ap psych test unit 3

Dr. Abrams treats patients with anxiety by using a form of counterconditioning called exposure therapy. To test the effectiveness of this technique, Dr. Abrams had each patient report their level of anxiety while repeatedly exposing each person to an anxiety-inducing situation for one hour using a virtual reality headset. Patients rated their anxiety from 0-8, with 0 being no anxiety to 8 being extreme anxiety. The results are presented in the graph. Which of the following concepts describes the learning process experienced by Dr. Abram's patients?

Habituation

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Shamir wants to be a doctor like both of his parents when he gets older. He never thought of doing anything else. Which of the following best explains Shamir's decision?

He is identity foreclosed.

firefighters are often required to walk through local buildings and drive trucks around the areas they serve as part of their training. they most likely purpose of this type of training is to develop

a cognitive map

a cancer patient becomes nauseated following chemotherapy treatments. after a few treatments. after a few treatments, the patient begins having a sick feeling whenever entering the treatment room. the treatment room has become

a conditional stimulus

according to one theory of psychology, many ppl have mental illnesses because their maladaptive behaviors have proven rewarding for them in the past and thus have been continued. this belief is consistent with which of the following models

behavioral

in ivan pavlov's experiments in classical conditioning, the dog's salivation was

both an unconditioned and a conditioned response

deandra creates a detailed mental image of the spatial layout of the biology lab where she will take her final exams. the mental image of the spatial layout is called which of the following

cognitive map

according to jean piaget, what is the earliest stage a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events

concrete operational

mikayla is opposed to video game use and is researching a topic for a speech. rather than searching for "the effects of video games," mikayla searches for "the dangers of video games" and finds hundreds of web sites with information she can use to argue her position. her behavior is an example of

confirmation bias

5-year-old mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. the liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and mary is asked which contains more- the original glass or the tall container. she says the tall container contains more. according to jean piaget, this example illustrates a lack of

conservation

in the strange situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to do which of the following

express happiness when the mother returned to the room

in classical conditioning, repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus lead to

extinction

4 yr old scott fell down the stairs at his grandmother's house. although he was not badly hurt, he was very frightened. now, whenever, his parents mention visitng his grandmother's house, he feels anxious and fearful. in classical conditioning terms, what are the conditioned stimulus and the unconditoned stimulus?

grandmother's house;falling

john moves to new job in a large urban area. for the first few days, john is continously distracted by the sounds of traffic and street noise. by the end of the first week, john barely notices the sounds of the city. which of the following has occurred?

habituation

a 40 yr old man and his 7 year old son move to a country where they have to learn a new language. compared with his son, the 40 yr old man will

have more difficulty learning to produce pheromones that do not exist in his native language

a researcher randomly assigned boys and girls to two groups. one group watched a violent television program while the other group watched a nonviolent program. the kids were observed during free play, and the incidence of aggressive behavior was recorded for each gorup. what was the dependent variable

incidence of aggressive behavior

according to the psychosocial theory of development, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews one's life and the choices one has made. the theory labeled this stafe as whcih of the folllowing

integrity vs despair

according to erik erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. erikson called the psychosocial stage of development

intimacy vs isolation

in the 1st part of an experiment, one group of rats received reinforcement after correctly navigating a maze. a 2nd group received no reinforcement after wandering around the maze. in the next part both groups received reinforcement after navigating the maze. the second group perfomed as well as the first what is this type of learning

latent learning

survey research has shown that ppl with high levels of empahty tend to indivate lower ratings of enjoyment of violent humor than ppl with lower levels of empathy, one can conclude that

level of empathy correlates negatively with enjoyment of violent humor

research indicates that a toddler with secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?

show distress when left, calm down and plau, and run to the mother when she returns

being able to perform a complex action after watching another person perform it is an example of which of the following types of learning

social learning

a child whose family owns a dog may refer to any 4 legged animal as "dog". in learning theory, such behavior is known as

stimulus generalization

for extinction to occur, which of the following must be true of the conditioned response (CR), the conditioned stimulus (CS), and the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

the CS repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, and the CR loses strength

Researchers are interested in how language develops at different rates when children are learning to speak. Researchers interviewed parents about their 15-month-old child's vocabulary ability. Researchers then proceeded to interact with each child to see how many words they could encourage the child to say in a 30-minute period. The results of the study are presented in the table. Using the data in the table above, what is the median number of words in a 15-month-old's vocabulary?

