of social psychology. A)It is connected to real-life events. B)It solely relies on correlational methods. C)It primarily deals with diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. D)It is a multidimensional approach to human health.

A)It is connected to real-life events.

A person who is reserved and private is low on what trait? A)Openness B)Extraversion C)Agreeableness D)Neuroticism E)Introversion

B)Extraversion

_____ is a characteristic of good problem solvers. A)Self confidence B)Humility C)Egocentrism D)Self awareness E)Self assurance

B)Humility

Identify a true statement about leptin. A)It increases body weight. B)It increases energy metabolism. C)It is associated with excess body fat. D)It is strongly linked with binge eating.

B)It increases energy metabolism.

You would expect an individual at a higher level of moral development to show an increase in A)concern over understanding rules and laws B)concern over the ethics of a person's actions C)concern over the consequences of a person's actions D)concern over doing what society thinks is right E)concern over how their behaviors might be judged by their peers

B)concern over the ethics of a person's actions

What defense mechanism is in play if every time Antony, a 30-year-old architect, experiences hardship, he goes home to his parents to find comfort in his childhood bedroom? A)reaction formation B)regression C)repression D)displacement E)compensation

B)regression

While sex typically refers to differences in the biology of males and females, gender typically refers to differences attributed to A)emotional development B)socialization C)puberty D)temperament E)attitude

B)socialization

Any man can be a great leader because men are strong, dominant, and rational. This statement reflects a gender A)script B)stereotype C)orientation D)scheme E)prejudice

B)stereotype

Which of the following would businesses need to avoid in order to stay successful over a period of many years? A)Concepts B)Insight learning C)Functional fixedness D)Thinking outside the box E)Scripting employees' roles

C)Functional fixedness

Tom is interested in working for an intelligence branch of the government. A polygraph test is part of the interview process. Though Tom intends to be honest, he is worried that the polygraph will say he is lying when he is not. Tom's friend, Cameron, assures Tom that polygraph tests are infallible. Is Cameron right? A)Yes, polygraphs pick up certain physiological responses associated with lying, and there is no way to change or hide those responses. B)Yes, many government agencies rely on polygraphs, and they would not do so if the tests were fallible. C)No, anxiety may cause a person's skin conductance level to increase for reasons other than lying. D)No, polygraph machines are just props that allow the examiner to watch for cues that the subject is lying, and the examiner may make errors due to bias.

C)No, anxiety may cause a person's skin conductance level to increase for reasons other than lying.

A wise mother will give both her three-year-old and her four-year-old children identically shaped glasses of soft drink to avoid conflict over who has the most. This mother is showing her awareness of what limitation in her children's thinking skills? A)Problems in equilibrium B)Problems with object permanence C)Problems with the concept of conservation D)Problems with symbolism E)Problems with schema development

C)Problems with the concept of conservation

Shantae is a sales representative and uses MapQuest to get driving directions to her clients' offices. Shante is using a(n) _____ to get to her destinations A)representative heuristic B)availability heuristic C)algorithm D)prototype E)category

C)algorithm

In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development, which of the following is an evolutionary psychologist most likely to agree with? A)Men tend to be more selective in choosing sexual partners than women, putting a premium on high quality. B)Women are generally fertile from puberty onward and focus on quantity, reproducing as often as possible. C)Women have the universal right to choose whom they mate with, in all species. D)Men, across cultures, are likely to prefer women who are younger than they are.

D)Men, across cultures, are likely to prefer women who are younger than they are.

Which of the following terms is most closely tied with the nurture side of the nature vs. nurture debate? A)Observable characteristics B)Range of phenotypes C)Genotypic characteristics D)Optimal life experiences E)Phenotypic characteristic

D)Optimal life experiences

A newly pregnant woman is warned by a doctor about teratogens. She does not know what these are and wants to look them up in a book, but is unsure where to look. You tell her that the teratogens named in your text include A)testosterone B)serotonin C)dopamine D)alcohol E)sugar

D)alcohol

Identify a true statement about sociology. A)It is also known as social psychology. B)It is interested in human social behavior on the group level. C)It focuses on how individuals socialize in groups. D)It focuses on how a person's behavior is influenced by others.

B)It is interested in human social behavior on the group level

Carolina tells her friends that she helps take care of her little brother because that is what girls are supposed to do. Carolina's statement describes her A)sexual script B)gender role C)gender identity D)sexual orientation E)sexual type

B)gender role

Nate begins to feel very thirsty during an annual sports meet in his college. Since he forgot to carry a bottle of water, Nate decides to go to the cafeteria to get some soda. Which of the following is responsible for urging Nate to walk toward the cafeteria to quench his thirst?. A)instinct B)intuition C)drive D)reflex

C)drive

Which of the following sexual practices involves the risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? A)French kissing B)cuddling C)mutual masturbation D)oral sex

D)oral sex

Creative people tend to be eager to start each day, because A)they are more cheerful than less creative people B)they need less sleep than less creative people C)they have more energy than less creative people D)they are usually highly motivated to create something E)they are in the flow all the time and work harder

D)they are usually highly motivated to create something

According to humanistic theory, a child who receives _____ from her parents is likely to avoid the problems associated with _____, which determine the circumstances under which people approve or disapprove of themselves. A)unconditional positive regard; self-actualization needs B)conditions of worth; positive self-regard needs C)self-consistency; threats D)unconditional positive regard; conditions of worth E)rewards; role confusion

D)unconditional positive regard; conditions of worth

_____ is behavior that complies with the explicit demands of an individual in authority. A)Reactance B)Obedience C)Conformity D)Altruism

B)Obedience

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old infant, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your baby has now developed A)egocentrism B)object permanence C)hindsight bias D)conservation E)habituation

B)object permanence

_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. A)Prejudice B)Extraversion C)Egoism D)Agreeableness

D)Agreeableness

A child decides to steal a small item from a neighborhood store in order to be accepted into a club. The child reasons that the stealing behavior is acceptable, because it is what his friends expect of him. According to Kohlberg, this child is operating at the _______ level. A)pre-conventional B)pre-operational C)concrete operational D)conventional E)post-conventional

D)conventional

Although used often, the comparison between the computer and human information processing is oversimplified. Why? A)Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing. B)Computer information is far too complex for such a comparison to be accurate. C)Computer information is too mathematically based for such a comparison to be accurate. D)Computers are currently unable to perform tasks better than humans. E)Computer information is processed simultaneously, the human brain does not.

A)Computer information input is pre-coded and ambiguities are removed before processing.

Jasmine believes that she is a poor basketball player, yet she plays with her friends whenever they ask her. Jasmine claims that when she is with her friends she feels like a different person and can play much better than when she practices on her own. Jasmine's change in ability when she is with her friends can best be attributed to the group influence phenomenon known as A)social facilitation. B)deindividuation. C)social loafing. D)risky shift.

A)social facilitation.

