AP Psych Unit 10 (I-III)

individual psychology

The term for Adler's approach, which views people as motivated by purposes and goals and as striving for perfection over pleasure.

analytical psychology

a variation of Freud's psychoanalysis introduced by Carl Jung, focusing less on biological drives and more on factors such as self-fulfillment, the collective unconscious and religious symbolism

Sigmund Freud

(1856-1939) Founder of psychoanalysis, created the first comprehensive theory of personality. described the personality as including the id, ego and superego

reality principle

According the Freud, the attempt by the ego to satisfy both the id and the superego while still considering the reality of the situation.

striving for superiority

According to Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges.

inferiority complex

Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome

compensation

Adler; a person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weakness: inferiority complex or superiority complex

birth order

Alfred Adler; the influence of birth order can affect personality development, each child in a family grows up in a different psychological situation

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

oral stage

Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center.

latency stage

Freud's fourth stage of psychosexual development where sexuality is repressed in the unconscious and children focus on identifying with their same sex parent and interact with same sex peers.

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

anal stage

Freud's second stage of psychosexual development where the primary sexual focus is on the elimination or holding onto feces. The stage is often thought of as representing a child's ability to control his or her own world--toilet training.

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 597)

phallic stage

Freud's third stage in a child's development when awareness of and manipulation of the genitals is supposed to be a primary source of pleasure

womb envy

Horney's comment than men are likely to feel womb envy because they are unable to bear children

eros

In Freudian psychology, the drive or instinct that desires productivity and construction.

castration anxiety

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers

psychosexual stages of development

In psychoanalysis, the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Carl Jung

Student of Freud. Broke over Freud's emphasis of sexuality. Believed all people had a collective unconscious of the past generations, but the connection faded due to modernization.

extroversion

The tendency to seek the company of other people, to engage in conversation and other social behaviors with them, and to be spontaneous

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

projection

a defense mechanism by which your own traits and emotions are attributed to someone else

rationalization

a defense mechanism by which your true motivation is concealed by explaining your actions and feelings in a way that is not threatening

denial

a defense mechanism in which unpleasant thought or desires are ignored or excluded from consciousness

displacement

a defense mechanism that transfers affect or reaction from the original object to some more acceptable one

introversion

a personality trait that signifies that one finds energy from internal sources rather than external ones

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

fixate

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

personality

an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

ID

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 598)

neo-freudians

followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis. (Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Carl Jung)

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 597)

intrapsychic conflicts

in psychoanalysis, the struggles among the id, ego, and superego

defense mechanisms

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 600)

preconscious

level of consciousness that is outside awareness but contains feelings and memories that can easily be brought into conscious awareness

sublimation

modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

reaction formation

psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites

regression

psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

manifest content of dreams

remembered story line (according to Freud)

superego

the part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's exclusive love

latent content of dreams

underlying meaning of dreams (according to Freud)

dream interpretation

what Freud called the "royal road to the unconscious" because he thought dreams are the best way to find out about a patient's unconscious mind.

ego psychologists

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theories

an explanation based on observation and reasoning