AP Psych Quiz 5

A

People respond more favorably when they are faced with a 95 percent success rate than with a 5 percent failure rate because of A. framing B. intuition C. overconfidence D. belief perseverance E. the representativeness heuristic

E

People who have difficulty remembering recently learned materials because of similar information learned earlier in life are demonstrating the phenomenon of A. cue-dependent forgetting B. repression C. reconstruction D. retroactive interference E. proactive interference

C

Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on A. the availability heuristic B. the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic C. the representativeness heuristic D. confirmation bias E. predictable-world bias

B

The Flynn effect is best illustrated by which of the following statements? A. A child must clean his room before his parents allow him to watch television. B. Intelligence scores increase from generation to generation. C. An individual feels overweight but eats large portions of high-calorie food anyway. D. An individual agrees to a small request and complies later with a larger request. E. Crystallized intelligence increases with age.

D

The two sentences "Elena won the race" and "The race was won by Elena" share which of the following structures? A. Sentence B. Syntactic C. Surface D. Deep E. Phonemic

D

The type of intelligence that Howard Gardner described as individuals' abilities to understand themselves and to be aware of their talents and limitations is A. naturalistic B. interpersonal C. kinesthetic D. intrapersonal E. g

B

A female student was rejected by a college because her score on a test used by the college to predict performance there was below the college's cutoff score. An influential alumnus of the college intervened on the student's behalf and the student was admitted. Four years later the student graduated with honors. The most likely explanation of this outcome is that the test A. contained some degree of bias against women B. had less than perfect validity C. was partly an achievement test D. was not standardized E. had less than perfect reliability

E

A person assembling a tool one week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A. Encoding failure B. Social facilitation C. Retrograde amnesia D. Repression E. The serial position effect

A

A psychologist develops a new assessment instrument for depression. She gives it to a sample of clients and then, some time later, gives it to the same sample again. What aspect of the assessment is she evaluating? A. Reliability B. Validity C. Standardization D. Sensitivity E. Clinical significance

E

A sudden inability to remember how to tie a certain kind of knot indicates a deficit in which kind of memory? A. Declarative B. Semantic C. Iconic D. Episodic E. Procedural

A

A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? A. Episodic memory B. Semantic memory C. Echoic memory D. Eidetic imagery E. State-dependent learning

B

A test that measures a student's potential ability is A. an achievement test B. an aptitude test C. an intelligence test D. a personality inventory E. an interest inventory

B

A word or part of a word that is in itself meaningful, but that cannot be broken into smaller meaningful units, is called a A. grapheme B. morphene C. phoneme D. performative E. holophrase

A

A young child says, "Where did you goed?" Which of the following psychologists would most likely argue that the child is overregularizing a logical grammatical rule? A. Noam Chomsky B. Lev Vygotsky C. Ivan Pavlov D. Albert Bandura E. Edward Thorndike

D

Brad hears a report on the evening news that diets low in carbohydrates are beneficial to one's health. Considering this advice, he begins such a diet. Later he hears another report condemning low-carbohydrate diets as harmful to one's health. Based upon research on belief perseverance, how would Brad respond to this new information? A. Decide to begin a low-calorie diet and increase his physical activity B. Believe the second news story and discontinue his diet C. Study low-carbohydrate diets on his own D. Continue to believe in the beneficial effects of low-carbohydrate diets E. Decide to try a high-carbohydrate diet instead

C

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the A. number of pictures the students were shown of the accident B. length of time the students viewed pictures of the accident C. wording of questions the students were asked about the accident D. location of the accident E. sex and age of the students

C

In elementary school, Lisa learned to speak some Japanese in addition to English. As a sophomore in high school, Lisa took a class in Chinese. She found that some of the new vocabulary was difficult to learn because her earlier Japanese vocabulary was competing with the new Chinese words. This situation best illustrates A. positive transfer B. repression C. proactive interference D. retroactive interference E. misattribution

D

According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A. retrieval B. storage C. rehearsal D. encoding E. transfer

C

Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at A. testing the worth of various theoretical definitions B. operationally defining one theory of intelligence C. predicting children's success in school D. selecting workers for successful job performance E. establishing the learning potential of French military recruits

A

Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A. heuristics B. algorithms C. syllogisms D. propositions E. concepts

C

The rules of grammar are rules of A. phonemes B. morphemes C. syntax D. semantics E. pragmatics

D

An individual uses a paper clip to unlock the door to her house because she has misplaced her key. This individual's approach to solving the problem avoids A. syllogistic reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. deductive reasoning D. functional fixedness E. means-end analysis

D

An individual's recall tends to be better for information that is personally relevant primarily due to which of the following phenomena? A. Bottom-up processing B. Visual imagery C. Dual encoding D. Self-reference effect E. Phonemic encoding

C

Charles Spearman's concept of g is most accurately defined as A. a specific type of performance that is affected by intelligence B. one of seven fundamental abilities that determine behavior C. a single, underlying intellectual capacity measured by intelligence tests D. the ability to create novel solutions to complex situations E. the storehouse of knowledge and facts that we accumulate during our adult years

C

Dr. Porter is studying the effectiveness of two intervention programs to improve the outcomes of children who have an intellectual disability. Which of the following groups of children should she include in her study? A. Children who have been diagnosed with a language-specific impairment B. Children who have been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C. Children who have an IQ between 50 and 69 D. Children who have an IQ between 100 and 125 E. Children who get C's in their classes

C

Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A. Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games. B. Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight. C. Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam. D. Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class. E. Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times.