Michelle was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend tried to talk her into "sleeping" with him, but something from inside her told her not to. She felt very proud of herself afterward for holding her ground. Which Freudian personality structure made Michelle feel proud of her response? A)superego B)reality principle C)id D)ego E)pleasure principle

A)superego

Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood? A)Freud B)Piaget C)Erikson D)Kohlberg E)Vygotsy

B)Piaget

Which technique used in studying infant perception involves giving an infant a choice of what to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other? A)Habituation B)Preferential looking C)Aphasia D)Non-differential looking E)Differential looking

B)Preferential looking

The research data on gender differences in intellectual abilities has revealed that A)girls do poorly on most tasks that require mathematical computations B)girls have superior verbal abilities C)boys struggle on tasks requiring object manipulation D)boys and girls both struggle with visual spatial orientation E)girls are superior in scientific problem solving

B)girls have superior verbal abilities

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to A)parental efforts to include new children in the existing family structure B)incorporating new experiences into existing schemas C)developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by family and peers D)adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences E)adjusting new experiences to fit into their schemas

D)adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences

Sammy is in third grade. When he won the spelling bee, he felt proud of his accomplishment. But when he could not complete his arithmetic assignment on time, he felt incompetent. Which of Erikson's developmental stages does this reflect? A)Autonomy vs. shame and doubt B)Initiative vs. guilt C)Generativity vs. isolation D)Trust vs. mistrust E)Industry vs. inferiority

E)Industry vs. inferiority

According to Richard Lazarus, the first step in coping with a stressful situation involves evaluating the situation as a threat or as a challenge that can be overcome. This step is called A)primary appraisal B)emotion-focused coping C)learned coping D)avoidance coping E)situation coping

A)primary appraisal

Bianca is very self-conscious about her weight. She indulges in strict dieting and often skips her meals. As a result, she was recently diagnosed with osteoporosis, an abnormal condition related to the thinning of bones. Bianca is most likely to be diagnosed with A)somnambulism. B)anorexia nervosa. C)bulimia nervosa. D)binge eating disorder.

B)anorexia nervosa.

Carlos believes that all of the people from another part of his town are snobs. He believes that the students from this area are rich and drive expensive sports cars to school. He is scheduled to perform with some of these students in an all-county musical presentation. If he assumes that these students will also be rich and snobby, he is using A)inductive reasoning B)deductive reasoning C)critical thinking D)descriptive reasoning E)stereotype threat

B)deductive reasoning

Karen decides to become a teacher because she believes that teaching is the perfect career for a woman. The job requires no strenuous physical activity and requires a great deal of patience and understanding—attributes that are typically feminine according to Karen. The views that Karen has about the jobs that are suited to women can best be explained by the A)evolutionary psychology approach. B)biological approach. C)social role theory. D)attribution theory.

C)social role theory.

A person who is softhearted, trusting, and helpful might score high on what trait? A)Openness B)Conscientiousness C)Extraversion D)Introversion E)Agreeableness

E)Agreeableness

Identify a true statement about adipose cells. A)They are fat cells that are stored in one's body. B)They are absent in normal-weight individuals. C)They are less in obese individuals than in normal-weight individuals. D)They reduce the capacity of obese individuals to consume more food.

A)They are fat cells that are stored in one's body.

Which of the following is a role of the brain processes and blood chemistry on hunger? A)Ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger. B)Destruction of hypothalamus causes a rapid increase in the hunger levels of an individual. C)Leptin increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure. D)Serotonin antagonists cause obesity in humans.

A)Ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger

Which of the following best describes the difference between the classical model of concepts and the prototype model? A)The classical model uses defining properties and the prototype model uses characteristics. B)The prototype model uses defining properties and the classical model uses characteristics. C)The prototype model is more rigid than the classical model. D)The prototype model is all or none regarding concept structure. E)The classical model is less rigid than the prototype model.

A)The classical model uses defining properties and the prototype model uses characteristics.

Behaviors designed to harm another person physically or verbally are referred to as A)aggressive B)non-conforming C)irrational D)stereotypical E)sadistic

A)aggressive

Carla is a first-semester freshman at State University. She succeeded in high school by cramming for exams and relying on parental pressure to get homework done. Now, however, she is finding that these strategies are no longer viable ways to succeed. According to the text, Carla should A)"think outside the box" in order to succeed in college B)move back home with her parents and commute to college C)get up 2 hours earlier to study for her exams D)rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time E)stay up later to study the night before exams

A)"think outside the box" in order to succeed in college

Which of the following is a similarity between the cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory? A)Both theories suggest that behavior can change attitudes. B)Both theories suggest that when attitude changes, behavior changes too. C)Both theories suggest that attitude remains constant while behavior changes. D)Both theories suggest that individuals should change their behavior to fit their attitude.

A)Both theories suggest that behavior can change attitudes.

At home Carrie was moody, self-centered, and bossy. At social events, Carrie was the life of the party. She was funny, happy, and demonstrated social graces that none of her family ever saw at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior? A)Carrie adopted her persona at parties. B)Carrie became her mandala at parties. C)Carrie was her anima at home. D)Carrie was her archetype at home. E)Carrie was unconsciously acting out at the party.

A)Carrie adopted her persona at parties.

When comparing algorithms and heuristics, what is the advantage of using heuristics for solving real-life problems? A)Convenience B)Mental set C)Accuracy D)Precision E)Flexibility

A)Convenience

Recent studies have found that the female sex hormone ________ when high allows women to perform better on tasks involving verbal skill and muscular coordination A)Estrogen B)Testosterone C)Progesterone D)Thyroxine E)Prolactin

A)Estrogen

Kara just brought her newborn baby home from the hospital. Family, friends and neighbors all came to visit. At first, every time the doorbell rang, the baby cried. But after a few days with the doorbell ringing often, the infant no longer cried at the sound. Based on the discussion of physical development in childhood in your textbook, what could likely be the reason for this? A)Habituation has occurred. B)A sudden hearing loss has occurred. C)Synaptic pruning has occurred. D)Organized perception has occurred. E)Assimilation has occurred.

A)Habituation has occurred.

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium, or a steady state or balance. A)Homeostasis B)Self-regulation C)Hypostasis D)Self-actualization

A)Homeostasis

A psychoanalytic theorist who wants to criticize humanistic theories of personality but does NOT want to be critical of his own perspective would most likely point out which of the following? A)Humanistic theories rely too heavily on people's conscious reports of their experiences. B)Humanistic theories have too many concepts that are hard to operationally define. C)Humanistic theories have failed to generate any additional research. D)Humanistic theories engage in circular reasoning by confusing explanation and description. E)Humanistic theories are much too open to interpretation and examination by others.

A)Humanistic theories rely too heavily on people's conscious reports of their experiences.

Who among the following is most likely experiencing a high-arousal negative emotion? A)Ira, who is furious with a colleague who lied to her B)Samantha, who is bored sitting alone at home C)Rakesh, who is relaxing himself on a beach D)Martin, who is joyously pumping his fists in the air after winning a car-racing event

A)Ira, who is furious with a colleague who lied to her

Identify a true statement about the circumplex model of mood. A)It aids in arranging emotional states in an organized fashion. B)It excludes dimensions related to valence level of emotions. C)It excludes dimensions related to activation level of emotions. D)It is a semicircle graph that provides different dimensions of mood.

A)It aids in arranging emotional states in an organized fashion.

Identify a true statement about social role theory. A)It recognizes the institutional structures and patterns of opportunity that perpetuate gender differences. B)It excludes analyzing physical differences between sexes. C)It disregards the fact that women are more innately involved in reproduction than men. D)It primarily focuses on the various biological and cognitive processes that underlie the differences between men and women.

A)It recognizes the institutional structures and patterns of opportunity that perpetuate gender differences.

Which of the following best distinguishes the infancy stage from other stages of development? A)Physical growth is most rapid in the first year B)Cognitive growth is five times greater than in any other developmental stage C)Emotions are fully developed before the next developmental stage D)It is the only stage that has no emotional development E)It is when children are least likely to learn to speak

A)Physical growth is most rapid in the first year

_________ is a child's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding and is critical to understanding child development.. A)Temperament B)Personality C)Generativity D)Self-regulation E)Identity

A)Temperament

Kara is thrilled to find out she has finally become pregnant. She wants to make sure not to jeopardize the health of her baby. According to your text, she should avoid all of these, except A)all prescription drugs B)using the drug heroin C)drinking alcohol D)exposure to rubella E)smoking cigarettes

A)all prescription drugs

Stella wants to join her school's soccer team. Her parents insist that she should focus on her schoolwork rather than soccer. Stella repeatedly assures her parents that she can maintain good grades while playing soccer, but her parents threaten to ground her if she fails to act as they say. Stella's parents are most likely using a(n) _____ parenting style. A)authoritarian B)authoritative C)vigilant D)permissive E)neglectful

A)authoritarian

Reuben is walking down an empty lane. When a stray dog approaches, he runs away for fear of being bitten by the dog. In this case, Reuben's fear is an example of a(n) A)avoidance-motivating emotion. B)reward-motivating emotion. C)approach-motivating emotion. D)rage-motivating emotion.

