AP Psych: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

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what length of our lives do we spend in dreams

6 years

neural activation dream theory explanation and critical considerations

Explanation: REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories Critical Considerations: The individual's brain is weaving the stories, which still tells us something about the dreamer

what is ghrelin

a hunger arousing hormone which is increased with sleep deprivation.

what is leptin

a hunger suppressing hormone that decreases with sleep deprivation

SCN

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

what is narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times

what is cortisol

a stress hormone that stimulates the body to make fat. Is increased with sleep deprivation

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

what is manifest content

actual storyline of the dreams often reflect our experiences and preoccupations

what affects your circadian rhythm

age and experience

near death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush w death such as cardiac arrest

consciousness

awareness of ourselves and our environment

circadian rythum

biological clock; regular body rythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle

why is REM sometimes called a paradoxical sleep

body is internally aroused with waking like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm

how does sleep help creativity

break that sleep provides and even dreams allow us to awaken with a fresh new approach (von Kekule)

psychoactive drug

chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

who are night terrors only seen in

children or adults on drugs

what is sleep deprivation linked to

concentration, difficulties, irritability, unhappiness, fatigue, illness, obesity, hypertension, and poor motor performance

stage 2 sleep

deeper sleep, more difficult to awaken, larger theta waves, sleep spindles, sleep talking

what do depressants do

depress the functioning of the CNS, reduce neural activity and slow body functions

how does sleep deprivation affect the brain

diminished attentional focus and memory consolidation, and increased risk of depression

what do hallucinogens do

drugs that alter perceptions of reality and distort sensory and perceptual experiences

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

when does dreaming occur

during REM sleep

stage 3 sleep

even deeper sleep, delta waves, difficult to awaken, delta waves begin

what are different kinds of ways to treat insomnia

excercise, avoid caffeine and rich foods before bed (milk for serotonin instead), keep regular sleep schedule with no naps, avoid stressors (looking at clock ruminating, etc.)

stimulant

excite neural activity and speed up the body functions

cognitive development dream theory explanation and critical consideration

explanation: dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding Critical consideration: do not address the neuroscience of dreams

information processing dream theory explanation and critical considerations

explanation: dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate our memories critical consideration: but why do we sometimes dream about things we have not experienced?

explain and state the critical considerations of Freud's wish fulfillment

explanation: dreams provide a "psychic safety value"- expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest (remembered) content and a deeper layer of latent content- a hidden meaning Critical consideration: lacks any scientific support: dreams may be interpreted in many different ways

physiological dream theory explanation and critical consideration

explanation: regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways critical consideration: this does not explain why we experience meaningful dreams

hallucinations

false sensory experience such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

why do we lose muscle tone/paralysis when we are in REM

helps void acting out our dreams. Sleepwalking and talking must therefore occur during nREM in most people

what do PET scans show of hypnosis

hypnosis reduces brain activity in a region that processes painful stimuli, but not in the sensory cortex which receives the raw sensory input. Hypnosis does not block sensory input but it may block our attention to those stimuli.

how does sleep deprivation affect the joints

increased inflammation and arthritis

how does sleep deprivation affect the heart

increased risk of high BP

why is sleep apnea bad

it can put great stress on the heart

what does sleep deprivation do to the immune system

it suppresses it

what is the role of ventrolateral preoptic nucleus? What happens to it with age?

located in the hypothalamus it "shuts off" brain activity associated with wakefulness. It degenerates with age

PCP

loss of contact w reality, insensitivity to pain

cognition

mental processes

what is narcolepsy linked to

neurotransmitter linked to alertness, orexin, produced in the hypothalamus

can hypnosis enhance recall of forgotten events

no we can encode everything we see around us, therefore we cannot recall forgotten events

can hypnosis force people to act against their will

no you cannot

LSD

non addicitve, but can produce "bad trips" flashbacks

nREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

can anyone experience hypnosis

one has to be open to being hypnotized in order to be hypnotized

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

how does sleep support growth

pituitary releases more growth hormone during deep sleep-may explain why we spend less time in deep sleep as we age

cocaine

powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant, producing temporary alertness and euphoria

methamphetamine

powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the CNS with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

what does ecstasy do to your neurons long term

produces long term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

REM sleep

rapid brain waves, dreaming, increased heart rate, cortical activity, sexual arousal, paradoxical sleep

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; recurring sleep state which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body syst are active

what is insomnia

recurring problems with staying or falling asleep

alpha waves

relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state

what happens in general as sleep deepens

sleep waves increase in amplitude and decrease in frequency

stage 1 sleep

slowed breathing, irregular larger brain waves (theta waves), hallucinations, feelings of falling

stroop effect

slowed mental processing when for example the word red is written in green letters

hypnosis

social interaction in which I person (subject) responds to another persons (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur

dissociation

split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

what stage does sleep walking and talking occur in

stage 3

when do night terrors occur

stage 4 sleep

how do narcotics reduce pain

stimulate endorphin receptors to produce numbness

nicotine

stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

posthypnotic suggestion

suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

what do morning people do better

take more initiative, do better in school, are less vulnerable to depression

sleep apnea

temporary cessation of breathing during the night

what do advocates of the social influence theory believe

that hypnotic phenomena reflects workings of normal consciousness

what do EEGs show while asleep

that the brains auditory cortex still responds to sound stimuli even during sleep

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same does of a drug, requiring the user to rake larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

what did Dement observe

the moment the brain's perceptual window to the outside world slammed shut

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

how do people with adequate sleep on average feel about their lives

they on average feel better about their lives

hypnotherapists

try to help patients harness their own healing powers

what are night terrors

uncontrollable screaming and arousal without the ability to be awakened, unlike night mares, this occurs during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep and are seldom remebered

Narcotics

used to relieve pain and induce sleep- also called opiates

stage 4 sleep

very deep sleep, delta waves, sleepwalking, bedwetting

how does sleep help memory

we recall better after a good night's sleep

what is the restorative value of sleep

we restore and repair brain tissue and prune unused neural pathways

what is the protective value of sleep

we sleep at night, as we are not adapted for hunting/gathering in darkness. Sleeping in darkness keeps us away from dangerous nocturnal predators

when is thinking sharpest during the day

when we are at our peak of circadian arousal

why is REM important

without it, we may experience REM rebound

is your brain's motor cortex active during REM sleep

yes but your brainstem blocks its messages

can hypnosis be therapeutic

yes by a hypnotherapist.

can hypnosis relieve pain

yes due to the fact it can reduce fear, thus reducing hypersensitivity to pain


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