B

Gabby uses a coin to tighten a screw on a faucet handle. This action shows that Gabby has overcome A. belief perseverance B. functional fixedness C. the anchoring effect D. the framing effect E. the availability heuristic

B

Genie was a girl who endured abusive and neglectful conditions and was deprived of language exposure until she was rescued at age 13. Despite remediation, Genie was unable to learn to speak fluently. Historically, this case study was used to demonstrate the effects of A. temperament B. critical periods C. linguistic determinism D. self-fulfilling prophecies E. cognitive dissonance

B

Heidi was trying to solve the anagram TORYS by rearranging every letter one at a time until she was able to identify the correct word: STORY. She could have attempted to solve the anagram more quickly by pairing common letters, like ST, but she did not do so. Her approach to solving the anagram involved A. a heuristic B. an algorithm C. incubation D. inductive reasoning E. dialectical reasoning

A

Hillary glances at a graph and then turns her head away less than a second later. When she tries to immediately remember what she saw, which of the following types of memory does Hillary use? A. Iconic B. Procedural C. Declarative D. Implicit E. Echoic

A

Initially, intelligence quotients were calculated on the basis of a person's mental and chronological ages. Using that approach, a person with a mental age of 12 and an intelligence score of 120 would have a chronological age of A. 10 B. 12 C. 14 D. 16 E. 18

A

Kathy is learning how to cook. She follows every direction on each recipe step by step to make sure her food tastes good. Which of the following describes the problem-solving approach that Kathy is using? A. Algorithm B. Representativeness heuristic C. Divergent thinking D. Cognitive map E. Prototype

D

Mary is introduced to three new people at a party. Later, however, she cannot remember the names of any of her new acquaintances, even though she remembers what she ate, her old friends who were there, and the address of the host. What may account for Mary's inability to remember these individuals' names? A. She processed them into long-term memory, and they are no longer accessible from short-term memory. B. There were many activities at the party. She probably exceeded the capacity of her long-term memory. C. She overlearned the names through excessive rehearsal. D. She never encoded the names into long-term memory E. She experienced a failure of her echoic memory.

A

Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on A. the availability heuristic B. the conjunction fallacy C. the representativeness heuristic D. risky decision making E. a mental set

E

Metacognition refers to A. amnesia B. mental retardation C. artificial intelligence D. thinking without theory E. thinking about thinking

C

Michael, who has an IQ of 60, is able to do complex calculations in his head, regardless of the size of the numbers. When he is with his family and friends, he does not engage socially; he focuses on his numerical calculations. Which of the following best describes these characteristics? A. Phenylketonuria (PKU) B. Giftedness C. Savant syndrome D. Antisocial personality disorder E. Down syndrome

B

Mikayla, a high school student strongly opposed to video game use, is researching the topic for a speech she will deliver to her English class. Rather than searching for "the effects of video games," Mikayla searches for "the dangers of video games" and finds hundreds of Web sites with information she can use to argue her position. Her behavior is an example of A. using a syllogism B. confirmation bias C. insight D. self-serving bias E. functional fixedness

B

Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? A. Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. B. Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. C. Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. D. Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. E. Because Jenny can memorize every book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.

A

Noam Chomsky's view of language proposes that A. there is an inherent language acquisition device B. thinking is merely subvocal language C. different levels of language ability are hereditarily determined D. language acquisition can be explained by social modeling E. language is learned principally through verbal reinforcement

C

On individual intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, an IQ of 100 indicates that the test taker A. correctly answered all of the items on the test B. obtained the highest scores in the standardization sample C. scored at the average level for test takers of the same age D. scored above the level of the average American adult E. took as long as the average test taker to answer the test items

D

Raj, a four-year-old child, learned to open the door to a classroom by pulling on the handle. Now whenever he approaches any door he pulls on the handle and is confused when that does not work. This is best explained by Raj's having developed which of the following for door opening? A. Accommodation B. Object permanence C. Conservation D. A mental set E. Divergent thinking

A

Research on stereotype threat indicates that students might not do as well as they can on a test if A. they are informed that people of their ethnicity, age, or gender usually do not perform well on the tests B. the group taking the test is not ethnically diverse C. they are forced to take a test that is known to have low test-retest reliability D. other students perceive them to be of a minority ethnic group E. the test does not have standardized administration or scoring procedures

C

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A. Chunking B. Long-term potentiation C. Semantic encoding D. Self-reference E. Imagery

E

Which area of the brain is not well developed until after three years of age, offering a possible explanation for infantile amnesia? A. Hypothalamus B. Cerebellum C. Pons D. Thalamus E. Hippocampus

B

Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A. Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B. Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C. When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D. Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E. Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story.

B

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory? A. Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate. B. Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions. C. Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying. D. Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her. E. Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day.

C

Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A. After a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident. B. Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery many times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before. C. Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss. D. Raj just bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the on button was on his old phone. E. Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but is unable to see how the available tools could be used in a different way.

D

Wolfgang Köhler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of A. instinct B. modeling C. learning set D. insight E. spontaneous recovery