A)avoidance-motivating emotion.

Dr. Hendricks believes that differences in sexuality are the result of hormonal differences between men and women. Which of the following approaches does he favor? A)biological B)evolutionary C)social cognitive D)gender role E)medical

A)biological

Dr. Watson is interested in the effects that higher than normal amounts of testosterone have on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson favors the ________ approach. A)biological B)cognitive C)evolutionary D)social cognitive E)humanistic

A)biological

Research on newborn and infant preferences in terms of gender-related items supports the ________ approach of gender development. A)biological B)socio-cultural C)cognitive D)behavioral E)humanistic

A)biological

Rachel is a young woman of medium build. On a professional level, she has very high standards but suffers from low confidence. Rachel often engages in impulsive eating. However, after eating, she purges by self-induced vomiting because she has a fear of gaining weight. Rachel is most likely to be diagnosed with A)bulimia nervosa. B)obesity. C)bipolar disorder. D)anorexia nervosa.

A)bulimia nervosa.

The fact that ostriches and penguins are birds that don't fly is a limitation of the A)classical model of concept structure B)the prototype model of concept structure C)concept model of intelligence D)AI model E)MI model

A)classical model of concept structure

Between ages 7 and 11, many of the restrictions of earlier patterns disappear and children can think in sophisticated ways as long as what they are thinking about is tangibly represented. Piaget calls this stage A)concrete operations B)formal operations C)preoperational thought D)sensorimotor limits E)conceptual thought

A)concrete operations

Lily and her classmates are asked to write an essay on what they want to be when they are older. Although Lily wants to be a florist, she does not write about it. Instead, she writes about wanting to be a doctor because most of her friends want to be doctors. In the context of social influence, Lily is best exhibiting A)conformity. B)obedience. C)reactance. D)altruism.

A)conformity.

Your roommate argues that computers can perform several complex tasks better and more accurately than humans. You counter her argument with the mention of _____, a task that only humans can perform. A)developing new learning goals B)prescribing medical treatments C)evaluating loan applications D)diagnosing medical illnesses E)recognition of faces and names

A)developing new learning goals

According to the social role theory, which of the following most likely shapes one's beliefs about one's gender? A)division of labor between sexes B)sexual selection C)genetic characteristics of an individual D)learning processes and cognitive schemas

A)division of labor between sexes

Problem solving in the real world often involves seeing and defining problems in situations that most others A)don't see as a problem B)don't understand C)pretend not to notice D)are afraid to tackle E)don't want to deal with

A)don't see as a problem

Lorenzo is very sad that he fought with his best friend, Clarke. Lorenzo knows that a chocolate ice cream always helps him get rid of his sadness. In this case, Lorenzo's feeling of sadness represents his _____ for ice cream. A)drive B)desire C)reflex D)instinct

A)drive

An expectation of how a woman or man should think, act, and feel is referred to as a A)gender role B)sexual script C)gender theory D)sexual belief E)gender base

A)gender role

Which of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? A)growth of facial hair in males B)development of gonads in females C)production of testosterone in females D)release of androgens in males

A)growth of facial hair in males

When using the computer as an analogy to explain the relationship between cognition and the brain, the brain is described as the computer's _____; cognition as its _____. A)hardware; software B)software; hardware C)hardware; hard drive D)software; motherboard E)hard drive; floppy discs

A)hardware; software

Joseph does exceptionally well in his math exam. Which of the following represents an internal attribution as an explanation for Joseph's good performance? A)his hard work B)an easy test C)his good luck D)a good teacher

A)his hard work

Freud's view that gender differences in personality development are due to anatomical differences between males and females was criticized by Karen Horney primarily for A)ignoring cultural and environmental influences on personality development B)underestimating cognitive differences between males and females C)dismissing the importance of parenting style on personality development D)overestimating intelligence differences between males and females E)comparing men and women physically

A)ignoring cultural and environmental influences on personality development

Bertha met two students from another school at a convention. She enjoyed their company a great deal and was very impressed with how nice they were. Bertha now believes that all of the students from that school must also be nice and is considering transferring there. Bertha is using A)inductive reasoning B)deductive reasoning C)critical thinking D)descriptive reasoning E)insightful reasoning

A)inductive reasoning

The most serious criticism of those who believe strongly in Freud's ideas of human development is that A)it is questionable whether Freudians would accept research results that call for serious changes in the theory B)Freudian researchers lack scientific integrity C)it is questionable whether Freudian researchers know how to do research D)it is questionable whether Freudians are allowed to change their perspective E)it is likely that Freud planted ideas in his patients minds and created false memories

A)it is questionable whether Freudians would accept research results that call for serious changes in the theory

Cognitive psychology was considered a "revolutionary" development in psychology, because A)it was a radical departure from behaviorism B)it was a radical departure from psychoanalysis C)it was a radical departure from the study of mental processes D)John von Neumann used basic cognitive principles to develop the first modern computer E)it was the first time psychologist studied unconscious processes of the mind

A)it was a radical departure from behaviorism

In the context of sexual development of a fetus, the SRY gene is responsible for the development of A)male sexual features. B)female sexual features. C)undifferentiated characteristics. D)confused sexuality.

A)male sexual features.

Jenna studies judiciously for three hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams. The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called A)motivation. B)instinct. C)apathy. D)intuition.

A)motivation.

Julian, a cheerful and friendly man, was diagnosed with cancer. However, his illness did not distress Julian or prevent him from performing his daily routine and meeting with his friends. As time went by, Julian started feeling much better than before. According to research linking personality characteristics to health and illness, Julian's improved health is most likely due to his A)optimism. B)Type D behavior pattern. C)self-actualization. D)Type A behavior pattern. E)neuroticism.

A)optimism.

Freud is to _____ as Horney is to _____. A)pleasure principle; need for security B)penis envy; inferiority complex C)castration anxiety; penis envy D)psychological growth; psychological pathology E)Electra complex; Oedipus complex

A)pleasure principle; need for security

Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) A)positive illusion. B)altruistic idea. C)fundamental attribution error. D)stereotype.

A)positive illusion.

If an intelligence test produces the same score over multiple administrations, but it doesn't accurately measure intelligence, then the test is __________ ,but not __________. A)reliable; valid B)valid; reliable C)convergent; divergent D)divergent; convergent E)valid; representative

A)reliable; valid

In Piaget's cognitive development theory, the _______ stage occurs during the period of infancy. A)sensorimotor B)preoperational C)concrete operational D)formal operational E)preconventional

A)sensorimotor

According to the text, biological characteristics are referred to as one's A)sex B)gender C)gender identity D)sexual orientation E)genome

A)sex

You have to cook dinner for 30 people on this coming Saturday. Your apartment is a mess, and you have nothing wear to wear. You decide to do your laundry Thursday night, buy the groceries on Friday, clean the apartment Saturday morning, and cook the dinner Saturday evening. This process of defining intermediate problems is known as A)subgoaling B)using algorithms C)using heuristics D)fixation E)functional fixedness

A)subgoaling

If a child's mental age is higher than her chronological age, this means that A)the child's IQ score is higher than normal B)the child's IQ score is about average C)the child's IQ score is lower than average D)a mistake has occurred, because this result is not possible E)a mistake has occurred in the calculation of the IQ score

A)the child's IQ score is higher than normal

Mr. and Mrs. Lee warn their new babysitter that their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous and must be strictly disciplined. As a result, Alison is overstrict with Dennis and does not let him out of her sight. This facilitates Dennis's aggressive and mischievous behavior. This scenario best illustrates A)the self-fulfilling prophecy. B)altruism. C)the false-consensus effect. D)self-objectification.