11

Which of the following is the mean age at which children in this sample began to walk?

11

Mr. Theodore, a high school math teacher, believes that the use of cell phones in class causes distractions while learning. He conducted a study on his students. Over the course of eight weeks, he noted how many students put their devices in a locked bin each class period. At the end of each week, he gave the students a quiz on the class content to see if removal of the device increased focused learning. The results are presented in the table. What is the range for the mean quiz scores?

4

To determine if different parenting styles influence social development from childhood to adulthood, a developmental researcher would likely want to use which type of study?

A longitudinal study

Why would Dr. Lloyd be interested in studying the social and cultural backgrounds of the residents with kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke?

Because sociocultural background can influence individuals' perceptions of ACEs.

Dr. Lloyd wanted to demonstrate the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on later health outcomes for residents of a local retirement community. He surveyed each of the 205 residents about their childhood experiences. Later, he obtained permission from the residents to look at their health records from the physicians at the community medical center. He then calculated the odds (by percentage) of having certain health conditions. The results are presented in the table. Which of the following best describes the type of research conducted by Dr. Lloyd?

Correlational

Mr. Theodore, a high school math teacher, believes that the use of cell phones in class causes distractions while learning. He conducted a study on his students. Over the course of eight weeks, he noted how many students put their devices in a locked bin each class period. At the end of each week, he gave the students a quiz on the class content to see if removal of the device increased focused learning. The results are presented in the table. Which of the following describes the method of research conducted by Mr. Theodore?

Correlational

In studies of stages of development, why is it important to include participants that represent a diverse range of cultural backgrounds?

Culture can influence when and how individuals experience developmental changes in their lives.

Researchers are interested in the relationship between the classical conditioning of an eyeblink response and aging. While taking an intelligence test, elderly subjects wore special goggles that administered a puff of air into their eyes after a tone sounded. Although participants were told the purpose of the experiment was to see if intelligence declined as people aged, the real purpose of the study was to measure the length of time it took for elderly participants to learn the association between the sound of the tone and the puff of air. Which of the following ethical procedures must be used to account for the deception used in this study?

Debriefing

In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 minutes. Afterward, they read a story about a car accident. The children were observed and their reactions to the story were documented. The researchers categorized the aggressive responses as verbal, cognitive, or emotional. According to the graphed results, which type of response was most frequently demonstrated by participants who played violent video games?

Emotional responses

When a person behaves in ways that conform to commonly accepted social roles for males or females, which of the following is the person displaying?

Gender identity

Which of the following best explains why most research about the effects of teratogens during pregnancy is correlational rather than experimental?

It would be unethical to manipulate the exposure to teratogens during a pregnancy due to the potential harm to individuals.

Which of the following describes the measurement instrument that Dr. Abrams' patients used to report their anxiety?

Likert Scale

Researchers are interested in studying gender development across the lifespan. Researchers recruited 500 children to participate in a study. All of the children were seven years old when the study began, and researchers plan on studying these 500 children for a period of 20 years. This study would be an example of what type of research design?

Longitudinal

A team of sports psychologists is investigating the effects of different reinforcement schedules on athletes' performance and motivation. They plan to recruit high school athletes from various teams to participate in the study. Which ethical consideration should researchers prioritize when recruiting high school athletes for their researches?

Obtain informed assent from the athletes and informed consent from their parents

How did Mr. Theodore operationally define focused learning for his study?