A)the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Reappraising negative life events can lead to positive outcomes in a process called A)reappraisal coping B)benefit finding C)approach coping D)engagement E)approach-avoidance coping

B)benefit finding

Sarah has a tendency to delay acting on things that require immediate attention. Even though she knows the importance of completing her projects on time, she always intentionally delays working on them and only begins to act on them at the last minute. Sarah's behavior is an example of A)self-actualization. B)procrastination. C)relayed impulsivity. D)delayed gratification.

B)procrastination.

Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of A)prejudice. B)reciprocity. C)false consensus. D)inoculation.

B)reciprocity.

Which of the following best defines the hedonic treadmill? A)experiencing increased psychological well-being after a positive event B)adapting rapidly to an event that initially caused great happiness C)reacting negatively to an event that should cause significant happiness D)experiencing a negative event shortly after experiencing a positive event

B)adapting rapidly to an event that initially caused great happiness

Ariel is a mild-mannered and sensitive teenager. She is warm and caring and often volunteers at old age homes. Which of the following best describes Ariel's gender-related attributes? A)Ariel is high on instrumentality. B)Ariel is high on expressiveness. C)Ariel is highly androgynous. D)Ariel is highly undifferentiated.

B)Ariel is high on expressiveness.

_____ means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work a person puts into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain. A)Conceptual validation B)Effort justification C)Informational social influence D)Self-perception

B)Effort justification

________ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female. A)Sex B)Gender C)Sexuality D)Sexual orientation E)Sexual preference

B)Gender

What aspect of Type A behavior is most strongly related to heart disease? A)Anal retentiveness B)Hostility C)Competitiveness D)Impatience E)Assertiveness

B)Hostility

Which of the following effects, if any, does engaging in altruistic behavior have on one's well-being? A)It has no effect. B)It increases happiness. C)It decreases happiness. D)It improves physical but not psychological well-being.

B)It increases happiness.

What do traditional gender roles and stereotypes convey? A)Men should be caring. B)Men should be dominant. C)Women should be rational. D)Women should be strong.

B)Men should be dominant.

Quesha recently started college, and her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Quesha realizes that she has few, if any, self-defense skills, so if she were attacked she would have no way to fight back. Determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. According to Adler, A)Quesha is striving to make any attacker feel incompetent B)Quesha is striving to replace her feelings of inferiority with those of superiority C)Quesha is motivated by the need for self preservation D)Quesha is motivated by the need for an animus E)Quesha is motivated by the idea that women and men should be considered equal

B)Quesha is striving to replace her feelings of inferiority with those of superiority

Gabby is a ninth grader who has just begun dating a popular tenth grader at her school. One of her friends becomes jealous and starts a terrible rumor about Gabby that quickly spreads through the school. As a result of the rumor, several of Gabby's other friends begin to exclude her from social gatherings and refuse to speak to her in the hallways. Gabby's friends are engaging in A)Stereotyping B)Relational aggression C)Gender dysphoria D)Overt aggression E)Prosocial behavior

B)Relational aggression

____________ is a person's ability to recover from or adapt to a difficult time, and is a key aspect to thriving. A)Prosocial B)Resilience C)Egocentrism D)Positive affect E)Tolerance

B)Resilience

At the age of 33, Ricky is a highly-ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life? A)Ricky's physiological needs are not being met. B)Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met. C)Ricky has not reached self-actualization. D)Ricky does not feel safe at home.

B)Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.

What does "personology" refer to? Multiple choice question. A)An old, outdated term for personality psychology B)The study of the whole person C)The study of how individuals operate within groups D)Positive psychology E)The study of the bumps on a person's head

B)The study of the whole person

You have to study four chapters of information for your next test. If you decide to use the problem solving strategy of subgoaling, you would do which of the following? A)You would cram the night before the test. B)You would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence. C)You would decide who should be your study partner. D)You would study the learning objectives for each chapter instead of reading the chapters. E)You would only study the topics you are positive you do not understand.

B)You would break the topics to be studied into smaller areas and focus on each in an organized sequence.

Octavia enjoys being around others and is well-known for her social grace. She is warm and engaging with everyone she meets regardless of whether the setting is the classroom, her workplace, a restaurant, or her own home. Since Octavia has a fairly stable way of relating to other people, we can say that her behavior is probably A)related to her desire for achievement B)a manifestation of a personality trait C)a manifestation of her superego D)due to the Electra complex E)due to a strong Ego

B)a manifestation of a personality trait

Chuck is a highly ambitious graduate student who does not intend to let anything get in the way of excelling in each of his classes and graduating at the top of his class. When he learns that the professor for one of his course modules is an attractive young woman, he opts for a different module. He believes that attractive women cannot be good educators. Chuck's attitude toward attractive women best illustrates A)altruism. B)a stereotype. C)affirmative action. D)the false consensus effect.

B)a stereotype.

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include A)hyperactivity B)below-average intelligence C)visual impairments D)depression E)addictive tendencies

B)below-average intelligence

Dr. Ruth believes that females and males differ from each other because of the differences in their brain structures and functioning. Dr. Ruth is most likely a proponent of the A)social role theory of gender development. B)biological approach to gender development. C)evolutionary psychology theory of gender development. D)social cognitive approach to gender development.

B)biological approach to gender development.

The _____ refers to the tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. A)Flynn effect B)bystander effect C)audience effect D)ambiguity effect

B)bystander effect

Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother, but he really wants to play. He tells himself that he can disobey his mother just this one time without feeling guilty as she has been mean to him lately. In this scenario, Gary changes his attitude to fit his behavior to reduce _____. A)social contagion. B)cognitive dissonance. C)deindividuation. D)egoism.

B)cognitive dissonance.

According to Darwin, sexual selection involves A)gene quality and reproduction ability B)competition and choice C)desire and emotion D)compromise and availability E)familiarity and economy

B)competition and choice

When scores on an intelligence test relate to important outcomes such as job performance, then the intelligence test has high A)reliability B)criterion validity C)standardization D)distribution E)correlational validity

B)criterion validity

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "In what month of the year is the Super Bowl played?" Students from countries outside of the United States may have problems with this question, because it is probably A)not standardized B)culturally biased C)unreliable D)culture-fair E)too general

B)culturally biased

Habituation refers to the A)awareness that things continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived B)decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed C)adjustment of current schemas to make sense of new information D)biological growth processes that are relatively influenced by experience E)increasing awareness of a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed

B)decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is NOT likely to reduce prejudice when group members A)think that they are of equal status. B)engage in competitive tasks. C)feel that an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships. D)believe that friendship might emerge from an interaction.

B)engage in competitive tasks.

Levi Hutchins, a young clockmaker, resolved to rise at 4 A.M. every morning. This resolution to wake up before sunrise each morning motivated Hutchins to invent the alarm clock. The most likely first step in solving the problem of waking up early was for Hutchins to A)rethink and redefine the problem B)find and frame the problem C)evaluate the solutions D)employ good problem-solving strategies E)ask other individuals if they felt the same way

B)find and frame the problem

Michael is the new department head at his company. He expects everyone to agree with his restructuring plan for the department, and he publicly reprimands anyone who disagrees with his new policies. Michael also praises department members for unanimity, cohesiveness, and harmony. In the context of group decision making, Michael is creating an atmosphere most conducive to A)collectivism. B)groupthink. C)altruism. D)isolation.

B)groupthink.

Oberon has always been fascinated by fire, but he knows that it can be dangerous and sometimes lethal. When he finished high school, he decided to become a firefighter, and the job is extremely fulfilling for him. Freud would probably say that Oberon's fascination with fire A)is due to fixation in the phallic psychosexual stage B)has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior C)is symbolic of the superego D)is an example of the Oedipus complex transforming itself E)is an example of a fantasy he had repressed from early childhood

B)has been sublimated into a socially desirable behavior

Danielle is a woman of normal weight, whereas Ron is an obese man. Whenever they go out to dinner together, Ron always eats more food. Ron, a psychology major, correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that A)males release leptin at a slower rate than females. B)he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled. C)the ventromedial hypothalamus of his brain induces in him an urge to take in large portions of food. D)males and females have different levels of the hormone cholecystokinin.

B)he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled.

Eduardo is a 30-year-old man of Latin American descent. He likes to take control of situations and is dominant by nature. Eduardo's friends and family believe that he is very brave and is never one to back down from a challenge. In the context of gender identity, Eduardo's personality is most likely high on A)expressiveness. B)instrumentality. C)homosexuality. D)asexuality.

B)instrumentality.

Which of the following biological systems is responsible for calming the body and also promoting processes of maintenance and healing? A)immune system B)parasympathetic nervous system C)enteric nervous system D)sympathetic nervous system

B)parasympathetic nervous system

According to the elaboration likelihood model, the _____ route involves factors such as the source's attractiveness or the emotional power of an appeal. A)parallel B)peripheral C)central D)systematic

B)peripheral

A researcher pours two glasses of juice for a 7-year-old. The glasses are identical in shape and the child agrees they have the same amount of juice. When the researcher pours the contents of one glass into a taller and thinner glass, the child chooses the taller, thinner glass as the one with more juice. This child is likely in Piaget's _____ stage of development, and has not yet arrived in Piaget's ______stage. A)sensorimotor; preoperational B)preoperational; concrete operational C)concrete operational; post-operational D)formal operational; concrete operational E)conventional; post-conventional

B)preoperational; concrete operational

Jack and his new girlfriend, Samantha, are having sexual intercourse with each other for the first time. Even though Jack's focus is on achieving orgasm, he spends time on foreplay and increasing Samantha's pleasure because he knows that this will increase her sexual satisfaction and make her appreciate him more. Jack's idea of what is expected of him sexually is known as a A)paraphilia. B)sexual script. C)fetish. D)gender schema.

B)sexual script.

Those who adhere to the ________ perspective examine gender development by looking at how experience influences the formation of a person's sense of gender. A)biological B)social cognitive C)psychodynamic D)humanistic E)evolutionary

B)social cognitive

In the context of intergroup relations, which of the following theories best explains why individuals invariably think of the group to which they belong as an ingroup? A)cognitive dissonance theory B)social identity theory C)social exchange theory D)self-perception theory

B)social identity theory

The ________ theory best supports the statement: "A woman should stay home and care for the children and a man should go to work to provide for them." A)social cognitive B)social role C)biological D)psychoanalytic E)evolutionary

B)social role

Jeff experiences a lot of aggressive feelings toward his overprotective stepfather. Because he is powerless to aggress openly against his stepfather, Jeff becomes a very aggressive forward on his basketball team. According to Freud, this is an example of Multiple choice question. A)castration anxiety B)sublimation C)repression D)displacement E)projection

B)sublimation

The spoiled child within you is to the id as the harsh judge within you is to the A)pleasure principle B)superego C)libido D)ego E)conscience

B)superego

If you spend the day imagining about the outcome of the upcoming football game, and then a friend asks you what your favorite sport is and you say "football" even though basketball is actually your favorite, you have used and experienced A)confirmation bias B)the availability heuristic C)hindsight bias D)divergence bias E)the representative heuristic

B)the availability heuristic

Twelve-year-old Ryan's father returns from work tired. Ryan wants his father to take him to his favorite movie, which starts in an hour. Which route of persuasion should Ryan attempt to obtain the highest rate of success? A)the central route B)the peripheral route C)the egotistic route D)the altruistic route

B)the peripheral route

A 6-year-old child with a mental age of 6 would have a ratio IQ of A)36 B)90 C)100 D)110 E)120

C)100

Which of the following is true of the different approaches to sex education? A)The main focus of abstinence-only sex education is to educate students about sexual behavior and encourage them to use birth control while engaging in sex. B)Comprehensive sex education programs do not encourage students to delay sexual activity and practice abstinence. C)Abstinence-only educational programs focus on emphasizing that any sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful to individuals of any age. D)Instructors of comprehensive sex education programs can present contraceptives and condoms only in terms of their failure rates.

C)Abstinence-only educational programs focus on emphasizing that any sexual behavior outside of marriage is harmful to individuals of any age.

What is the main difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? A)A heuristic is a problem-solving strategy. B)Algorithms take less time. C)An algorithm always leads to a correct solution. D)Heuristics should only be applied to a small problem. E)An algorithm should only be applied to a small problem.

C)An algorithm always leads to a correct solution.

Why is emotion-focused coping included in a chapter on thinking, intelligence, and language? A)Coping is strongly related to intelligence. B)Coping and the development of language are closely related. C)Coping is essentially problem solving. D)Coping requires language. E)Thinking about coping is a problem-solving strategy.

C)Coping is essentially problem solving.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors associated with prosocial behavior? A)People having low levels of serotonin exhibit prosocial behavior. B)The hypothalamus is associated with nurturing parental behaviors. C)Dopamine receptors in the brain are associated with prosocial behavior. D)When a person feels compassion for others, areas of the cerebellum are activated.

C)Dopamine receptors in the brain are associated with prosocial behavior.

Ray played basketball for most of his life because he enjoyed the sport. He became so competent that he was given an opportunity to play professionally. Eventually, he signed a very lucrative contract with a regional basketball team. After the contract ran out, the team offered him slightly more money than the previous deal, but Ray decided that it was not enough. Which of the following best explains the rationale behind Ray's decision? A)Ray's organismic needs were not fulfilled yet. B)The team did not show Ray the respect that he deserved after becoming a professional player. C)Extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play. D)Ray has lost the motivation to play.

C)Extrinsic motivation had replaced Ray's intrinsic motivation to play.

Which of the following accurately describes how factor analysis is used to identify personality traits? A)Factor analysis allows researchers to create operational definitions of theoretically generated personality traits. B)Factor analysis permits trait inferences by examining people's responses to ambiguous stimuli. C)Factor analysis identifies clusters of highly correlated specific behaviors that are assumed to reflect a single factor. D)Factor analysis guides researchers who use projective tests. E)Factor analysis identifies single factors that are unrelated to others under study.

C)Factor analysis identifies clusters of highly correlated specific behaviors that are assumed to reflect a single factor.

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. A)Informational social influence B)Social facilitation C)Groupthink D)Group polarization

C)Groupthink

If you had to write a research paper on ego defense mechanisms, which of the following would be the most appropriate summary position? A)Defense mechanisms are a person's conscious attempts to escape their problems. B)The most effective way to deal with a problem is to use an ego defense mechanism. C)In some situations, the use of defense mechanisms can be beneficial to psychological health. D)The use of defense mechanisms always indicates an impending psychological breakdown. E)Most healthy people do not use defense mechanisms after they become adults.

C)In some situations, the use of defense mechanisms can be beneficial to psychological health.

Which of the following statements is true of the two-factor theory of emotion? A)It establishes that the body sends clear rather than ambiguous messages about the environment. B)It excludes the use of external cues in labelling emotions. C)It focuses primarily on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling. D)It establishes that people fail to interpret messages received by the external environment.

C)It focuses primarily on physiological arousal and cognitive labeling.