Mean quiz scores

Mr. Gregg wants to help his second-grade students improve their reading skills. He tests the students with 20 reading comprehension questions at the beginning of the year. Every week throughout the year he gives the students 30 minutes of reading comprehension tips. He tests the students at the end of the year with 20 reading comprehension questions that are similar in difficulty to those on the original test. He finds that the students' reading comprehension has increased and concludes that his tips worked. Which of the following describes the most significant problem with Mr. Gregg's study?

Mr. Gregg failed to account for changes in the students' maturity.

Four-year-old Caleb declares, "For breakfast, I eated pancakes and eggs." Which of the following best accounts for this language error?

Overgeneralization

Michael has recently begun to demonstrate egocentrism. Although egocentrism exists at all ages, Jean Piaget found that children are most egocentric during which stage of cognitive development?

Preoperational stage

Which of the following is a conclusion that Dr. Abrams can make about exposure therapy and anxiety based on the data?

Repeated exposure to anxiety-inducing stimuli reduces anxiety

In an experiment, participants were randomly assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game for 20 minutes. Afterward, they read a story about a car accident. The children were observed and reactions to the story were documented. The graph shows how many aggressive responses were made by each group. Which of the following theories is demonstrated by the results as depicted in the graph? Responses

Social learning theory

The information presented in the graph best represents which of the following aspects of developmental psychology research?

The progression of cognitive and physical abilities throughout the lifespan

Researchers analyzed all-day recordings of caregiver-infant interactions at home in a random and representative sample of 100 families. Babies whose caregivers spent the most time speaking directly to them had a larger vocabulary at age two. However, the amount of speech that the babies indirectly heard, for example, by others in the home talking to one another was not related to increased vocabulary. Researchers concluded that the use of more speech directed at babies by caregivers created a larger vocabulary. Which of the following is an accurate statement about this study?

The researchers cannot make a cause-and-effect conclusion using this research method.

Which of the following explains why Dr. Lloyd might be unable to generalize his findings to all elderly people?

The sample of subjects is from only one retirement community and may not be representative of all elderly people.

Dr. Picard performs a study of children's perceptions of gender roles. Children are randomly assigned to one of two groups. Children in Group A are shown simplified drawings of people (stick figures) wearing different types of clothing and are asked to sort these based on gender. Children in Group B are shown stick figure drawings of people performing various household tasks such as washing dishes, cooking, mowing a lawn, or fixing a leaky faucet. They are then asked to sort these drawings based on gender.Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

The type of drawing the children saw - either people wearing different clothing or people doing different tasks

A research study compares the performance of typically developing children and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) on a test of social development. All children are 4 years old, and researchers want to determine if they have a theory of mind. The effect size for the difference in performance between the two groups is presented in the graph. What does this effect size indicate about the difference in performance?

There is a large difference in performance between typically developing children and children with ASD.

What cognitive development concept is presented in the image?

Zone of proximal development

andi's bsf always screamed when she was in high places, and now andi also screams when she is in high places. which of the following theorists would say that andi screams because she saw her friend scream?

albert bandura

little andrea has just learned that robins are birds. she now sees a sparrow points to it, and calls out "bird!" according to jean piaget, andrea is showing the cognitive process of

assimilation

maksym's parents set moderate expectations about discipline, exhibit high levels of warmth, and have open lines of communication. which of the following best describes the parenting style of maksym's parents

authoritative

In an experiment, a researcher showed children a video of a person interacting with a doll. Half of the children watched a video of a person behaving violently toward a doll, and the other half saw a video of a person playing nicely with a doll. The researcher also looked at whether the gender and age of the child made a difference in how they interacted with the doll. In this study, the dependent variable was

the way children interact with a doll

when 10 month old frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. developmental psychologists would say that frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

object permanence

which of the following statements is most consistent with a behaviorist's ideas

personality is a function of the reinforcements and punishments people get for the behavior

humanists would most likely criticize behaviorists on the grounds that behaviorism

rejects free will and focuses solely on observable experiences