Larry and Carol are tested twice on moral reasoning. The first time, Kohlberg's measures are used, and Carol gets a lower score than Larry. The second time, Gilligan's approach is used, and both individuals score at the same level, that of Universal Ethical Principles (Stage 6.) Based on research reported in your text, what probably caused this discrepancy? A)On the first test, Carol was having a bad day. B)The data were contaminated by unknown test conditions. C)Kohlberg's approach is a justice perspective which men tend to favor, while Gilligan's is a care perspective which women tend to favor. D)Kohlberg's approach is biased against women and Gilligan's is biased in their favor. E)The conclusions were inaccurate due to participant bias.

C)Kohlberg's approach is a justice perspective which men tend to favor, while Gilligan's is a care perspective which women tend to favor.

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion? A)Neuroticism is a personality trait and therefore not related to emotional experience. B)Neuroticism is related to feeling more positive mood. C)Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative mood. D)Neuroticism is related to extreme emotions, both positive and negative. E)Neuroticism is related to the inability to interpret emotions accurately.

C)Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative mood.

Sean's parents think he is very creative. His uncle James, however, repeatedly brings up the many times Sean's "hair-brained" ideas didn't succeed and argues that Sean is just a little weird and really isn't creative at all. According to the information in your textbook, is Uncle James correct? A)Yes; true creativity produces a large percentage of successes compared to failures. B)Yes; true creativity is without weirdness. C)No; creative thinkers learn to cope with unsuccessful projects and see failure as an opportunity to learn. D)No; creative thinkers learn from their mistakes, but don't think their work can be objectively evaluated. E)No; creative thinkers make mistakes more than others, but cannot be labeled weird.

C)No; creative thinkers learn to cope with unsuccessful projects and see failure as an opportunity to learn.

_____ disorder refers to a disorder in which an adult or an older adolescent sexually fantasizes about or engages in sexual behavior with individuals who have not reached puberty. A)sexual desire B)Gender identity C)Pedophilic D)Erectile dysfunction

C)Pedophilic

Alfred Adler would be most likely to endorse which of the following explanations for human behavior? A)People are primarily motivated by their desires to seek pleasure and avoid pain. B)People are primarily motivated by factors of which they are not consciously aware. C)People are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings. D)People are primarily motivated by sexual and aggressive instincts. E)People are primarily motivated by innate physiological processes.

C)People are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings.

Which of the following statements about attraction between people is true? A)The attitudes and behavior of others who are similar give rise to greater competitiveness. B)The more times a person encounters something, the less likely he or she is to like it. C)People tend to shy away from the unknown, which is why similarity facilitates attraction. D)People tend to approach people who are different from them because they believe differences are exciting.

C)People tend to shy away from the unknown, which is why similarity facilitates attraction.

You give your younger brother Joe a bag of marbles. While he is playing with them, you ask him how many blue marbles there are. He correctly answers, "Nine!" You ask, "How many green marbles?" Joe says, "Four!" You then ask, "Are there more blue or green?" He responds, "Blue!"Finally, you ask, "Are there more blue or round marbles?" Joe responds, "Blue!" He is most likely in which developmental stage? A)Concrete operational B)Egocentric C)Preoperational D)Formal operational E)Conventional

C)Preoperational

Several of Sheldon's friends suggest that the new girl in their class is very pretty. Sheldon does not think that she is pretty. If Sheldon is exhibiting conformity, he is probably going to A)tell his friends that he did not get a good look at her. B)disagree with his friends and say that she is not very pretty. C)agree with his friends and say that she is very pretty. D)ignore his friends' comments.

C)agree with his friends and say that she is very pretty.

Mariam provides food for the homeless every Sunday. She does this without expecting praise or anything in return. In this case, Mariam is most likely engaging in A)obedient behavior. B)impulsive behavior. C)altruistic behavior. D)stereotypical behavior.

C)altruistic behavior.

Which of the following best defines an instinct? A)an aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need B)a deprivation that energizes a drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation C)an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species D)a type of behavior that is inculcated through experience and learning

C)an innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species

Pat is very assertive, nurturing, independent, and caring. Pat is best described as A)instrumental B)expressive C)androgynous D)transgendered E)dominant

C)androgynous

The fact that we hear about airplane crashes on the news more often than we hear about automobile crashes may lead us to believe that we are more likely to die in a plane than a car. This is an example of a(n) A)subgoal strategy B)simulation heuristic C)availability heuristic D)representativeness heuristic E)illusory correlation

C)availability heuristic

Your friend John is trying to learn Russian in college, but he has trouble learning to distinguish and to vocalize sounds that are used in Russian, but are not used in his native English. Recent research indicates that John A)has a problem in his Broca's area. B)will never learn the sounds if he is older than 10. C)can eventually learn to recognize and produce the new sounds. D)can learn the grammar but not the sounds. E)can learn the sounds through an emotional process of re-evaluating priorities.

C)can eventually learn to recognize and produce the new sounds.

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the mind that is shared by all humans is called the A)unconscious B)Id C)collective unconscious D)normative unconscious E)shared unconscious

C)collective unconscious

Susie is a typical extravert while her brother, Ed, is more of an introvert. Their mother, Marge, is worried that Ed isn't as emotionally happy and content as Susie and that he is socially anxious. As a psychology major familiar with the most recent research on this topic, you A)confirm Marge's fear that Ed is basically more unhappy than Susie B)confirm Marge's fear that Ed is basically more emotionally unstable than Susie C)disagree with Marge's assessment and argue that Ed is probably NOT unhappy, socially anxious, or distressed D)disagree with Marge's assessment but warns Marge NOT to leave Ed alone and to try to transform him into an extravert E)tell Marge that there is no research that can assess a correlation between introversion and personality traits

C)disagree with Marge's assessment and argue that Ed is probably NOT unhappy, socially anxious, or distressed

Erikson's theory is based on the assumption that A)development is driven by personal choices, independent of the actions of parents and others B)life is full of disasters and the challenge we face is to suffer through without giving up C)each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life D)most of the social behaviors we learn are acquired by watching other people behave socially E)most of the challenges we face are unconscious and cannot be avoided or controlled

C)each person faces a set of predictable life-changing challenges at various stages of life

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store. He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood. He earns enough of money to eat and provide for his family. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next? A)physiological needs B)self-actualization C)esteem D)love and belongingness

C)esteem

While free meals provided at schools are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students may still fail to experience a strong sense of acceptance and belonging unless they A)reach self-actualization. B)feel like they are leaders. C)feel safe at school. D)have advanced thinking abilities.

C)feel safe at school.

A mental framework for understanding what is considered appropriate behavior for males and females in their culture is called a A)gender stereotype. B)motif. C)gender schema. D)theme.

C)gender schema.

The difficulty that many divorced fathers experience when trying to gain custody of their children may be due to A)sexual scripting B)relational aggression C)gender stereotyping D)non-conforming behavior E)gender orientation

C)gender stereotyping

Gus, a successful manager, quits his job to start a non-profit organization that helps children in developing countries learn to read. A proponent of Maslow's theory of self-actualization would most likely argue that Gus chose to start the non-profit because Multiple choice question. A)he had become more conscientious and less extraverted. B)he was using sublimation as a defense mechanism. C)he hoped to develop his full potential D)he wanted to prove that he was superior to others. E)he had unresolved childhood issues.

C)he hoped to develop his full potential

When Eric was born, he had atypical genitals that were not exclusively male or female. The doctors spoke to Eric's parents and advised them to schedule Eric for sex assignment surgery as early as possible. The condition that Eric was born with can be referred to as A)transvestitism. B)gender dysphoria. C)hermaphroditism. D)a paraphilic disorder.

C)hermaphroditism.

Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a A)behaviorist B)psychoanalyst C)humanist D)trait theorist E)gestalt therapist

C)humanist

Carolyn was reared in a home where high moral principles dominated. She has attended Sunday school and church since early childhood. In high school, her boyfriend talked her into "sleeping" with him. Which Freudian personality structure may have affected Carolyn's behavior in this scenario? A)superego B)reality principle C)id D)ego E)pleasure principle

C)id

Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground, in sandy beaches. As soon as the eggs hatch, the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea. Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior? A)motivation B)drive C)instinct D)desire

C)instinct

Freud's concept of the ego is most likely referred to as the "executive of the personality" because A)it is the first to form and therefore the most senior personality structure B)it functions primarily in the conscious mind, which represents the highest level of mental functioning C)it must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality D)it generates and provides the psychic energy upon which the other personality structures depend E)it functions primarily in the unconscious mind and affects your dreams

C)it must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality

Emotion-coaching parents A)tell their children how to feel in a given situation B)encourage their children to suppress emotions C)monitor their children's emotions and view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity D)tend to praise their children less than other parents E)tend to reward their children more than other parents

C)monitor their children's emotions and view negative emotions as a teaching opportunity

According to Darley and Latané's five steps to helping in an emergency, the actor must first A)understand that it is an emergency. B)take responsibility for aiding the victim. C)notice the event. D)know how to help.

C)notice the event.

If you secretly cheated on your significant other and now are constantly accusing him or her of harboring desires for other people, what defense mechanism are you likely using? A)repression B)sublimation C)projection D)reaction formation E)denial

C)projection

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to A)deal with the discipline of toilet training B)see things from the point of view of another person C)recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape D)retain earlier schemas when confronted with new experiences E)understand that their parent is still in the room even if they cannot see him/her

C)recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape

A high school football coach decides to use the time taken to run up 100 stairs as a test for running endurance. He tests every team member on 3 consecutive days and finds that the times for each person are very much the same on all three trials. His test for endurance appears to have good A)validity B)generalizability C)reliability D)standardization E)correlation

C)reliability

Little Jimmy is watching television with his parents. He notices that when a person on the television says a mean thing, his mother frowns and his father laughs. Which theory of gender development suggests that Little Jimmy might start teasing his baby sister? A)biological B)evolutionary C)social cognitive D)humanistic E)psychodynamic

C)social cognitive

Allison is attending a seminar where the presenter is attempting to persuade people to make a rather risky but potentially profitable financial investment. The presenter provides a rational and factual explanation for why the investment is profitable, even though there are risks involved. Alison finds the presenter's idea compelling and decides to invest. The way the presenter persuades Allison to invest exemplifies A)the fundamental attribution error. B)cognitive dissonance theory. C)the central route to persuasion. D)the foot-in-the-door technique.

C)the central route to persuasion.

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to A)a sensorimotor need for self stimulation, as evidenced in thumb sucking B)young children's exaggerated interest in pleasure C)the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view D)the difficulty in realizing that things continue to exist even when they are not visible E)the focus a young child has on his/her body functions

C)the difficulty in perceiving things from another person's point of view

In the context of self-determination theory, which of the following best defines the term relatedness? A)the sense that one can gain skills and overcome obstacles B)the sense of being independent and self-reliant C)the need to engage in warm relations with other people D)the belief that one has the capability to accomplish related tasks

C)the need to engage in warm relations with other people

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n) A)zygote and finally develops into an embryo B)embryo and finally develops into a fetus C)zygote and finally develops into a fetus D)fetus and finally develops into an embryo E)cluster of eggs that finally becomes a zygote

C)zygote and finally develops into a fetus

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa? A)Anorexia nervosa is much more common in boys and men than in girls and women. B)People suffering from this disorder weigh more than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height. C)Most individuals with anorexia nervosa are Latin American female adolescents or young adults from low-income families. D)Anorexia nervosa is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

D)Anorexia nervosa is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Which of the following statements indicate a problem with the classical model of structuring concepts? A)All instances of a concept share defining properties. B)Prototypes are not easy to find. C)All prototypes share defining properties. D)Characteristics of a concept are not always easy to define. E)Conditioning takes place unconsciously.

D)Characteristics of a concept are not always easy to define.

What traits increase over the life span? A)Neuroticism and jealousy B)Conscientiousness and creativity C)Agreeableness and humility D)Conscientiousness and agreeableness E)Jealousy and determination

D)Conscientiousness and agreeableness

Which of the following statements is true of cultural differences with regard to the facial expression of emotions? A)Asians are the most expressive across all cultures. B)An isolated Stone Age culture in New Guinea is the least expressive group ever studied. C)Caucasians are the most expressive across all cultures. D)Facial expression of emotion does not differ significantly across cultures.

D)Facial expression of emotion does not differ significantly across cultures.

Maynard was born a boy. He strongly identifies himself with his biological sex and feels agitated whenever people mock him for having feminine qualities. Which of the following is true of Maynard? A)He most likely identifies himself as a transgender. B)He is most likely suffering from gender pedophilia. C)He is most likely suffering from gender dysphoria. D)He most likely identifies himself as a cisgender.

D)He most likely identifies himself as a cisgender.

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body? A)The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals a person to stop eating. B)Galactose is an important factor in hunger, probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy. C)The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

Which of the following is true of conformity? A)It occurs when an explicit demand is made on a person. B)It occurs only in the presence of an authoritative figure. C)It reduces group cohesion. D)It can be destructive.

D)It can be destructive.

A person who is anxious and insecure is high on what trait? A)Openness B)Extraversion C)Agreeableness D)Neuroticism E)Determinism

D)Neuroticism

Your roommate hates listening to the news reports and refuses to read a newspaper. He claims that people are getting worse and worse and that older people are just as irresponsible and mean as younger ones. Does the evidence support your roommate's position? A)Yes, longitudinal research studies on personality show that people at all ages are becoming progressively more neurotic. B)Yes, longitudinal research studies on personality show that people at all ages are becoming progressively less tolerant. C)No, longitudinal research studies on personality show that people at all ages are becoming progressively more open. D)No, longitudinal research studies on personality show that, as they age, people become progressively more agreeable. E)No, longitudinal research cannot identify any correlations related to age and irresponsibility.

D)No, longitudinal research studies on personality show that, as they age, people become progressively more agreeable.

f all you know about a person is that she is liberal, smart, and tolerant, what trait is she likely high on? A)Emotional stability B)Agreeableness C)Conscientiousness D)Openness E)Intelligence

D)Openness

In regard to the persistence of personality characteristics, Walter Mischel argued that A)Personality traits are rigidly fixed and never change. B)For an individual, behavior is completely consistent. C)Fully self-actualized individuals are able to modify their own personality traits. D)Personality characteristics can change according to the situation. E)Personality characteristics often change dramatically over a lifetime.

D)Personality characteristics can change according to the situation.

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group. A)Groupthink B)Inoculation C)Deindividuation D)Prejudice

D)Prejudice

In which stage of cognitive development does the child coordinate sensations and motor movements? A)Egocentric B)Initiative vs. guilt C)Premoral D)Sensorimotor E)Physical motor

D)Sensorimotor

Annie is a young adult who is in Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs. isolation. What are the possible outcomes of her resolution of the conflict or crisis that typifies this stage? A)She will gain the ability to plan for herself, or will live within the limits of others. B)She will learn to meet the demands of life, or will start to believe in her own inferiority. C)She will acquire a sense of self, or will become confused about her role in life. D)She will form meaningful relationships, or will become socially separate from others. E)She will develop strong moral values, or perceive herself as deviant.

D)She will form meaningful relationships, or will become socially separate from others.

_____ theories combine the behavioral and cognitive perspectives into an approach to personality that stresses the interaction of a thinking human with a social environment that provides learning experiences. A)Psychodynamic B)Humanistic C)Trait D)Social-cognitive E)Psychoanalytic

D)Social-cognitive

What is the main disadvantage of using algorithms? A)They only work for large problems. B)They are very similar to trial-and-error. C)Correct solutions are not guaranteed. D)Solutions may take a long time. E)They only work for small problems.

D)Solutions may take a long time.

Recent research on prosocial behavior in children has found that A)children do not engage in prosocial behavior B)children are inherently selfish C)parenting style has little effect on children's prosocial behavior D)a supportive parent is related to more prosocial behavior in children E)an authoritarian parent is most likely to influence prosocial behavior

D)a supportive parent is related to more prosocial behavior in children

Andrew faces a great deal of difficulty in communicating and interacting with his peers. He prefers to sit by himself and has a very narrow range of interests. His teachers often observe him engaging in tasks involving repetitive actions. In the context of gender differences in empathy and theory of mind, Andrew may be suffering from a(n) A)paraphilic disorder. B)gender identity disorder. C)disorder of sexual development (DSD). D)autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

D)autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Which of the following is NOT a method proposed by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept? A)unconditional positive regard B)empathy C)genuineness D)defense mechanisms E)self-acceptance

D)defense mechanisms

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of A)accommodation B)object permanence C)conservation D)egocentrism E)assimilation

D)egocentrism

The _____ identifies two pathways of persuasion—a central route and a peripheral route. A)extended transportation-imagery model B)extended parallel process model C)heuristic-systematic model D)elaboration likelihood model

D)elaboration likelihood model

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique. A)door-in-the-face B)inoculation C)deindividuation D)foot-in-the-door

D)foot-in-the-door

Camilla goes out to shop one afternoon on a hot summer day. Her body begins to sweat and releases the excess heat. Which of the following is responsible for this physiological change in Camilla's body? A)diastases B)self-actualization C)self-regulation D)homeostasis

D)homeostasis

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing A)trait exploration B)psychoanalytic counseling C)social cognitive counseling D)humanistic counseling E)Jungian counseling

D)humanistic counseling

If 30-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete A)intimacy vs. isolation B)generativity vs. stagnation C)autonomy vs. shame and doubt D)identity vs. identity confusion E)trust vs. mistrust

D)identity vs. identity confusion

In the context of social psychological research, which of the following variables do social psychologists manipulate to draw causal conclusions about its effects on some outcome? A)measured variable B)confounding variable C)explained variable D)independent variable

D)independent variable

A psychologist has developed a new test to measure the verbal ability of third graders. To determine the range of scores (and what is a good and bad score), he gives the test to 10,000 third graders. In the future, he will compare the performance of others to this reference group. This process of determining meaningful scores establishes testing A)criteria B)validity C)reliability D)norms E)means

D)norms

"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of A)conservation B)separation anxiety C)attachment D)object permanence E)accommodation

D)object permanence

Behavior that is extrinsically motivated serves needs for which of the following values? A)relatedness B)competence C)autonomy D)prestige

D)prestige

Darin had an automobile accident in which his brother and another passenger were killed. Though Darin wasn't seriously hurt in the accident, he can't remember any of the accident details. Darin is engaging in which ego defense mechanism? A)displacement B)rationalization C)reaction formation D)repression E)regression

D)repression

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) A)signals the brain to stop digesting the food. B)travels to the brain and triggers hunger. C)travels to the stomach to aid in digestion. D)signals a person to stop eating.

D)signals a person to stop eating.

Professor MacArthur is lecturing on how gender stereotypes and culture affect differences in sexuality among men and women. The professor is a proponent of which of the following approaches? A)biological B)evolutionary C)social cognitive D)social role E)learning

D)social role

With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on conscious mental processes? A)bio-constructionist B)humanistic C)psychodynamic D)social-cognitive E)trait

D)social-cognitive

According to the social exchange theory of close relationships, Peter and Berta are most likely to be happily married because A)they go for vacations often. B)they find each other attractive. C)they have similar interests. D)they contribute equally to chores.

D)they contribute equally to chores

An effective way to strategize your organization of subgoals is to A)work forward in your planning, first creating a subgoal closest to the start and finally creating a subgoal close to the final goal B)not create more than two subgoals to address C)not create less than ten subgoals and rank them D)work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort E)work forward in your planning; first think about the final goal, then the first goal and then order all the goals in between

D)work backward in your planning; first creating a subgoal that is closest to the final goal, and then work backward to the subgoal that is closest to the beginning of the problem-solving effort

Which of the following is true of Benjamin Whorf's linguistic-relativity hypothesis? A)Language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning B)Humans are born with an innate linguistic capability, no matter their environment. C)Language is determined by both genetic and social factors. D)Humans are born with the ability to understand language and is then reinforced through their environment and conditioning. E)Language shapes and helps determine the way people perceive and understand the world.

E)Language shapes and helps determine the way people perceive and understand the world.

What defense mechanism is being used when the ego transforms an unacceptable motive, such as watching pornography, into the opposite, such as becoming a vocal advocate against pornography?A)Regression B)Displacement C)Sublimation D)Hypocrisy E)Reaction formation

E)Reaction formation

A child that has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and has a low mood intensity is said to have what type of temperament? A)Easy B)Difficult C)Distant D)Aversive E)Slow-to-warm-up

E)Slow-to-warm-up

Which of the following statements best describes moral reasoning at the conventional level? A)What I did was illegal, but it saved somebody's life. B)What I did was illegal, but nobody will ever find out. C)What I did was illegal, but I will be forgiven, because I am not a bad person. D)What I did was illegal, but the family of the person I saved offered a huge reward. E)What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do.

E)What I did was illegal, but saving a life is what a good person is expected to do.

Jim needs a backyard shed to house his motorcycle. Although he has never built a shed, he decides to build one and buys a book of professionally drawn, detailed shed plans. In this situation, Jim is using a(n) A)script B)heuristic C)prototype D)category E)algorithm

E)algorithm

In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult, because most real-life problems A)are specific and well-defined B)suggest obvious operations C)provide clear definitions D)are beyond the average person's ability to solve E)are vague and ill-defined

E)are vague and ill-defined

The period known as infancy lasts approximately from A)conception to one year B)birth to one year C)birth to three years D)conception to two years E)birth to two years

E)birth to two years

According to Rogers, a child who experiences regular punishment from parents and is only rewarded for good behavior is likely to develop knowledge of _______ A)conditions of self-hate B)positive self-regard C)unconditional positive regard D)situational worth E)conditions of worth

E)conditions of worth

Dan is at an international food fest with his fraternity brother, Abayomi. When Dan is served a heaping dish of Mopane worm stew, Abayomi tells him reassuringly, "That's good food!" Given that Dan understands the concept of food, Dan knows that A)it would be very unwise to eat this "cuisine" B)the concept of food is not universally agreed upon C)he should eat the food, so as not to insult his friend D)his algorithm for food is different than Abayomi's E)his perception of "good" food is different than Abayomi's perception

E)his perception of "good" food is different than Abayomi's perception

A person who is intellectual, imaginative, and has a broad range of interests would mostly likely score highly on a measure of A)creativity B)agreeableness C)extraversion D)conscientiousness E)openness

E)openness

If a child can understand that 2+2=4 and 4-2=2, then the child possesses the characteristic of A)animism B)egocentrism C)algebra D)abstract reasoning E)reversibility

E)reversibility

Cartoons sometimes depict personal conflict by showing an individual with an angel speaking into one ear and a devil speaking into the other ear. The angel represents Freud's idea of the _____ and the devil represents Freud's idea of the _____. A)id; ego B)ego; superego C)ego; id D)superego; ego E)superego; id

E)superego; id